不同结构三维UHMWPE纤维复合材料的性能研究

随着超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维在轻质复合材料方面的应用越来越广泛,UHMWPE纤维作为增强基体制造符合材料的研究日益深入,但经过三维编织结构加工成的复合材料的应用性能研究尚在初期。本文以UHMWPE纤维做为轻质增强基体,采用三维编织的方法,经过真空模塑成型(VARTM)工艺制备复合材料。在相同的真空注塑成型工艺条件下,对比不同编织结构对复合材料的树脂体积分数、面密度、弯曲性能和抗拉伸性能的影响。通过对比深交联、浅交弯联、浅交直联编织结构VARTM制备的复合材料力学性能,结果表明:深交联结构复合材料的力学性能优于浅交弯联和浅交直联结构三维复合材料。     

分层接结三维机织预制体增强酚醛树脂基材料的摩擦性能

为克服短切纤维和二维碳布增强预制体结构强度低的缺点,分别设计并制备了浅交弯联和深交联2种分层接结三维机织碳纤维预制体增强酚醛树脂基复合材料,并以相同复合工艺制备了短切碳纤维增强酚醛树脂基复合材料。测试碳纤维/酚醛树脂复合材料的摩擦性能,并通过观察３ 种复合材料的磨损表面和磨屑的微观形貌,探讨了其摩擦机制。结果表明：短切纤维复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率最高,深交联的摩擦因数和磨损率最低,浅交弯联的居中。分层接结三维机织结构预制体具有优良的力学性能和整体性,会使复合材料在摩擦过程中减少磨屑与磨损,保持稳定的摩擦因数,从而使复合材料具有良好的摩擦性能。     

2.5维机织复合材料的几何结构模型与验证

为验证2.5维机织复合材料结构与其力学性能的关系,基于对材料断面显微照片的观察和分析,假定纤维束截面为为跑道形,建立了2.5维机织复合材料的单元结构模型。借助模型推导出纱线在几种典型结构（浅交弯联、浅交直联、深角联）的单元体结构内的纱线长度、接结经的取向角和纤维体积分数,并对材料进行拉伸、压缩性能预测。制作了满足要求的2.5维机织复合材料实验件并对其进行力学性能测试,通过试验值和预测值的对比,验证几何模型的正确性。     

三维正交机织玻纤复合材料界面改性及弯曲性能研究

纤维/基体界面特性影响复合材料性能,为提高纤维/基体界面性能,基于纤维表面热处理与硅烷偶联剂改性相结合的方法处理三维正交机织物。分别以改性前后织物为增强体,树脂与固化剂的混合胶液为基体,采用VARTM工艺成型复合材料。测试试样沿0°和90°方向的弯曲性能。结果表明,试样沿0°方向的弯曲强度略有下降,而弹性模量增加。沿90°方向的弯曲强度和弹性模量均增加。由此可知,硅烷偶联剂改性可以提高纤维/基体界面结合强度,从而改善了复合材料的力学性能。纤维FTIR谱图和试样断裂截面SEM图也证实纤维/基体结合强度得到了提高。     

玄武岩纤维四轴向经编复合材料力学性能研究

纺织结构玄武岩纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有优异的力学性能。以四轴向经编玄武岩织物为增强体,E-2511-1A环氧树脂与2511-1BT固化剂混合胶液基体,基于真空辅助VARI(Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion)成型技术制备复合材料试样,实验测试了准静态下试样沿0°,45°,90°的拉伸及弯曲性能。结果表明:四轴向经编复合材料沿不同方向拉伸强度、模量的大小关系是90°0°45°;弯曲强度、模量的大小关系是90°45°0°。强度和模量区别主要取决于增强体纱线束的细度和排列。另外,拉伸断裂截面显示,四轴向经编增强体可以有效改善拉伸分层失效和断裂截面处纤维抽拔等现象;复合材料的弯曲破坏失效图显示,即使到最大弯曲挠度,试样仍然没有发生明显断裂,由此可知四轴向经编玄武岩纤维增强复合材料具有较高的韧性。     

造纸法制备碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料的研究

本研究以短切碳纤维为增强体,聚丙烯(PP)纤维为基体,采用湿法造纸工艺制备碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料(CFRTP)。通过正交实验,探讨了碳纤维含量、碳纤维长度、热压温度以及热压时间对CFRTP力学性能的影响。结果表明,碳纤维含量是影响复合材料力学性能的主要因素;正交实验条件下,当碳纤维含量20%,碳纤维长度5 mm,热压温度190℃,热压时间10 min时,CFRTP的性能最好,其拉伸强度为83.9 MPa,弯曲强度为52.5 MPa,缺口冲击韧性48.2 kJ/m~2,对比同等条件下未添加碳纤维的材料其性能分别提高了189%、52%以及1021%。同时,通过单一因素实验探究不同碳纤维含量对CFRTP力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着碳纤维含量的增加,CFRTP的拉伸强度、弯曲强度以及缺口冲击韧性均先上升后下降。     

2.5D机织复合材料的设计与织造

介绍了2.5D机织复合材料的特点及其在国内外的应用现状,重点研究了浅交直联、浅交弯联两种典型2.5D结构机织物的设计与织造过程,探讨了织物设计过程中织物层数、总经根数等相关参数的确定方法,并对织造过程中出现的问题进行了分析.     

玄武岩纤维多重针织结构复合材料的弯曲性能分析

将两种不同针织结构的材料按一定方向和顺序进行叠加并用玄武岩纤维纱手工缝合.对缝合与不缝合的增强体采用真空辅助树脂转移模塑成型(VARTM)工艺加工制成复合材料,测试了两种复合材料的纵横向弯曲性能.结果表明,弯曲方向上受力纱线根数的不同是造成经纬向弯曲性能差异的原因,缝合复合材料的单位纤维体积分数的弯曲强度与模量要比未缝合复合材料的大,缝合显著改善了复合材料的分层现象.     

三维机织角联锁SiCf/SiC复合材料弯曲性能及损伤机制

为解决陶瓷基复合材料在服役环境中由于弯曲而导致失效的问题,从理论上分析了经向和纬向弯曲过程中复合材料弯曲受力与内部纤维之间的相互作用机制。以SiC_f/SiC复合材料为例,利用微计算机断层扫描技术获得其内部纤维结构和孔隙等三维图像;并在此基础上,分别对三维机织角联锁SiC_f/SiC复合材料经向和纬向进行弯曲性能测试,从细观、微观尺度分析弯曲损伤机制。结果表明:三维机织角联锁SiC_f/SiC复合材料的纬向和经向性能明显不同,且纬向试样的弯曲强度大于经向试样;SiC_f/SiC复合材料的弯曲损伤模式复杂,经向试样裂纹主要沿着经纱与纬纱接触点扩展,而纬向试样裂纹主要在纬纱束之间产生,并最终导致弯曲破坏。     

T形截面三维编织复合材料细观结构分析及弯曲性能预测

根据矩形组合截面三维编织复合材料四步法编织原理,分析了T形截面编织物的纱线运动规律,按照载纱器的水平运动规律确定了纱线的空间运动轨迹,并用控制体积法建立T形截面交接区域的特殊细观结构模型。在假设纱线截面为椭圆形等理想状态下,建立了编织工艺参数之间的数学关系。运用弯曲刚度合成法预测了T形截面三维编织复合材料的弯曲性能,用MatLab编写了弯曲模量的计算程序。结果表明：弯曲模量随编织角的增大而减小,随纤维体积含量的增加而增大,三维五向T形截面梁的弯曲性能优于三维四向的。最后将预测结果与实验结果进行比较分析,结果证实用弯曲刚度合成法预测T形截面三维编织复合材料的弯曲性能是可靠的。     

锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的弯曲性能

为解决层合间隔复合材料易开裂和整体性差的问题,采用绿色环保的玄武岩低捻长丝作为经、纬纱,合理设计经向截面图和组织图,并在普通织机上织造3种不同间隔高度的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物。以所织得的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物作为增强材料,环氧乙烯基树脂作为基体,利用真空辅助成型工艺,制备锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料,同时对三维机织间隔复合材料进行三点弯曲性能测试,得到弯曲载荷-位移曲线、能量吸收图和破坏模式。结果表明:复合材料的纬向是主要承力方向;组织循环个数越多的材料表现出更好的弯曲性能;在一定间隔高度范围内,间隔高度越高的锯齿形三维机织间隔织物承受的弯曲载荷和吸收的能量也越高;锯齿形三维机织间隔复合材料的破坏模式是材料上表层受压,下表层受拉,而连接层受压;在作用力下材料只是出现明显的变形,但并未出现材料整体的破坏。     

Mechanical properties improvement of silane addition epoxy/3D orthogonal woven composite material

In this study, the influence of silane addition on mechanical properties of epoxy/3D orthogonal glass fiber woven composite was studied. The KH560 silane modification composite specimen reinforced with 3D orthogonal woven fabric/epoxy was manufactured by means of Resin Infusion under Flexible Tooling. The mechanical properties of the epoxy/3D glass fiber woven composites were characterized by tensile and bending tests. The tensile and bending properties of silane-modified 3D orthogonal woven glass composite in warp and weft directions were compared with the pristine or epoxy/glass composite material not coupled using silane. The results show that the tensile and bending properties in warp and weft directions have been improved due to the silane addition. The bonding strength between the fiber and matrix was improved and the delamination and debonding between fiber and matrix was retarded and shifted to cohesive failure of the matrix due to the silane modification. Electron microscopy of the fracture and failure modes of the test specimens were used to support the results and conclusions.     

三维正交机织复合材料的冲后压缩性能

为揭示纱线张力对三维机织复合材料抗冲击及冲后压缩性能的影响规律,基于多剑杆织造工艺,配置不同接结纱张力(25、50、100 cN)织造三维正交机织物,通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺制备复合材料,并在室温下进行低速冲击及冲后压缩性能测试。结果表明：当接结纱张力为100 cN时,试样在冲击载荷下发生表层树脂大面积破裂和剥离并使纬纱失去支撑,同时,试样表层纬纱发生较大卷曲,促使压缩载荷发生屈曲失效;接结纱张力为100 cN试样的压缩性能相比接结纱张力为25 cN试样下降约50%;接结纱张力较高时易导致纬纱卷曲增大和树脂富集,并由此降低试样的弯曲刚度和冲后压缩性能。     

Mechanical Properties of Composite Panels Reinforced with Integrally Woven 3-D Fabrics

An investigation is reported in which six three-dimensional cellular fabrics were designed and woven. They consisted of two facings connected by an integrally woven sinusoidal core. In lateral compression, the ratio of the cell-repeat distance to the fabric thickness determines the resistance of the fabrics to buckling. Composite panels were fabricated by impregnating the fabrics with resin. Formulae developed allow the cross-sectional area and second moments of area of the panels to be calculated. Tensile tests were performed on the panel facings and whole structures to measure the Young's moduli and strengths in the longitudinal (weft) and transverse (warp) directions. Flexural tests were made to measure the beam flexural rigidities. The structural analysis of the beam sections together with the tensile properties of the beams enables flexural properties to be accurately predicted. The properties of the 3-D beams in flexure are comparable to those of other engineering materials, but the fabric-based, cellular composites will have advantages as components in composite structures.     

Warp and weft directional tensile properties of multistitched biaxial woven E-glass/polyester composites

The objective of this research work was to understand the warp and weft directional tensile properties of the two-dimensional multistitched multilayer E-glass/polyester woven composites. The warp and weft directional specific tensile strength and modulus of unstitched structure were higher than those of multistitched structures as stitching caused minor warp and weft yarn filament breakages. Contrarily, the specific tensile strains of unstitched structure were slightly lower than those of all multistitched structures. The stitching yarn type, the number of stitching directions, and the stitching density generally influenced the warp and weft directional tensile properties of multistitched E-glass/polyester woven composites. The failure of warp and weft directional multistitched woven E-glass/polyester composite structures was matrix breakages, and partial and complete yarn breakages in their surfaces. They had a local delamination in their cross-sections and the delamination did not propagate to the large areas due to multidirectional stitching. Also, the failure was confined at a narrow area and resulted in the catastrophic fiber breakages. The warp and weft directional specific damaged areas of multistitched structures, in particular four-directional stitching, were significantly lower than those of the unstitched structures. This indicated that the multistitching made the structures better damage-tolerance materials.     

Evaluating the crease recovery performance of woven fabrics considering bending behaviour in various directions

Since the woven fabric is used on the 3D body, it encounters bending deformation and crease in various directions. Due to the prominence of these deformations in the appearance of the garment, the inspection of bending and crease recovery behaviour of fabric in different directions needs to be considered. In this paper, the evaluation of bending rigidity and crease recovery of fabrics is carried out in various directions. Analysis of the results revealed that fabric-bending rigidity could be expressed as a sinusoidal function of sample orientation towards warp direction. For all the studied fabrics, from warp axis to bias direction, bending rigidity follows a descending trend, however; crease recovery angle has an ascending tendency. Reverse variations were achieved for both properties from bias direction to weft axis due to the variant warp and weft yarn contributions in each direction. Hence, the lowest bending rigidity was obtained in the bias direction (45°), while the highest crease recovery angle was recorded for the mentioned direction. Moreover, an exponential function is utilized to express the non-linear relation between bending rigidity and the crease recovery in different directions of the fabric. The statistical analysis of the results clarified that the effect of fabric direction and structural parameters on the bending and crease recovery behaviour is significant in the confidence range of 95%.     

玄武岩纤维机织针织复合织物增强复合材料的弯曲性能

根据新型的机织针织复合织物的结构特点,分别选用不同线密度的高强高模玄武岩纤维作为经纱、纬纱和针织纱编织这种织物,以其作为增强体,采用VARTM工艺制作了玄武岩纤维/乙烯复合材料。为提供该新型织物增强复合材料的应用依据,测试了复合材料的横向、纵向和斜向弯曲性能,并对各个方向的弯曲载荷-挠度特征曲线及其弯曲断裂形态进行了分析。研究结果表明：这种复合材料具有较好的轴向弯曲性能,横向和纵向的弯曲性能均优于斜向,其弯曲断裂都表现一定的塑性,弯曲能量基本相近。     

三维机织多孔复合材料的横向冲击性能

为了解纺织结构复合材料的动态力学行为,更好地设计并应用纺织结构复合材料,对三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料的动、静态力学性能进行了测试。运用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置测试了不同速度（应变率）及准静态状态时材料的力学性能。结果表明：三维多重纬经角联锁织物复合材料是应变率敏感材料;随着冲击速度的不断提高,材料所能承受的载荷及吸收的能量增大;材料破坏时前面表现为压缩破坏形式,背面为拉伸破坏形式。     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of 3D sinking woven quartz fiber-reinforced silica composites by silicasol-infiltration-sintering

Three-dimensional (3D) sinking woven quartz fiber-reinforced silica composites were successfully prepared by silicasol-infiltration-sintering process at a low temperature of 450°C. The density of the composites was 1.74?g/cm³. The characteristics of 3D sinking woven structure were determined. Flexural strength and shear strength of the composites were investigated along the warp and weft directions. Both flexural stress–displacement curves in warp and weft directions had two fractural points, e.g. matrix fracture point and fiber fracture point. The shear stress–displacement curves exhibited mostly nonlinear behavior. The composite in warp and weft direction reflects different shear behavior. Microstructural observations revealed that the adhesion strength between the fibers and the matrix was weak. There was a good state without serious degradation of quartz fibers during the preparation. Apart from these, the composites exhibited an extensive and long fiber pullout in the fracture surface. Crack deflection and fiber pullout contributed to the good toughness of the composites under the loading.