不同程度拇,手指缺损采用不同形式的足趾组织移植再造与修复

自１９７９年以来我们选用拇趾，拇趾甲皮瓣，第２趾，第２、３趾，带足背皮瓣的第２趾或拇趾甲皮瓣，足趾加游离皮瓣的复合组织，拇趾及第２趾趾腹皮瓣移植等，对３５３例４２２指不同程度的拇、手指缺损，采用血管端端吻合，并联及串联吻合及吻合趾－指动静脉的方法，重建血液循环进行缺指再造与修复，成功４１７指，成功率为９８．８％，并获得满意的外形与功能。     

足趾移植再造拇、手指400例报告

总结１９６６年２月至１９９４年２月的足趾移植术４００例，以正确评佑足趾移植在拇、手指再造中的作用。再造方法：单纯第２趾移植（带或不带跖趾关节）２９９例，第２、３趾联合移植２８例，第２趾带第３趾近节趾骨１例，第２趾伴各种皮瓣移位或移植６６例，甲瓣伴第２趾第２趾移植６例。移植成活３８６例，失败１４例，成活率为９６．５％。２４０例获得２年以上的功能随访，再造指的运动与感觉功能优良率达９０％以上·足的功能满足率达８６％－９１％。对各种再造方法的手术指征，血循危象的防治，提高功能效果的关键及趾移植后足的功能影响等进行了详细分析。总体评价为：（１）足趾移植是再造拇、手指比较理想的方法。（２）单纯切除第２趾不论跖骨头是否保留均不造成足的功能及生物力学的明显改变。（３）随着足部切除组织的增加，术后足的外形、功能及生物力学的变化也加大。     

不同程度拇、手指缺损采用不同形式的足趾组织移植再造与修复

自１９７９年以来我们选用闲趾，同趾甲皮瓣，第２趾，第２、３趾，带足背皮瓣的第２趾或姆趾甲皮瓣，足趾加游离皮瓣的复合组织，增趾及第２趾趾腹皮瓣移植等，对３５３例４２２指不同程度的拇、手指缺损，采用血管端端吻合，并联及串联吻合及吻合趾一指动静脉的方法，重建血液循环进行缺指再造与修复，成功 ４１７指，成功率为 ９８． ８％，并获得满意的外形与功能。     

拇指手指再造体会

我们报告应用第Ⅱ足趾移植再造拇指２４例２５指，再造手指１４例１６指。　甲皮瓣移植再造拇指１１例１１指。双足第Ⅱ趾再造＂手＂１例２指。共计５０例５４指，成功４８例５２指，获得较好的功能和外形。     

拇指手指再造体会

我们报告应用第Ⅱ足趾移植再造拇指２４例２５指，再造手指１４例１６指。拇甲皮瓣移植再造拇指１１例１１指。双足第Ⅱ趾再造“手“１例２指。共计５０例５４指，成功４８例５２指，获得较好的功能和外形。     

全手指缺失的急诊再造

目的探讨全手指缺失急诊再造的术式及效果。方法 2001年1月-2017年1月,切取患手对侧第2趾与同侧第2,3趾移植再造拇指及示、中指11例,同时切取带趾侧方皮瓣及趾蹼皮瓣修复重建虎口。结果 11例再造拇指11指,再造手指22指,再造指及移植皮瓣全部成活,手外形及功能恢复良好。结论本术式最大限度地保留了患肢的残留功能并Ⅰ期开大虎口,再造拇手指对指稳定性好,值得推广应用。     

足趾移植拇指与手指再造的临床研究

目的探讨足趾移植拇指与手指再造的方法和疗效。方法采用部分坶趾移植拇指部分再造22例,躅甲瓣或带足背皮瓣船甲瓣移植拇指再造13例,第2足趾移植再造拇指4例,再造手指3例,及带足背皮瓣的第2足趾移植再造拇指7例,带足背皮瓣的第2,3足趾移植再造手指7例,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣或第2趾和第2,3趾组合移植再造拇手指10例,双足第2足趾移植全手缺失二指再造2例,共68例97指。结果再造拇手指和皮瓣全部成活,成活率为100％,术后经3月～10年的随访和信访,按中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定：优62指,良24指,可9指,差2指,优良率达88．66％。结论采用部棚趾、第2足趾棚甲瓣移植再造拇手指,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣、第2趾或第2,3趾组合移植行合并手部皮肤缺损的拇手指再造,效果满意。     

手四指以上缺损的多趾移植再造

采用多趾移植再造拇，手指治疗单手４指以上的指缺损以恢复手的基本功能，方法；自１９８０年１１月起应用吻合血管的双侧第２趾，单侧第２，３趾，及一侧第２趾与对侧第２，３趾游离移植一期再造拇，手指３３例７２指，成活７１指，成活率９８．６％。术后随访２１例４６指。结果：按国际手外科联合会Ｎａｋａｍｕｒａ Ｔａｍａｉ综合功能判断标准，优良率７１．４％。     

趾蹼皮瓣在指腹重建中的应用

自１９９４年２月至１９９９年２月，我院采用趾蹼皮瓣重建指腹６例，取得良好效果，现报道如下。1 资料与方法1．１ 一般资料 本组６例共７指，男性５例，女性１例，年龄２４岁－3９岁，平均３１岁。压砸伤４例，切割伤２例。损伤部位：拇指左侧１例，右侧５例，示指右侧１例。1．２ 手术方法 根据手指指腹缺损的大小在足部第１趾蹼处设计趾蹼皮瓣，皮瓣设计时应尽量偏趾腓侧，如术中血管分型出现变化，改用偏第２趾胫侧的趾蹼皮瓣。首先在足背行Ｓ形皮肤切口，暴露出大隐静脉进入皮瓣的属支及足背动脉，仔细分离出足背动脉的分支、第１跖…     

双足第二趾移植在2～5指缺损的应用

拇指完好而其他四个手指完全缺失将丧失手的６０％功能,因而临床上有指征通过自体足趾的游离移植再造１或２个手指,以重建手的对捏功能。我院自１９８６年以来,收治了２～５指外伤性缺损８１例,其中２６例采用双足第二趾移植再造手指,取得了满意的疗效,对双足第二趾应用于四指缺损的意义报告如下：临床资料１．一般资料：本组男１９例,女７例,年龄１８～３５岁。均为机器损伤。指缺损部位：手指近节中段以远缺损２１例,掌握关节以远缺损５例。指再造情况：双足第二趾再造食中指２３例,中环两指３例。结果：本组病例全部成活。随访…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.