基于本体的民航应急决策知识表达与推理方法研究

针对民航突发事件应急决策知识表达与管理中的问题,利用本体技术在知识获取和建模方面的优势,本文设计了一个基于领域本体的民航突发事件应急决策知识推理模型;以民航突发事件应急预案、应急案例、应急资源和应急规则等应急知识为基础,构建了民航应急管理领域词典,采用领域本体四元组建模方法给出了基于领域词典的本体构建过程;运用SWRL规则语言建立了民航突发事件应急决策所需的基本规则,采用Protégé本体编辑工具和Jena推理机实现了基于本体的规则推理,为民航突发事件应急决策知识的管理与应用提供了良好的方法与技术支持。     

A semantic metrics suite for evaluating modular ontologies

Ontologies, which are formal representations of knowledge within a domain, can be used for designing and sharing conceptual models of enterprises information for the purpose of enhancing understanding, communication and interoperability. For representing a body of knowledge, different ontologies may be designed. Recently, designing ontologies in a modular manner has emerged for achieving better reasoning performance, more efficient ontology management and change handling. One of the important challenges in the employment of ontologies and modular ontologies in modeling information within enterprises is the evaluation of the suitability of an ontology for a domain and the performance of inference operations over it. In this paper, we present a set of semantic metrics for evaluating ontologies and modular ontologies. These metrics measure cohesion and coupling of ontologies, which are two important notions in the process of assessing ontologies for enterprise modeling. The proposed metrics are based on semantic-based definitions of relativeness, and dependencies between local symbols, and also between local and external symbols of ontologies. Based on these semantic definitions, not only the explicitly asserted knowledge in ontologies but also the implied knowledge, which is derived through inference, is considered for the sake of ontology assessment. We present several empirical case studies for investigating the correlation between the proposed metrics and reasoning performance, which is an important issue in applicability of employing ontologies in real-world information systems.     

Decision support system for in-flight emergency events

Medical problems during flight have become an important issue as the number of passengers and miles flown continues to increase. The case of an incident in the plane falls within the scope of the healthcare management in the context of scarce resources associated with isolation of medical actors working in very complex conditions, both in terms of human and material resources. Telemedicine uses information and communication technologies to provide remote and flexible medical services, especially for geographically isolated people. Therefore, telemedicine can generate interesting solutions to the medical problems during flight. Our aim is to build a knowledge-based system able to help health professionals or staff members addressing an urgent situation by given them relevant information, some knowledge, and some judicious advice. In this context, knowledge representation and reasoning can be correctly realized using an ontology that is a representation of concepts, their attributes, and the relationships between them in a particular domain. Particularly, a medical ontology is a formal representation of a vocabulary related to a specific health domain. We propose a new approach to explain the arrangement of different ontological models (task ontology, inference ontology, and domain ontology), which are useful for monitoring remote medical activities and generating required information. These layers of ontologies facilitate the semantic modeling and structuring of health information. The incorporation of existing ontologies [for instance, Systematic Nomenclature Medical Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)] guarantees improved health concept coverage with experienced knowledge. The proposal comprises conceptual means to generate substantial reasoning and relevant knowledge supporting telemedicine activities during the management of a medical incident and its characterization in the context of air travel. The considered modeling framework is sufficiently generic to cover complex medical situations for isolated and vulnerable populations needing some care and support services.     

An ontological approach to support legal information modeling

Support for information, knowledge exchange and share is a key issue in the information society. Coming into contact with global sharing of resources, mutual well-understood knowledge of intellectual property is worthy of attention. However, there is a lack of systematic information-modeling methodology for the issue; closely connected to this problem is that most of the intelligent legal systems are undesirable and ineffective for multinational semantic mapping of article information. We propose an ontology-guided approach that provides semantic primitive representation of legal information with intention perspective. The domain ontology we developed is used as a fundamental conceptual framework to maintain the consistency among diverse legal representation.     

基于本体的应急救援知识库构建及其应用

针对专家系统在应急救援领域应用中存在的知识表示及推理等问题,采用基于本体的知识表示方法与基于Jena的规则推理引擎,参考简单知识工程方法论与Jena规则语法建立一个高速公路应急救援本体与推理规则,实现本体知识库的推理。将该知识库应用于高速公路应急救援系统中,结果表明其具备解决实际问题的能力;有利于领域知识的共享与重用;促进了专家系统在高速公路应急救援领域的发展。     

Legal Ontologies in Knowledge Engineering and Information Management

In this article we describe two core ontologies of law that specify knowledge that is common to all domains of law. The first one, FOLaw describes and explains dependencies between types of knowledge in legal reasoning; the second one, LRI-Core ontology, captures the main concepts in legal information processing. Although FOLaw has shown to be of high practical value in various applied European ICT projects, its reuse is rather limited as it is rather concerned with the structure of legal reasoning than with legal knowledge itself: as many other “legal core ontologies”, FOLaw is therefore rather an epistemological framework than an ontology. Therefore, we also developed LRI-Core. As we argue here that legal knowledge is based to a large extend on common-sense knowledge, LRI-Core is particularly inspired by research on abstract common-sense concepts. The main categories of LRI-Core are: physical, mental and abstract concepts. Roles cover in particular social worlds. Another special category are occurrences; terms that denote events and situations. We illustrate the use of LRI-Core with an ontology for Dutch criminal law, developed in the e-Court European project.     

基于知识工程的船体焊接工艺研究

船舶制造过程中船体焊接领域工艺知识缺乏有效的归纳与整理,导致其重用性和 共享性差。针对上述问题,基于知识工程技术,研究了船体焊接工艺领域知识的获取、分类、 表示及推理应用的方法,并开发了工艺知识库系统,有效实现了知识的共享与重用。首先提出 了船体焊接工艺知识获取途径及分类模式;其次以此为基础,将基于本体的知识表示方法的研 究成果应用于船体焊接工艺,建立领域本体;然后提出焊接工艺推理模式,以国家标准、行业 标准等规范性文件和专业书籍、专家意见等指导性文件为基础构建工艺规则库,设计模糊规则 推理系统;最终设计开发面向船体焊接工艺的知识库系统,规范化实现知识获取、知识表示、 知识推理及知识管理功能,为船体焊接领域相关工作人员提供知识共享及重用的支撑平台,为 船舶制造其他领域中知识工程技术的利用提供参考。     

基于多层领域本体的知识表示通用模型研究

随着复杂信息系统涉及的知识领域越来越广泛,传统的基于领域本体以及基于关键词的知识表示模型,当处理多领域异构知识的共享与重构时,表现出异构信息有效组织及准确检索的不足。针对此问题,提出了基于多层领域本体的知识表示通用模型,借鉴顶层本体提供的上层语义知识,整合各领域的本体知识,并详细分析了由顶层本体、上层本体、应用本体、实例本体组成的多层领域本体的各层本体的构建流程。仿真实验通过与基于传统领域本体以及基于关键词的知识表示模型的对比分析,分别于一个以及多个领域知识的视角下,验证了基于多层领域本体的知识表示通用模型的有效性。     

专家视图与本体视图的语义映射方法

由于本体具有强大的知识表示和推理能力,本体已经在很多领域得到了广泛应用.然而,本体的深入应用还面临着很多深层次的共性语义映问题,已有的本体建模方法仅仅提出了一些简单的指导原则和基本步骤,使得知识工程师仍然无从下手.在基于领域专家知识构建领域语义知识库时,针对领域专家知识中的一词多义、多元关系和安全需求等3类共性语义映射问题,从5个方面展开了深入研究,提出了相应的语义映射方法,总结了10条本体建模约定.最后构建了一个完整的应用案例,并对所提出的5类语义映射方法进行了评价.     

Model formulation as a problem-solving task: Computer-assisted engineering modeling

A central purpose of knowledge acquisition technology is to assist with the formulation of domain models that underlie knowledge systems. In this article we examine the model formulation process itself as a problem-solving task. Drawing from AI research in qualitative reasoning about physical systems, we characterize the model formulation task in terms of the inputs, the reasoning subtasks, and the knowledge needed to perform the problem solving. We describe the elements of a high-level representation of modeling knowledge, and techniques for providing intelligent assistance to the model builder. Applying the results from engineering modeling to knowledge acquisition in general, we identify properties of the representation that facilitate the construction of knowledge systems from libraries of reusable models. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Principled Modeling and Automatic Classification for Enhancing the Reusability of Problem Solving Methods of Expert Systems

Software reuse is widely believed to be a key to improving software productivity and quality in conventional software. In expert systems, much of the knowledge has been compiled (i.e., compressed and restricted into effective procedures) and this makes reusability difficult. One of the issues in modeling expert systems for enhanced reusability is capturing explicity the underlying problem solving designs. Principled knowledge representation schemes have been used to model components of complex software systems. However, the potential for applying these principled modeling techniques for explicitly capturing the problem solving designs of expert systems has not been fully explored. To overcome this omission, we use an Artificial Intelligence knowledge representation scheme for developing an ontology of the software components to facilitate their classification and retrieval. The application of our ontological approach is of both theoretical and practical significance. This method facilitates the reuse of high-level design. We illustrate the application of principled domain modeling using two real world applications of knowledge-based systems.     

基于本体的机场跑道侵入智能违规诊断研究*

为保证机场场面运行安全,从知识建模角度出发,提出智能信息处理方法诊断违规项目,使用SWRL、领域本体等技术构建跑道侵入违规诊断系统的本体模型。研究了将跑道侵入案例用语义规则形式化表示的方法,构建推理规则得出违规项目和硬件预防措施。结果表明,提出的方法较传统方法,结合本体和SWRL推理技术的方法准确率更高,性能更佳。     

A legal case OWL ontology with an instantiation of Popov v. Hayashi

The paper provides an OWL ontology for legal cases with an instantiation of the legal case Popov v. Hayashi. The ontology makes explicit the conceptual knowledge of the legal case domain, supports reasoning about the domain, and can be used to annotate the text of cases, which in turn can be used to populate the ontology. A populated ontology is a case base which can be used for information retrieval, information extraction, and case based reasoning. The ontology contains not only elements for indexing the case (e.g. the parties, jurisdiction, and date), but as well elements used to reason to a decision such as argument schemes and the components input to the schemes. We use the Protégé ontology editor and knowledge acquisition system, current guidelines for ontology development, and tools for visual and linguistic presentation of the ontology.     

使用本体和SWRL验证作战计划的方法

计划验证是计划编制过程的重要环节。从知识管理的角度,在已有计划表示和计划推理相关研究的基础上,提出了一种基于本体和规则的计划验证方法框架,通过对计划知识进行基于本体的表示、基于描述逻辑、一阶谓词逻辑的规则知识抽取和计划推理,以实现对计划的验证。并以某排雷作战计划的验证为例进行了实验。实验表明,该方法实现了对专家知识的扩展,提高了作战计划正确性检验的效率。     

教育测评知识图谱的构建及其表示学习

知识图谱旨在描述现实世界中存在的实体以及实体之间的关系.自2012年谷歌提出“Google Knowledge Graph”以来，知识图谱在学术界和工业界受到广泛关注.针对教育领域中信息缺乏系统性组织的不足，本文构建了面向高中的教育测评知识图谱（Educational Assessment Knowledge Graph，EAKG），其中EAKG的构建包括基于本体技术的知识图谱模式层构建和依托于模式层结构的知识图谱数据层构建.与传统通过网页爬虫等技术手段构建的知识图谱相比，本文构建的知识图谱优点在于逻辑结构清晰，实体间关系的刻画遵循知识图谱模式层的定义.EAKG为领域内知识共享，知识推理，知识表示学习等任务提供了良好的支撑.在真实模考数据上的实验结果表明：在试卷得分预测，知识点得分预测的实体链接预测和三元组分类嵌入式表示学习任务上，引入领域本体作为模式层构建的EAKG的性能优于没有领域本体模式层单纯由数据事实构成的EAKG，实验表明，领域本体的引入对知识图谱的表示学习具有一定的指导意义.     

基于贝叶斯网络的本体不确定性推理

运用OWL语言扩展了本体对领域知识的不确定性表示,并基于贝叶斯网络实现了本体领域知识的不确定性推理。实验表明将贝叶斯网络与本体结合起来,能够充分发挥本体在知识描述方面的优势和贝叶斯网络的推理能力,实现依据部分信息的概率描述获取知识,指导实践。     

基于本体的分布式实例推理技术研究

为了克服单一实例库知识的局限性,实现分布式环境下多数据源的知识重用和共享,提出了一个分布式实例推理系统框架.系统通过本体服务器建立和维护实例库之间的本体知识,其中基本本体为知识的表示提供了全局约束和基础,实例推理服务器可以在基本本体框架下定义领域本体来灵活表达各自的领域知识,而本体目录则为知识的检索提供了向导.本体的引入解决了不同实例库之间知识的互理解和互操作性,能够有效地实现多实例库的协同推理.系统采用Web Service技术构建,是一个开放的系统框架,具有很强的可扩展性.     

一种应急预案本体模型及其应用研究*

目前,应急预案是分布于多个单位的非结构化文档,缺乏统一的建模方法,造成对预案描述的领域知识进行表示和利用存在困难。为解决以上问题,提出一种基于本体的知识建模方法,对应急预案文本进行建模,并实现应急领域知识共享。根据对应急预案文本结构特征进行分析,在重用现有本体模型的基础上提出了各主要要素的本体模型,形成一种应急预案本体模型（emergency plan ontology model,EPOM）。通过利用该方法对某区域防汛应急预案进行本体知识建模,开展应用研究。应用结果表明,该方法能够有效建模应急预案描述的     

基于动态描述逻辑DDL的动作理论

基于一阶谓词逻辑或高阶逻辑的动作理论与采用命题语言的动作理论之间存在一个关于描述和推理能力的鸿沟;作为描述逻辑的动态扩展,动态描述逻辑DDL为基于描述逻辑的动作刻画和推理提供了一种途径.系统地研究了基于DDL的动作表示和推理问题.首先,在应用描述逻辑对静态领域知识进行刻画的基础上,引入带参数的原子动作定义式和带参数的复...