蒽醌类蒸煮助剂在硫酸盐蒸煮中的应用现状

本文探讨了蒽醌在硫酸盐法制浆的机理和在硫酸盐蒸煮中应用的主要蒽醌类助剂,并较详细地说明了其性能、特点,指出了蒽醌类助剂在杉木、松木等木材在硫酸盐法制浆的应用及效果,最后介绍了AQ在硫酸盐法蒸煮中应用情况及新发展。     

使用新型环保蒸煮助剂的生产实践

介绍了M L系列蒸煮助剂在麦草浆和杨木浆中的应用.生产实践表明:使用M L系列蒸煮助剂代替绿氧蒸煮助剂不仅可以提高成浆质量,而且可以降低生产成本,同时可以降低漂白工段化学品的消耗,减轻中段水的负荷,带来可观的环保效益.     

双元助剂在麦草蒸煮中的应用

该文通过应用实例详细地论述了双元助剂体系在麦草浆生产线上的试验过程。结果表明,使用0.08%(相对于绝干原料)的含醌型蒸煮助剂和0.08%(相对于绝干原料)的蒸煮渗透剂组成双元蒸煮助剂体系能够发挥比单一助剂更强大的作用:改善了麦草浆的滤水性能,缩短了蒸煮时间,降低了生产成本。     

化学制浆中的深度脱木素

从蒸煮助剂的应用、蒸煮器的改良与氧脱木素3个方面介绍了深度脱木素技术在化学制浆中的应用,同时对深度脱木素的理论也进行了阐述.     

几种重要蒸煮助剂的研究现状

主要论述了有机类蒸煮助剂,蒽醌及其衍生物、绿氧、表面活性剂,及几种无机类的蒸煮助剂在制浆蒸煮过程中的重要作用.林纸一体化工程将成为 21 世纪造纸业的发展方向,随着林纸一体化的提出,新型环保的、适用于木浆生产的蒸煮助剂必将成为蒸煮助剂的研究和发展方向.     

新型蒸煮助剂在制浆中的应用

文章主要介绍了一种新型蒸煮助剂在制浆中的应用情况。结果表明：使用ML蒸煮助剂可以降低蒸煮成本、提高成浆得率、增强纤维强度、降低漂损、减轻设备管道腐蚀和结垢。     

蒸煮助剂对稻麦草亚硫酸钾蒸煮的作用

研究了新型蒸煮助剂磷酸钾和常规蒸煮助剂蒽醌、CT-1在稻麦草的亚硫酸钾蒸煮中的作用.实验结果表明磷酸钾对稻草和麦草亚硫酸钾蒸煮具有不同程度降低纸浆硬度的作用.蒽醌对于麦草亚硫酸钾法蒸煮有显著作用.而蒽醌和CT-1对于稻草亚硫酸钾法蒸煮没有起到明显作用.     

巴克曼蒸煮助剂在非木纤维制浆中的应用研究

研究了巴克曼(Buckman)3种新型蒸煮助剂(Busperse 2282、Busperse 2262和BLS 9011)在芦苇、麦草、蔗渣和慈竹不同方法制浆中的应用效果.结果表明,在非木材原料的烧碱法蒸煮以及芦苇的碱性亚硫酸盐(AS)法蒸煮中,添加各种蒸煮助剂均可起到降低纸浆卡伯值(3～7)的显著效果;在达到相同纸浆硬度的情况下,可节约蒸煮用碱量(2%～3%).芦苇中性亚硫酸盐(NS)法蒸煮,添加醌类助剂也有较好的促进脱木素的效果.在芦苇和慈竹的硫酸盐法蒸煮中,在达到相同卡伯值情况下,添加助剂可降低硫化度5%～10%.同时,研究了在非木材纤维制浆中添加助剂对制浆废液粘度和纸浆滤水性能及物理强度性能的影响.     

蒸煮助剂在化学浆制浆中的应用及其发展

蒸煮助剂具有用量少,经济效益明显的特点,在现代制浆中得到了广泛的应用,该文就蒸煮助剂的种类、特点和作用机理等方面给予了总结与介绍。     

醌类助剂在碱法蒸煮中的催化效果

介绍5种醌类蒸煮助剂在麦草烧碱法蒸煮和不同硫化度（0％,15％,23％）的马尾松硫酸盐法蒸煮中,对纸浆硬度、筛渣率、纸浆是率和黑液粘度等方面催化效果的对比实验结果。表明,醌类蒸煮助剂更适用于无硫化钠存在烧碱法蒸煮。     

The effect of several cooking treatments on subsequent chilled storage of thawed deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) treated with different melanosis-inhibiting formulas

This work deals with the effect that different cooking methods have on quality of shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris) during the chilled storage. Vacuum-cooking (sous-vide) and steaming were compared with the traditional cooking process in boiling water. The effect of prior treatment with several melanosis-inhibiting agents (with a commercial sulphite- or 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula) was also tested. Neither the melanosis-inhibiting blends nor the cooking methods used significantly affected the water-holding capacity, firmness or moisture content of the cooked shrimps. Spraying with a 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula was effective in preventing microbial growth during storage. Vacuum-cooking was also shown to be the most effective way of preventing microbial growth although the TVB-N content of cooked shrimps increased significantly. By discriminant analysis, a combination of prior spraying with 4-hexylresorcinol-based formula followed by vacuum-cooking, proved to be the best method for obtaining shrimps with a very good appearance and high microbial quality. The foregoing may be very important for the cooking industries.     

复合嫩化剂对猪肉嫩化效果的研究

首先通过单因素实验确定不同浓度的木瓜蛋白酶、氯化钠和氯化钙对猪肉嫩度的影响。再采用Box-Behnken设计和响应曲面中心组合设计法,建立复合嫩化剂对猪肉嫩度影响的响应模型,对木瓜蛋白酶浓度、氯化钠浓度和氯化钙浓度三因素及其两两交互作用进行分析与评价。实验结果表明:响应模型的拟合度高,试验误差小,通过实验数据分析发现木瓜蛋白酶、氯化钠和氯化钙都可增加猪肉脯的嫩度,其中氯化钙与木瓜蛋白酶对猪肉剪切力影响显著,而氯化钠的加入能显著降低猪肉的烹饪失水率,通过对剪切力拟合方程和烹饪失水率拟合方程的联合求解,优化出复合肉嫩化剂的配方组成为:氯化钠浓度6%、氯化钙浓度3.5%,木瓜蛋白酶120U/ml。在上述优化条件下,实际验证猪肉剪切力为2.10kg,烹饪失水率为34.5%。     

Effect of Dry Heat Pre-Treatment (Toasting) on the Cooking Time of Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)

Four cowpea varieties (Brown beans, Oloka beans, IAR48 and IT89KD-288) were toasted at 105 °C, and used to study the effect of dry heat treatment on the cooking time and nutrient composition of cowpea seeds and also its effect on the functional properties of resultant flour of the cowpea seed varieties. Toasting reduced the cooking time for brown and oloka cowpea varieties from 55.00–31.00 and 70.67–51.67 min, respectively. The cooking time for IAR48 and IT89KD-288 cowpea varieties increased from 104.67 to 106.00 and 88.00 to 88.67 min, respectively. The results indicate that the cooking time of cowpea seeds can be reduced significantly on toasting, while maintaining their potential as functional agents in the food industry for nutrition and utilisation. Correlation between the amount of water imbibed by cowpea seeds and their cooking time was -0.74, but was not significant at p ≤ 0.05, suggesting that there is no significant relationship between the amount of water imbibed by cowpea seeds and their cooking time.     

煮茧助剂使用实例

通过对煮茧助剂的使用实例分析，从正反两方面说明科学使用煮茧助剂的重要性，同时阐明了煮茧助剂在煮茧工程中的重要作用。     

Physical and sensory characteristics of Najdi-camel meat

Steaks were fabricated from three wholesale cuts: rib, chuck and leg of 18 Najdi male camels averaging eight, 16 and 26 months of age. The influence of age, type of cut, freezing and cooking method on the physical and palatability traits of meat has been investigated. The results indicated that age had a significant influence on cooking loss and shear value, but there was no significant effect on drip loss, expressible moisture and organoleptic properties (tenderness, juiciness and flavour). However, steaks from younger camels were more acceptable. The results also showed that wholesale cut significantly affects cooking loss, shear force value, tenderness, juiciness and flavour, but the effect on drip loss and expressible moisture was not significant. Generally, the ribeye steak had the lowest cooking loss and shear value, also the highest organoleptic scores. Except for cooking loss, freezing and cooking method had no significant effect on shear value and organoletic properties. The acceptability of camburger was also studied. Added fat resulted in higher cooking loss, but the sensory panel ratings were not significantly affected.     

高粱冷鲜面的研制

以高粱—小麦混合粉为原料制作冷鲜面条,研究了不同添加量的高粱粉和增稠剂(魔芋胶、海藻酸钠和CMC)对高粱面条加工特性的影响,并采用正交试验优化了高粱面条的加工工艺。结果表明,随着高粱粉添加量的增加,面条的熟断条率逐渐增大,烹调损失也逐渐增加,面条的品质随之变差;三种增稠剂的使用均可改善面条的蒸煮品质,其中海藻酸钠的效果最好;当高粱粉的添加量为10%时,按混合粉质量分别添加0.4%海藻酸钠、3%食盐和37%水,经传统加工工艺,可制得品质较好的冷鲜面条。     

Two Effects of Sodium Chloride Causing Softening of the Texture of Canned Snap Beans

The effect of NaCl on the texture of canned snap beans was studied with leached and nonleached pods. Pectin and Ca solubilization were also measured. NaCl promoted softening both during cooking and apart from cooking. The cooking effect was accompanied by increased pectin solubility. The noncooking effect was accompanied by increased Ca solubility.     

Influence of antioxidant spices on the retention of β-carotene in vegetables during domestic cooking processes

Considerable amounts of β-carotene were lost during the two domestic methods of cooking commonly used, namely, pressure cooking and open pan boiling, the loss ranging from 27 to 71% during pressure cooking and 16–67% during boiling for the four vegetables examined in this study. Pressure cooking of green leafy vegetables resulted in a greater retention of this provitamin. In the presence of red gram dhal, which is a common ingredient in the diet, there was an underestimation of β-carotene due to poor extractability. Inclusion of acidulants—tamarind and citric acid-along with these vegetables brought about some changes in the level of retention of β-carotene. The antioxidant spice turmeric generally improved the retention of β-carotene in all four vegetables studied. Onion also had a similar effect. The combinations of acidulants and antioxidant spices also improved the retention of β-carotene during cooking. This effect seemed to be additive in the case of processing of amaranth by boiling.     

Effects of cooking methods on polyphenols,pigments and antioxidant activity in potato tubers

Potato tubers, which are one of the richest sources of antioxidants, are always cooked before human consumption. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of various domestic cooking methods, i.e., boiling, microwaving and baking on total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, lutein, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities in 5 cultivars and 9 advanced selections with different skin and flesh colors after 6 months of storage. The three cooking methods reduced the levels of these compounds and the percentage of DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-pikryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity in all the cultivars and selections. Boiling minimized these losses. Red fleshed tubers contained more flavonoids, whereas purple tubers contained more flavonols. Despite severe loss of these compounds due to cooking, both the flesh types retained larger amounts of all these compounds due to higher initial levels. Decline in the radical scavenging activity is directly related to loss of these compounds due to cooking treatments in all white and colored flesh tubers. Red and purple fleshed tubers exhibited greater radical scavenging activity than yellow and white fleshed tubers after each of the cooking treatments. Correction procedures were introduced to exclude interfering compounds (ascorbic acid, other oxidizing agents and reducing sugars) in Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) assay of estimating total phenolics in potato.     

不同抗老化剂对鲜湿米线品质及储藏稳定性的影响

鲜湿米线作为我国受众广泛的一种传统主食,市场前景广阔,然而其贮藏期间易于回生劣变,严重制约了米线行业的发展。本文探究了茶多酚、赤藓糖醇、海带多糖、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、焦糊精五种不同类型的抗老化剂对鲜湿米线品质及贮藏稳定性的影响。实验表明：蔗糖脂肪酸酯使米线的硬度、断条率迅速增加；茶多酚严重改变了米线的色泽及风味,而其他三种抗老化剂对鲜湿米线的理化及感官品质无显著影响。贮藏期间,海带多糖对于鲜湿米线的老化无显著影响,赤藓糖醇和焦糊精可显著提升鲜湿米线的贮藏稳定性,当贮藏时间为35天时,对照组的蒸煮损失增加了31.13%,断条率增加了20.19%,硬度增加了50.16%,短程有序度增加了7.25%,相对结晶度增加了14.69%,添加赤藓糖醇和焦糊精分别使蒸煮损失增加15.43%、15.01%,断条率增加了16.44%和15.24%,数据表明赤藓糖醇和焦糊精可以改善米线的蒸煮品质；硬度增加了13.06%和18.57%,短程有序度增加了4.91%和5.36%,相对结晶度增加了13.31%和13.29%,数据表明赤藓糖醇和焦糊精可以有效抑制米线的长期回生。综合考虑,赤藓糖醇和焦糊精适合作为专用抗老化剂应用于鲜湿米线的制作。