基于移动 Ｓｉｎｋ 的带状无线传感器网络数据汇聚方法研究

无线传感器网络内部能耗不均衡容易导致节点提早死亡,为此大量的能耗均衡路由协议被提出,然而这类方法主要针对环状无线传感器网络。带状无线传感器网络呈长条形分布,传统的能耗均衡路由协议无法发挥节能和能耗均衡的作用。本文提出一种基于移动Sink的带状WSN数据汇聚方法,首先基于节点能耗模型计算簇内节点的平均能耗,然后利用节点平均能耗求取Sink节点的最佳移动速度,最后簇首节点根据它与Sink的距离动态调整数据传输范围,从而实现对带状传感器网络的数据汇聚。实验结果表明该方法具有较好的节能和能耗均衡性,能够有效延长网络的生存周期。     

基于移动Sink的无线传感器网络任播路由协议

传统基于移动Sink的无线传感器网络(WSN)路由协议,在Sink移动过程中需时时散播位置信息,能耗开销巨大。针对该问题提出一种基于预测路由机制的移动Sink WSN任播路由协议(ARPMS)。在ARPMS中,Sink只在移动速度或方向发生改变时才需散播其移动信息,而传感器节点可以计算(预测)Sink的当前和将来位置并选择能耗效率最高的Sink作为任播目标。Sink由于无需时时散播其位置信息,因此节省大量能耗开销。仿真实验数据表明,相比于ALURP协议,ARPMS在能耗效率上性能更佳(223%～462%)。     

基站选择Sink的无线传感器网络路由协议

节点的能量标志着无线传感器网络(WSN)的生命周期,但是当前一些路由协议不能够很好地平衡、延长网络的生命周期.基于此,提出了一种基站选择Sink的无线传感器网络的路由协议.该协议利用环和边构成扇形区域,基站选择几个能量较大的节点作为扇环内的Sink,这些Sink采用TDMA的原理轮流成为当前的Sink,从而平衡整个网络的能量开销.仿真结果表明,该基站选择Sink的路由协议要比CWR协议更能节约能量、延长网络的生命周期.     

基于能量和距离的LEACH算法改进

本文重点研究WSN分簇路由协议LEACH,无线传感器网络节点数量庞大、单个节点资源极其有限,其路由协议设计的首要目标是提高能量有效性,延长网络生命周期。有针对性的选择了LEACH作为研究重点,针对其簇首选择时不考虑剩余能量,簇首直接与基站通信,远端节点耗能过大,容易出现热点问题,导致网络能耗严重不均衡的不足加以改进,提出了一种新的基于能量和距离的多跳路由算法EDMRCH(Low Energy and Distance Multi-hop Routing Clustering Hierarchy),其中借鉴了SPEED、DD等协议的优秀思想,概括为以下三点:改进了阀值T(n)的计算方法和簇的形成过程;引入簇间采取多跳通信方式,簇首节点只需将数据发送给邻近的节点而不是相距很远的Sink节点,有效的避免了热点问题,提升整个网络的负载均衡性。     

基于最小生成树的非均匀分簇路由协议

针对无线传感器网络中利用分簇技术,簇首到Sink节点通信采用多跳路由方式容易引起"能量空洞"的问题,提出了基于最小生成树的非均匀分簇路由协议.该协议在簇首选举阶段,以节点剩余能量、节点度、节点能量消耗速度为权重计算簇首竞争等待时间,选用簇首竞争等待时间小的节点为簇首,以均衡能量;簇形成后,以剩余能量、簇间的距离和能量消耗为参数构建基于最小生成树的最优传输路径通过多跳方式将数据发送到Sink节点.仿真结果表明,该路由协议能有效均衡能耗,延长网络生命周期,延缓"能量空洞"的形成.     

基于能量感知的WSN按需多径路由协议

在无线传感器网络(WSN)按需距离矢量(AODV)路由协议的基础上,提出一种基于能量感知的WSN按需多径路由协议——AODV-EALB。综合考虑链路质量、转发优先级系数、剩余能量和节点接收数据包的信号强度,均衡网络节点能耗。仿真实验结果表明,AODV-EALB协议能降低丢包率,延长网络生存周期。     

一种能耗均衡的WSNs动态数据汇聚方法

无线传感器网络一般采用分簇路由协议实现数据的汇聚,这类协议要求Sink节点的位置固定,并通过节点间多跳接力传输,将数据汇聚到Sink节点。由于网络中不同节点承担中继的负载不同,这会导致某些负载过重的节点能量提早耗尽,从而形成网络空洞。虽然某些路由协议在网络能耗均衡方面做了一定的措施,但仍无法较好的解决该问题。为此提出一种能耗均衡的动态数据汇聚方法,该方法的汇聚节点(Sink)为可移动节点,为平衡网络能耗,利用网络节点的能量为Sink节点确定若干个数据汇聚位置。并结合TSP算法规划Sink节点的最佳移动路径,通过对该算法进行大量的仿真,并与现有的一些方案进行比较,验证了该算法在各种性能指标上的有效性。     

基于多Sink节点的煤矿巷道无线传感器网络路由协议

针对传统的单Sink节点无线传感器网络应用于煤矿安全监控系统中时,远离巷道口的传感器节点无法及时、准确地将巷道深处的监测数据传输到巷道口Sink节点的问题,提出一种适用于长带状结构煤矿巷道的基于多Sink节点的无线传感器网络路由协议。该协议引入多Sink节点的无线传感器网络结构和非均匀成簇的思想,采用基于多Sink节点的功率控制算法和非均匀成簇算法,对各个Sink节点的最优通信半径、发射功率、簇首的选择和非均匀竞争半径的计算进行优化。仿真结果表明,该路由协议在连通度、延时和网络生存期上具有优势,可有效降低无线传感器网络整体能耗,延长网络生存期。     

一种新的支持移动Sink的多媒体传感器网络路由协议

提出了一种新的支持移动Sink的多媒体传感器网络路由协议,该协议利用锚节点作为转发节点与移动Sink进行通信,避免多媒体传感器节点与Sink直接进行远距离通信,在多媒体传感器节点中采用改进的基于地理信息的路由协议建立路由路径.仿真实验表明:该协议不仅能支持移动Sink,而且能够有效降低节点能耗,延长网络寿命,提高数据传...     

能量均衡的无线传感器网络节点非均匀分布路由协议

针对现有无线传感器网络(WSN)分簇路由协议因节点分布不均匀而造成能量不均衡、“热区”能量空洞问题,提出一种能量均衡的节点非均匀分布路由协议。该协议以节点“度”、 节点到Sink节点的距离及节点平均剩余能量与节点本身剩余能量的比值作为竞选主(副)簇头的参数,并且各簇之间通过路由树与Sink节点通信。仿真结果表明,本协议可降减少于“热区”内或节点密度高的簇的簇头轮换次数,推迟出现第一个死亡节点的时间,使网络负载更加均衡,延长了网络的生命周期。     

A multicast reprogramming protocol for wireless sensor networks based on small world concepts

Automatic reprogramming is an important and challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A usual approach is the over-the-air programming (OAP), which is a fundamental service based on reliable broadcast for efficient code dissemination. However, existing OAP protocols do not enable the reprogramming of a subset of the sensor nodes in a WSN. Hence, in this work we propose a multicast-based over-the-air programming protocol that considers a small world infrastructure (MOAP-SW). The small world model is used to create shortcuts toward the sink in the communication infrastructure of sensor networks. The endpoints of these shortcuts are more powerful nodes, resulting in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Simulation results show the feasibility of the protocol regarding the number of messages transmitted, the energy consumption and the time to reconfigure the network.     

Energy-aware node placement,topology control and MAC scheduling for wireless sensor networks

In the WSNs, the nodes closer to the sink node have heavier traffic load for packet forwarding because they do not only collect data within their sensing range but also relay data for nodes further away. The unbalanced power consumption among sensor nodes may cause network partition. This paper proposes efficient node placement, topology control, and MAC scheduling protocols to prolong the sensor network lifetime, balance the power consumption of sensor nodes, and avoid collision. Firstly, a virtual tree topology is constructed based on Grid-based WSNs. Then two node-placement techniques, namely Distance-based and Density-based deployment schemes, are proposed to balance the power consumption of sensor nodes. Finally, a collision-free MAC scheduling protocol is proposed to prevent the packet transmissions from collision. In addition, extension of the proposed protocols are made from a Grid-based WSN to a randomly deployed WSN, enabling the developed energy-balanced schemes to be generally applied to randomly deployed WSNs. Simulation results reveal that the developed protocols can efficiently balance each sensor node’s power consumption and prolong the network lifetime in both Grid-based and randomly deployed WSNs.     

基于能量优化的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法研究

无线传感器网络的路由协议设计要同时关注单个节点的能耗及整个网络能量的均衡消耗.分簇算法能有效解决节点能耗受限与不同节点能量开销不平衡问题.在分析了传统分簇路由LEACH(low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy)协议中选择簇头算法不足和当前一些典型基于LEACH思想的路由改进算法...     

基于能量感知的无线传感器网络层次型路由协议

为了有效平衡负载,满足大规模网络的需要,提出了一种基于能量感知的无线传感器网络层次型路由协议。该协议基于能量消耗模型,根据节点与基站的距离将网络中的节点划分为不同的层次。每层次内的节点轮流当选负责收集该层内所有节点数据的汇聚节点。汇聚节点的数据逐层转发和聚合,最后传送到剩余能量较大的一个汇聚节点——超节点,由其将数据发送到基站。汇聚节点变迁、超节点变迁机制用于均衡节点能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。NS2仿真结果表明,该协议可以有效节省能量,延长网络生存时间。     

基于分簇的移动协助无线传感器网络路由协议

提出了一种基于分簇的移动协助（ CMA）无线传感器网络路由协议。在圆形网络中,Sink以恒定速率做圆周运动,网络初始阶段根据应用时延要求和能量消耗确定移动 Sink的运动半径,按照确定的Sink运动轨迹,将网络进行分簇。然后在Sink通信范围内确定一批普通节点作为汇聚点（ RP）,最后Sink对汇聚节点的缓存数据以及其单跳范围内的簇头进行采集。仿真实验结果表明：与现有的几种路由协议相比,CMA在满足时延要求条件下有效地延长了网络生命周期。     

C3: an energy-efficient protocol for coverage,connectivity and communication in WSNs

The lower layer of ubiquitous and pervasive systems consists of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensors consume most of their energy in data transmission and idle listening. Hence, efficient usage of energy can be ensured by improved protocols for topology control (i.e., coverage and connectivity), sleep scheduling, communication, and aggregation and compression of data. Though several protocols have been proposed for this purpose, they are not energy-efficient. We propose an integrated and energy-efficient protocol for Coverage, Connectivity, and Communication (C3) in WSNs. The C3 protocol uses received signal strength indicator to divide the network into virtual rings, defines clusters with clusterheads more probably at alternating rings, defines dings that are rings inside a cluster and uses triangular tessellation to identify redundant nodes, and communicates data to sink through clusterheads and gateways. The proposed protocol strives for near-optimal deployment, load balancing, and energy-efficient communication. Simulation results show that the C3 protocol ensures partial coverage of more than 90 % of the total deployment area, ensures one connected network, and facilitates energy-efficient communication while expending only one-fourth of the energy compared to other related protocols such as the coverage and connectivity protocol, and the layered diffusion-based coverage control.     

基于动态分簇的低开销WSNs时间同步协议研究

时间同步是无线传感器网络（WSNs）的重要支撑技术。现有的同步协议RBS,TPSN与CHTS等较多考虑的是平面网络或是如何提高时间精度问题,带来了较大的能耗。在充分考虑了WSNs与能耗有限的特点的基础上,提出了一种基于动态分簇的低开销同步协议。该算法利用LEACH协议进行簇首节点的选择,簇成员节点的选择采用广度优先生成树拓扑结构。时间同步分为参考节点与簇首间的同步和簇首与簇内成员间的同步2个阶段,综合了单向同步和双向成对同步技术。性能分析和实验结果表明：该算法减少了同步开销,提高了精度,适用于WSNs。     

节能高效的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由协议

为了有效均衡无线传感器网络能耗、缓解能量洞问题、延长网络生命周期,提出了一种节能高效的非均匀分簇路由协议,其核心思想是采用结合计时广播和簇头轮换机制的非均匀分簇（BR—EEUC）算法对网络分簇,并根据代价函数选择代价较低的簇头作为中继节点,形成以汇聚节点为根节点的多跳路由,从而大大降低了能量开销。通过在OMNet＋＋平台上的仿真实验结果表明：与LEACH和EEUC等路由协议相比,该协议有效地均衡了网络能量消耗,延长了网络寿命。     

FSE2R: An Improved Collision-Avoidance-based Energy Efficient Route Selection Protocol in USN

The 3D Underwater Sensor Network (USNs) has become the most optimistic medium for tracking and monitoring underwater environment. Energy and collision are two most critical factors in USNs for both sparse and dense regions. Due to harsh ocean environment, it is a challenge to design a reliable energy efficient with collision free protocol. Diversity in link qualities may cause collision and frequent communication lead to energy loss; that effects the network performance. To overcome these challenges a novel protocol Forwarder Selection Energy Efficient Routing (FSE2R) is proposed. Our proposal’s key idea is based on computation of node distance from the sink, Residual Energy (RE) of each node and Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR). The node distance from sink and RE is computed for reliable forwarder node selection and SINR is used for analysis of collision. The novel proposal compares with existing protocols like H2AB, DEEP, and E2LR to achieve Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. The comparative analysis shows that FSE2R gives on an average 30% less energy consumption, 24.62% better PDR and 48.31% less end-to-end delay compared to other protocols.     

IEEMARP- a novel energy efficient multipath routing protocol based on ant Colony optimization (ACO) for dynamic sensor networks

In the past few years, research and development in Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) have gained momentum due to its numerous applications in agriculture, industrial manufacturing, military surveillance, environmental monitoring, consumer electronics, medical & healthcare, disaster recovery operations etc. Dynamic WSNs offer a robust blend of distributed sensing, computing and communication. Dynamic sensor networks are characterized by large scale deployment, dynamic and unstructured topology, power limitations, less memory and limited computational capabilities. Sensor nodes deployed in real-time environment’s for sensing data have power-limitations which hampers the overall performance of WSNs. So, the only obvious solution is to propose an energy efficient routing protocol to optimize WSN real-time performance. Different specialists have proposed various directing conventions for WSNs dependent on Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithms, Meta-Heuristics, and other improvement strategies. However, every solution suggested till date has its advantages and limitations. In this paper, our primary objective is to utilize Swarm-Intelligence based approach i.e. “Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)”, for routing protocol development. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based approach gives optimal solution in terms of efficient routing path determination, energy efficiency and delivering high performance in terms of packet delivery and throughput. In this paper, we propose a novel energy efficient ACO based multipath routing protocol for WSN i.e. IEEMARP (Improvised Energy Efficient Multipath ACO based Routing Protocol). The proposed protocol works in three phases (Neighbor Discovery via Link Knowledge, Packet Transmission via exponentially weighted moving average method and ACKR packet delivery for assuring end-to-end delivery. To validate the performance of the protocol proposed, extensive simulations were conducted using NS-2.35-allinone simulator on diverse parameters like (PDR), throughput, routing overhead, energy consumption and end-to-end delay. In addition to this, the performance of protocol is compared with traditional routing protocols like Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR and other ACO based WSN protocols like ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR, IACR, AntHQSeN, FACOR and ANTALG. Simulation based results, clearly states that as compared to Basic ACO, DSDV and DSR, the performance of WSN network is improvised to around 10% in all performance metrics via IEEMARP routing protocol. And as compared to ACEAMR, AntChain, EMCBR and IACR, IEEMARP performs 20% better in overall functionality and almost 10–12% better as compared to AntHQSeN, FACOR, ANTLAG routing protocols in varied WSN scenarios. It is also observed that IEEMARP protocol is highly efficient in TCP packet transmission from source to destination node.