洛伐他汀渗透泵片的制备及体外释药影响因素的考察

目的：制备洛伐他汀渗透泵片，考察片芯组成和包衣膜对药物释放行为的影响，并对处方进行优化。方法：根据不同时间药物累积释放度描述药物的释放行为，采用相异因子（f1）、相似因子（f2）法评价释放曲线的相似性，利用双因素的复合析因设计优化处方。结果：片芯组成（如聚氧乙烯的相对分子质量及用量，渗透压促进剂种类和增溶剂种类）和包衣膜组成（如聚乙二醇的相对分子质量及用量和衣膜增重）对洛伐他汀渗透泵片的体外释药行为有显著影响。依据最优处方制备的洛伐他汀渗透泵片符合以渗透压差为释药动力的释药模式，1-8h内呈现良好的零级释放特征（r=0．9968），其体外释药曲线与同类进口g-在24h内释药行为相似（f1=10．2，f2=79．5）。结论：经优化后制备的洛伐他汀渗透泵制剂释药完全，零级释放特征显著，与同类进口片释药行为相似。     

盐酸青藤碱口服渗透泵控释片的制备及释药影响因素考察

目的制备了盐酸青藤碱口服渗透泵控释片 ,考察该制剂的释药影响因素及释药机理。方法利用正交设计优化处方 ,根据不同时间累积释放度考察药物的释放情况。结果制备了盐酸青藤碱口服渗透泵控释片 ,体外释药速度较市售缓释片缓慢、平稳。结论本制剂遵从以渗透压差为释药动力的释药模式 ,16h内呈现良好的零级释放特征 ,此后 ,随渗透泵内药量的减少 ,释放速度略下降     

葛根素双层渗透泵控释片的处方优化及体外释药研究

目的 制备葛根素双层渗透泵控释片,考察影响其释药行为的因素.方法 调整促渗剂的含量及包衣液的成分,研究单一因素对渗透泵体外释放的影响,并通过均匀设计实验,确定最优处方.结果 葛根素双层渗透泵控释片的释药行为受促渗剂、衣膜厚度、致孔剂的影响显著.结论 采用最优处方成功制备葛根素双层渗透泵控释片,释放行为符合零级释放特征.     

硝苯地平双层渗透泵控释片的制备

目的 采用乙基纤维素包衣来制备难溶性药物硝苯地平单室双层渗透泵控释片.方法 测定不同时间药物的释放度,以累积释放量和与国外市售片比较的相似因子(f2)为评价指标,采用单因素实验筛选硝苯地平渗透泵控释片的处方.结果 片芯处方和包衣增重对硝苯地平渗透泵片的体外释药行为有显著影响,含药层中PEO N80与CMS-Na为5∶2,助推层中PEO Coagulant与CMS-Na为2∶1;包衣液中PEG400用量为乙基纤维素的68％,包衣增重10％.自制控释片与市售片的释放曲线相似,且批间差异小,重复性良好.结论 自制硝苯地平双层渗透泵控释片的工艺稳定,体外释药特征符合控释制剂的要求,24 h内释药完全.     

长春西汀双层渗透泵控释片的制备及体外释放度考察

目的制备难溶性药物长春西汀单室双层渗透泵控释片,并对其体外释药影响因素进行考察。方法利用正交设计优化了渗透泵处方,根据不同时间累积释放度对药物的释放情况进行了考察。结果渗透泵控释片的最优处方为长春西汀15 mg、HPMC 140 mg、PEO 65 mg、氯化钠14 mg,包衣增质量24 mg。其体外释药特征符合控释制剂的要求。结论本渗透泵片以渗透压差为释药动力,能在14 h内良好的控制长春西汀零级释放。     

甲磺酸多沙唑嗪单层渗透泵控释片的研制及Beagle犬体内的药动学

选用两种不同分子量的聚环氧乙烷作为促渗剂及助推剂,制备单层甲磺酸多沙唑嗪渗透泵控释片,并与参比制剂进行体外释放及Beagle犬体内药动学的比较.结果显示:自制控释片的体外释放符合零级动力学规律,并经f<,2>(相似因子)判断,与参比制剂具有良好的相似性.药动学参数表明两制剂生物等效.     

马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片的研制及处方优化

目的 制备马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片,通过正交试验优化处方,并探讨最佳处方的释药机制。方法 以累积释放度及释药曲线是否呈线性作为评价指标,单因素试验考察PEO N750、PEO Coagulant和致孔剂PEG 4000用量以及包衣增重对马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片体外释药情况的影响。设计正交试验优化马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片处方,并对最佳处方体外释药行为进行模型拟合。结果 正交试验结果表明,PEO N750用量对马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片体外释药行为有显著性影响（P<0.05）,最佳处方：PEO N750 175 mg,PEO Coagulant 65 mg,PEG 4000用量为11%,包衣增重7%。马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片最佳处方在12 h内释药速率恒定,12 h内累积释放度达93.14%。结论 研制的马钱子碱双层渗透泵控释片在12 h内具有明显的零级释放特征,可有效控制马钱子碱缓慢、恒速释放。     

均匀设计优化盐酸丁咯地尔渗透泵型控释片的处方

目的　制备盐酸丁咯地尔渗透泵型控释片 ,控制其在 12h内维持零级释放药物 80 %以上。方法　采用均匀设计优化衣膜厚度与致孔剂用量 ,制备盐酸丁咯地尔渗透泵型控释片 ,进行体外释放试验。结果　最佳处方为 :衣膜厚度 (膜重表示 )5 .83mg ,致孔剂用量 0 .5 2g·L-1。按处方制备 3批样品 ,在 12h内体外释放符合零级过程 ,零级释药相关系数 (r=0 .998) ,12h累积释药 80 %以上。结论　所用方法制备的盐酸丁咯地尔渗透泵型控释片 ,体外释药符合零级动力学规律。     

包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵型控释片体外释药的影响

目的考察包衣处方对盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片体外释药的影响,并优选最佳包衣处方。方法考察聚乙二醇400(PEG400)的用量、包衣增量、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的种类和用量4个因素对释放的影响,并通过正交设计优化包衣处方。结果盐酸文拉法辛微孔渗透泵控释片的体外释药符合零级释放规律,释药速率受致孔剂、增塑剂、衣膜厚度的影响均较大。结论通过对包衣处方的优化,盐酸文拉法辛口服微孔渗透泵控释片能够恒速释药。     

盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵片的制备与体外释放

目的制备盐酸昂丹司琼渗透泵型控释片剂(OND-OPT)并考察体外释药特性。方法以锅包衣法制备OND-OPT。通过释放度试验筛选处方并考察OND-OPT的释放特性；通过均匀设计试验建立持续释药时间与衣膜厚度、衣膜中PEG含量和释药孔孔径的关系；考察OND-OPT的释药机制。结果释药孔朝向对不含HPMC的制剂释药有明显影响，而对含HPMC的制剂释药无影响。持续释药时间与衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量有关，与释药孔孔径无显著关系。OND-OPT主要以渗透泵机制释放药物。结论通过调节衣膜厚度和衣膜中PEG含量，OND-OPT可以实现理想的药物控制释放。     

制备对pH敏感的羟丙基甲基纤维素衍生物并研究其相关特性

目的 制备对pH敏感的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)衍生物,并研究其相关特性。方法对制剂常用辅料HPMC进行化学修饰,制备成羟丙基甲基纤维素偏苯三酸酯(HPMCT）。并用红外光谱和核磁共振波谱进行结构表征,对HPMCT的性能如成膜性、溶解性、酸值、pH敏感值、膜的透湿性、抗拉强度和玻璃化转变温度进行初步探讨。结果HPMCT的成膜性良好,并具备药剂学薄膜衣材料的有关性质。结论HPMCT可用于小肠上段十二指肠部位的药物定位释放辅料。     

磷酸丙吡胺缓释包衣片及其生物利用度研究

研制了一种缓释的磷酸丙吡胺包衣片剂。包衣材料主要是乙基纤维素。用转篮法测定包衣片中药物的溶出速度表明,第1h 溶出约17%,可连续释药8h 以上。8名健康志愿者口服缓释包衣片200mg 后,测定了血药浓度及动力学参数,并与两种临床有效的控释磷酸丙吡胺片和胶囊剂作对照。结果表明,从起效速度,体内作用持续时间及生物利用度诸方面考察,皆可与两种或一种控释制剂相比拟。     

5-氨基水杨酸结肠定位给药酶控释小丸的制备与体外释放

目的：用水分散体包衣技术制备5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)结肠定位释放小丸给药系统。方法：乙基纤维素水分散体(Surlease)和直链淀粉(Amylosf)为控释包衣材料，邻苯二甲酸二乙酯为增塑剂，使用流化床包衣设备，制备酶控释的结肠定位释放小丸，研究小丸在模拟人体胃肠道环境中的释放度，并观察游离包衣膜的消化性。结果：此种小丸在模拟胃肠道上部的介质中不释药，在模拟结肠介质条件下3h释药80％以上，10h内释药完全，具有脉冲释药特征。药物的释放时滞由衣膜厚度和衣膜处方组成控制。增加衣膜厚度以及处方中SurleaseE的用量，可延长释药时滞。膜的消化性试验表明，释放机制是衣膜中Amylose被结肠菌酶特异性降解而使衣膜破裂释药。结论：包衣液中加入被结肠酶特异性降解的Amylose可以使小丸具有结肠定位释放的特性。     

丙烯酸树脂水性包衣工艺制备氯化钾缓释片的研究

目的:研究氯化钾缓释片的优化工艺.方法:采用丙烯酸树脂水性包衣工艺,通过体外溶出试验对工艺参数进行筛选.结果:包衣后热处理、包衣处方因数(聚合物配比、增塑剂、包衣增重等)都对缓释片释放度有影响,而浆法转速和介质渗透压对缓释片释放度几乎无影响.结论:本研究缓释片的体外释放按零级模式释药.     

盐酸二甲双胍缓释片处方筛选及工艺研究

对盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的处方及工艺进行筛选和研究。方法：根据释放度作为判断原则，对缓释骨架材料、填充剂、粘合剂、润滑剂及包衣材料的种类、规格、用量及工艺等进行了考察，并在此基础上采用正交试验1．9(3^4)方案对处方进行筛选。结果：以HPMC K100M及HPMC K15M作为盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的基本骨架材料，微晶纤维素作为填充剂，硬脂酸镁为润滑剂，4％HPMCE5的70％乙醇溶液适量作为粘合剂制成片芯，采用薄膜包衣法，以欧巴代的70％乙醇溶液作为薄膜包衣材料，制得盐酸二甲双胍缓释骨架片。结论：本制剂工艺简单，所用各种辅料均为国产化，成本低，制得盐酸二甲双胍缓释片释放度符合规定。     

白藜芦醇膜剂的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的以水溶性的高分子材料为载体,制备白藜芦醇载药膜剂,改善BCS II类药物白藜芦醇的溶解度、释放速率及生物利用度。方法采用溶液流延法制备白藜芦醇载药膜剂,分别采用光学显微镜法和扫描电子显微镜法对膜剂外观进行观察;傅里叶变换红外光谱法、X-射线粉末衍射法对载药膜剂进行表征;在纯水、模拟胃液和模拟肠液中,考察白藜芦醇药物释放行为;同时以白藜芦醇原料药混悬液为对照进行大鼠体内药动学研究。结果白藜芦醇膜剂表面光滑平整,傅里叶变换红外光谱法及X-射线粉末衍射法显示,白藜芦醇在膜剂内以分子或无定形形式存在;膜剂中白藜芦醇的释放不受介质种类的影响,释放速率及累计释放量远高于白藜芦醇原料药;大鼠体内药动学研究结果显示,膜剂显著提高白藜芦醇吸收速率。结论膜剂相较于原料药,体外释放速率,累积释放量,体内吸收速率方面均显著提高。     

Design of freeze-dried Soluplus/polyvinyl alcohol-based film for the oral delivery of an insoluble drug for the pediatric use

Abstract

Spironolactone (SL) is a poorly water-soluble drug. Being poorly soluble affects its dissolution rate which in turn affects its oral bioavailability. This work aimed to prepare freeze-dried SL-Soluplus®/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) oral thin film in an attempt to enhance the drug solubility on one hand and at the same time prepare a solid dosage form convenient for the pediatric use. SL-Soluplus®/PVA films were prepared using polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticizer applying the solvent-casting technique. The prepared films were evaluated for their thickness, tensile strength, and in vitro dissolution studies. Box–Behnken design (17 runs) was applied to optimize the effects of the formulation variables on the film properties. The optimized film formulation was freeze-dried after casting so as to enhance the drug dissolution. Moreover, the optimized freeze-dried film was re-characterized in vitro and evaluated in vivo in human volunteers to investigate its palatability and satisfaction. The results showed that the optimized formulation composed of 10% polymer concentration containing Soluplus®:PVA (0.33:0.66) and plasticized with 30% PEG 400 possessed the highest desirability value (0.836). Freeze-drying of the optimized formulation succeeded to improve SL in vitro dissolution due to the preparation of a more porous film compared to the non-freeze-dried one. In vivo evaluation of the optimized freeze-dried film showed high satisfaction among the participating volunteers concerning the ease of administration and sensation thereafter, where all the film specimens dissolved without the need for water and no film residues remained in the mouth following film dissolution. In conclusion, freeze-dried Soluplus®/PVA-based oral thin film proved to be a successful carrier for the oral delivery of insoluble drugs like SL for pediatrics.     

Dissolution kinetics of paracetamol single crystals

The dissolution anisotropy of paracetamol crystals grown in the presence and absence of the molecularly similar additive, p-acetoxyacetanilide (PAA) was studied under controlled conditions using a single crystal dissolution method in undersaturated aqueous solutions. Linear dissolution rates were determined for all the major habit faces by measuring their movement (regression) with time in a flow cell using a microscope. The rates of dissolution of particular faces of the pure material were distinctly different in crystals of different morphology grown at different supersaturations. The dissolution rates of [001] and [110] faces of crystals grown in the presence of PAA (6.02% w/w in solution) are higher than those of pure paracetamol. The results correlate with the distribution of strain in the crystal and support the concept that integral strain increases the solubility and hence the dissolution rate of the material. The mechanism of the dissolution process at the [001], [201;] and [110] faces was defined using optical microscopy and X-ray topography. At all undersaturations above 1% the dissolution studies yielded well developed, structurally oriented, etch pits on both [001] and [201;] faces while on the [110] face rough shallow etch pits were observed. On all three faces, this etch-pitting was considerably more widespread than the dislocation content of the sector and probably reflects a 2-dimensional nucleation process rather than a dislocation controlled mechanism.     

A study of the effects of curing and storage conditions on controlled release diphenhydramine HCl pellets coated with Eudragit NE30D

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible impacts of curing and storage conditions on dissolution of controlled release diphenhydramine HCl pellets coated with EUDRAGIT NE30D. The accumulative percentage of dissolved active drug was used as the response in three statistical experimental design studies: 32 full factorial, Box-Behnken and 2(3) designs. By only considering curing temperature and curing time, both factors were found to significantly affect the dissolution rate, but curing temperature had greater impact than curing time. When considering polymer coating level, curing temperature and curing time together, polymer coating level and curing temperature had important effects on dissolution rate, but curing time became insignificant among these three factors. The addition of the water-soluble additives hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and mannitol made coating films less sensitive to curing, and there was little or no difference in their effect in the model studied. Lower levels of a water-insoluble additive (kaolin) had little impact on dissolution; however, when the level of water-insoluble additive increased, the coating film became more sensitive to curing, especially at the lower curing temperature of 30 degrees C.     

Development of a simple method for the preparation of a silica gel based controlled delivery system with a high drug content.

Silica gel was used as core particles to design a simple preparation for controlled delivery system with a high drug content. Drug loading was carried out by immersing the silica gel in a pre-heated drug solution or suspension. HPLC, SEM, DSC, PXRD analysis and N2 adsorption studies evaluated the drug-loading process. In the next step, the drug-loaded silica gel was coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and an aqueous dispersion of ethylcellulose (Aquacoat) to control the drug release. The release profile was determined using a dissolution test. The results showed that silica gel could adsorb great quantities of the drug, up to about 450 mg/g, by repetition of the loading process. Evaluation of the drug-loading process indicates that drug deposition in the pores occurs during the loading process and the drug-loading efficacy is strongly related to the drug solubility. On the other hand, the dissolution test showed that the drug release could be controlled by polymer coating the drug-loaded silica gel. An HPMC undercoating effectively suppresses the drug release, as it smoothes the drug-loaded core surface and aids in the formation of a continuous Aquacoat coating film. The floating property was also observed during the dissolution test.