静电纺丝制备聚己内酯/壳聚糖复合纤维膜

采用静电纺丝技术制备聚己内酯(PCL)/壳聚糖(CS)复合纤维膜,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察材料配比、纺丝电压和接收距离对复合纤维形态的影响,利用接触角测试仪研究CS含量对复合纤维膜亲水性能的影响。结果表明:CS的加入,有利于提高PCL/CS混合溶液的成纤能力;随着纺丝电压增加和收集距离减小,复合纤维平均直径减小,且直径分布均匀性提高。与PCL纤维相比,PCL/CS复合纤维亲水性得到了较大的提高,使其有望在组织工程中得到潜在的应用。     

静电纺工艺参数对聚乳酸-茶多酚复合纳米纤维直径和形貌的影响

研究了静电纺丝工艺参数对聚乳酸(PLA)-茶多酚(TP)复合纳米纤维形貌与直径的影响,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察在不同纺丝电压、不同接收距离和不同纺丝速度条件下PLA-TP复合纳米纤维的外观形貌,通过专用软件计算纳米纤维的直径。结果表明,在本实验范围内均能得到表面光滑连续的纳米纤维,PLA-TP复合纳米纤维直径为350～800nm;纺丝电压、接收距离和纺丝速度均对纳米纤维直径和形貌有较大影响;较好的纺丝工艺条件为纺丝电压18kV、接收距离17.5cm、纺丝速度0.6～0.8mL/h。     

有序PEO/PHB核壳超细纤维的制备及性能

以聚氧乙烯(PEO)/氯仿溶剂为核层纺丝液,聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)/氯仿溶剂为壳层纺丝液,通过同轴静电纺丝技术和高速旋转接收辊制备了有序排列的PEO/PHB核壳超细纤维.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重分析仪(TGA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和动态热机械分析仪(DMA)对制备的PEO/PHB核壳超细纤维膜的表面形貌、核壳结构、热性能、结晶性能和力学性能进行表征.结果表明:实验制备的PEO/PHB纤维具有显著的核壳结构,纤维排列有序,纤维平均直径为0.57～1.27μm;PEO/PHB核壳超细纤维晶体结构中含有组分PHB的α型晶体和组分PEO的单斜晶体;增加纺丝电压,纤维直径减小,结晶度先增大后减小;增加推注速度,纤维直径增大,结晶度先增大后减小;增加收集距离,纤维直径先减小后增大,结晶度先增加后减小.改变单一纺丝条件,在纺丝电压18 kV或推注速度0.07 mm/min或收集距离8 cm的条件下所制备的纤维膜均具有较高的力学性能;与纯PHB纤维和纯PEO纤维比较,有序排列PEO/PHB核壳超细纤维中各组分热学稳定性均有所提高.     

同轴共纺技术制备聚苯乙烯中空亚微米纤维

利用同轴静电纺丝技术制备出壳层为聚苯乙烯(PS),芯层为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的壳-芯结构复合纤维,通过除去芯层PVP,成功地制备出了PS中空亚微米纤维。并对其进行了TEM、SEM测试。结果表明,纺丝过程中内、外液流速比值K直接影响着复合泰勒锥的形成及复合纤维的微观形态,且复合纤维平均直径随K值的增大而减小。     

PBS-SF核-壳结构复合超细纤维膜的制备及性能

利用同轴静电纺丝方法, 制备聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS)-丝素蛋白(SF)核-壳结构复合超细纤维膜, 并对复合超细纤维膜进行FE-SEM、 TEM形态表征, 分析了内层纺丝流率对纤维形貌的影响; 通过FTIR和XRD测试, 比较了甲醇处理前后复合超细纤维膜分子结构和结晶性能的变化, 并进行力学性能测试。结果表明: 通过对纤维核层PBS、 壳层SF和横截面的观察, 复合超细纤维有明显的核-壳结构, 可以清晰看出纤维的核层PBS和壳层SF; 随着核层纺丝流率的增大, 超细纤维的平均直径增大; 甲醇处理后, 复合超细纤维膜中壳层SF分子结构由无规构象转变为β-折叠构象, 复合超细纤维膜核层衍射吸收强度减小, 但整个核-壳结构复合超细纤维膜结晶性能无明显变化; 甲醇处理后拉伸破坏应力从14.9 MPa增大到17.2 MPa, 但拉伸破坏应变从96.8%减小到81.8%。      

同轴静电纺再生丝素/丝胶蛋白纤维的制备及其形态结构表征

模仿蚕丝的组成和结构,利用同轴静电纺丝法制备了以再生丝素蛋白（RSF）为＂芯＂、丝胶蛋白（SS）为＂皮＂的双组分静电纺纤维。通过扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了内层纺丝液流速（Qc）、电压（U）、接收距离（D）以及场强（E）等参数对同轴静电纺RSF/SS纤维形态结构的影响。研究结果表明纤维的平均直径在1400～2100nm左右,皮-芯层结构清晰;Qc对纤维皮-芯层结构的影响较大,过大的内层纺丝液流速会因外层丝胶对内层丝素的包裹不均匀而导致偏芯现象;随E的增加（U增加或D减小）,纤维的直径及其分布显著减小,皮-芯层结构清晰;相同E下,高电压、长距离利于纤维的细化,使直径变细且分布均匀,皮-芯层结构明显。     

复合同轴生物碳纳米管纤维制备方法

利用同轴静电纺丝方法制备碳纳米管/生物聚合物的"壳-芯"结构纤维,实验发现碳纳米管加入(质量分数)0.01%能很好与聚合物融为一体,纺出内外层均可以复合碳纳米管的复合纤维,外层直径最大4000 nm、内层为2000 nm,而最小外直径165 nm,外层壁厚为127 nm,控制方法比单轴静电纺丝复杂,电压提高有利于纤维直径减小,可达到几微米,但纺丝速率达到最大值有一个最佳电压范围,碳纳米管加入提高了纤维的热稳定性,拉伸提高纤维的结晶度。     

静电纺丝参数对聚乙酸乙烯酯纤维形貌的影响

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,采用静电纺丝法制备了聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVAc)纤维.用场发射扫描电镜观察了PVAc纤维的形貌,研究了PVAc溶液质量分数、纺丝电压、收集距离等对纤维形貌及平均直径的影响.研究结果表明,PVAc溶液质量分数和纺丝电压对纤维的形貌有显著影响,随着PVAc溶液质量分数和纺丝电压的增大,纤维的平均直径增大;收集距离对纤维形貌的影响较小.尝试采用静电纺丝法制备了炭黑和PVAc的复合纤维,以增强纤维的导电性,成为导电碳纤维,但炭黑会显著降低PVAc的成纤性,因为它会吸附溶剂DMF,使溶剂在电纺过程中不易挥发,射流不能固化成纤维.     

异形聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜的研制

利用特殊结构的纺丝喷头,通过溶液相转移法,研制具有异形结构如:一字形多芯、品字形多芯结构的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜.系统研究了纺丝入水距离、异形膜形状对膜形态结构与性能的影响.结果表明:随纺丝入水距离的增大,异形膜的超滤水通量、透气系数、膜蒸馏通量、抗压密系数、断裂强力及破裂压力减小;异形膜中品字形三芯中空纤维膜的断裂强力较单芯中空纤维膜有很大的提高,而且破裂压力和抗压密系数在异形膜中最大,纺丝成形稳定性最佳.     

静电纺丝法制备聚酰亚胺纳米纤维及其表征

通过两步法制备聚酰亚胺(PI)纳米纤维,利用均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和4,4′-二胺基二苯醚(ODA)合成聚酰亚胺酸(PAA)纺丝液,采用高压静电纺丝技术制备PAA纳米纤维,在高温下亚胺化获得PMDA-ODA型PI纳米纤维,研究了溶液浓度、纺丝距离及纺丝电压对纤维形貌的影响,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纤维形貌进行了表征。结果表明:当PAA溶液浓度为20wt%,纺丝距离为18cm,纺丝电压为20kV时得到的纤维形貌较好。同时利用红外光谱仪、热重分析仪对其化学结构和热稳定性也进行了表征。     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.