巢湖浮游植物叶绿素含量与反射光谱特征的关系

利用高光谱地物光谱仪在巢湖进行了反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析。在分析巢湖水体反射光谱特征的基础上,通过研究水体光谱反射率与叶绿素浓度之间的关系,利用反射率比值法和一阶微分法分别建立了叶绿素a的遥感定量模型。结果表明反射率比值R705nm/R680nm和690nm反射率的一阶微分均与叶绿素a浓度有较好的相关性,且用反射率比值法估算叶绿素a效果较好。     

基于反射光谱和模拟MERIS数据的太湖悬浮物遥感定量模型

利用地物光谱仪研究了太湖水体的反射光谱特征,通过对比分析,发现580nm反射率值和810nm的反射峰高是太湖悬浮物的敏感波段,并通过光谱微分的方法,发现840nm附近的一阶微分与悬浮物浓度相关性最好,基于上述结论,分别建立了太湖悬浮物的反射光谱和一阶微分遥感定量模型,并利用反射光谱数据,模拟MERIS数据的波段设置,结果表明MERIS第5、12、13波段可以很好的估测太湖的悬浮物浓度.     

Remote sensing algorithms for monitoring eutrophication in Ishizuchi storm water reservoir in Kochi Prefecture,Japan / Algorithmes de télédétection pour la surveillance de l'eutrophisation du réservoir d'orage d'Ishizuchi dans la Préfecture de Kochi,Japon

Abstract

Remote sensing technology is being conceived as a cost-effective tool to monitor the eutrophication problem in shallow inland lakes and reservoirs. The objective of this study is to develop hyperspectral remote sensing algorithms for chlorophyll and accessory pigments retrieval in the Ishizuchi Reservoir in Japan. The laboratory reflectance data of 207 field samples with manipulated pigment and suspended sediment concentrations were measured between 400 and 700 nm with a hyperspectral spectroradiometer, and integrated into 60 contiguous narrow bands. Band ratio and spectral absorption algorithms were developed by regression analysis with the observed chlorophyll measurements, and their estimation accuracies were evaluated using the RMSE of the estimates. Algorithms developed from spectral absorption ratios a(675 nm)/a*(675 nm) for five different classes of total pigment concentrations were more accurate than the algorithms based on band ratios R_rs (538 nm)/R_rs (488 nm), R_rs (581 nm)/R_rs (463 nm) and R_rs (674 nm)/R_rs (622 nm) as a result of removing the influence of overlapping absorption and scattering by water molecules and suspended solids from total absorption spectra.     

芬兰海岸带水域蓝藻水华遥感监测

MODIS-Terra和MERIS数据被用于芬兰湾蓝藻水华的监测,并对两者的性能进行了比较.研究结果表明:MODIS-Terra 波段设置主要针对一类大洋水体,缺乏预警藻蓝素的有效波段;MERIS传感器设置了620nm和665nm波段,基本对应藻蓝素的吸收峰(630nm)和反射峰(650nm),具有蓝藻水华探测的潜力,但在藻华未成型之前,海岸带水体不同优势藻类具有相似的叶绿紊特征,较难辨别蓝藻水华.总的来说,MODlS和MERIS数据比较困难实现蓝藻水华初期预警,但可以有效监测已成型的蓝藻水华.这一方法可以用于中国太湖或者海岸带水体藻华探测和监测研究.     

查干湖冰封期光谱特征及影响因素

湖冰光谱特征是湖冰遥感反演的物理基础,是研究湖冰光学特性和空间分布的理论依据。本文以查干湖为例,使用ASD Field Spec 4便携式地物光谱仪采集冰封期不同类型湖冰、积雪和水体光谱,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波法和包络线去除法分析白冰、灰冰、黑冰、雪冰、积雪和水体的反射光谱特征,探索气泡对湖冰反射光谱特征的影响。积雪和雪冰、白冰和灰冰、黑冰和水体的反射特征随着波长的变化特征基本一致,冰的反射率介于积雪和水体之间,其中白冰的反射率高于灰冰和黑冰,在包络线去除结果中,黑冰和水体在440 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积为5.184和10.878、吸收深度为0.052和0.106,雪、雪冰、白冰、灰冰在800和1030 nm吸收谷处的吸收面积和吸收深度的变化表现为雪<雪冰<灰冰<白冰。气泡是影响湖冰光谱特征的重要因素,气泡使白冰反射率减小和黑冰反射率增大,并且气泡使得白冰在800/1030nm和黑冰在440 nm处的吸收面积和吸收深度减小,其中气泡大小和疏密程度的不同会导致湖冰反射率的影响程度存在差异。同时,本文选取时间同步的Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,在完成辐...     

Estimation of soil moisture status using near infrared reflectance

The use of a prototype near infrared reflectance meter for estimating the water content of soil is described. The instrument, developed from one used for estimating the water content of forage is based on the measurement of reflectance of infrared light emitted at wavelengths of 1450 nm, a strong water absorption band, and 1300 nm a weak water absorption band. Calibration curves of reflectance and reflectance ratio versus moisture content for pure sands and sand/clay mixes are presented. Problems associated with the measurement of moisture content using this technique on swelling soils are highlighted. The use of a modified form of this instrument for estimating soil moisture status in the field is discussed.     

Hyperspectral feature analysis of chlorophyll a and suspended solids using field measurements from Taihu Lake,eastern China

Abstract

We report results of three field campaigns conducted at 39 stations. At each station, we measured reflectance spectra in situ and collected water samples for measuring chlorophyll a (CHL) and suspended solids (SS) concentrations in the laboratory. To identify the indicative bands and develop suitable estimation models for CHL (C _CHL) and SS (C _SS) concentrations in Taihu Lake, a spectral-feature method and a derivative method were applied. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) the critical C _CHL and C _SS probably causing their spectral variation are, respectively: 0, 10, 50 and 75 μg L^?1, and 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg L^?1; (b) the derivative method is better than the spectral-feature method for estimating C _CHL and C _SS; (c) the optimal variable for CHL is a reflectance second-order derivative at 501 nm or a reflectance first-order derivative at 698 nm; the optimal variable for SS can change when its concentration is low and the range is narrow; otherwise, the optimal variable is a reflectance first-order derivative at 878 nm; and (d) the CHL and SS have an effect on one another's retrieval. The C _CHL estimation accuracy would benefit from narrowing the C _SS range. With C _CHL increasing and its range broadening, the corresponding C _SS estimation accuracy decreases gradually.     

Spectral Reflectance Analysis of the Caribbean Sea

Reflectance spectral curves were analysed by a derivative method. Derivative reflectance spectra revealed concealed peaks of both reflectance and absorption curves of Caribbean seawater and elements contained within it. Reflectance curves showed a predominant blue colour (400–500 nm) characteristic of Caribbean oligotrophic waters, conspicuous peaks result from the optical properties of chlorophyll a and seawater. Reflectance curves had a similar spectral response. This paper analyses reflectance spectra of surface seawater at 31 stations in the Caribbean Sea during the summer of 2001.     

油砂组分遥感光谱响应特征及意义

基于油砂组分的吸收光谱物理响应机理,通过对比矿物基团平均吸收深度,建立主要蚀变矿物ASTER多光谱遥感数据异常提取模式以识别油砂分布.研究表明,与传统的烃类微渗漏遥感研究手段相比,该模式可以更有效地指示油砂的分布.利用油砂组分基团光谱平均吸收深度与孔隙度及渗透率进行相关分析,研究了油砂光谱与所处地质背景环境中储层物性之间的关联关系.结果表明,表征粘土矿物含量的粘土基团吸收深度与孔渗值呈负相关关系,指示含油性的烃类基团吸收深度与孔渗值呈显著正相关关系.     

Enhanced red fluorescence emission in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea

 Depth profiles of fluorescence at several excitation and emission wavelengths were measured along with CTD data during the cruise So119 of RV Sonne in the Arabian Sea from 12 May to 10 June 1997. In addition to chlorophyll fluorescence from phytoplankton in the near-surface layer, the profiles in the oxygen minimum region well below the euphotic zone show enhanced red fluorescence. Red fluorescence intensity is inversely related to the oxygen concentration in intermediate and deep waters. A relationship to characteristic water masses of the region cannot be found in the data, and this holds also with chemical data such as DOC. Absorbance spectra of water samples taken in the oxygen minimum zone show an absorption band at 420 nm wavelength with about 50 nm bandwidth, much weaker than gelbstoff absorbance in the same wavelength range. The absorption band remains stable after sample filtration with 0.45 μm glass fibre filters. Hence, the size of the absorbing matter is in the range of dissolved molecules or particles much smaller than 1 μm. Fluorescence spectra of unfiltered samples with 420 nm excitation show a weak emission band at 600 nm and a more pronounced one at 660 nm wavelength. The trailing edge of the 660 nm band falls into the range of chlorophyll emission, thus giving rise to the observed depth profiles of red fluorescence in the oxygen minimum zone. Red fluorescence measured on samples remain stable during a few hours after sampling even in the presence of oxygen. It is not detectable after several weeks of sample storage in the dark and cannot be reproduced even after depletion of dissolved oxygen. Received: 22 May 2002 / Accepted: 18 February 2003 Responsible Editor: Andreas Oschlies Acknowledgements. This work was supported by a grant from the Federal Minister of Education and Technology, Bonn, within the frame work of the JGOFS Arabian Sea program. We are grateful to the captain and the crew of RV Sonne for their support. We are indebted to Mrs. Kirsten Neumann from the Institute of Marine Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of the University of Hamburg for providing the oxygen data, and to Mr. Nikolai Delling from the same institute for making the DOC and chlorophyll data available to us.     

Development of Algae in Waters and a Possibility of Spectrometric in-situ Monitoring

A short review is given on the production of algae, their influence on the matter budget, the damage to the biocoenosis of waters and on the purification processes of algae-enriched rawwaters. For the development and construction of an in-situ device to monitor the content of phytoplankton in eutrophicated waters on ships, measurements of the spectral reflectance in shallow inland and bay waters were made from 1983 till 1985. Simultaneously chlorophyll-a and secchi-disk transparency were measured. Especially marked correlations (partly dependent on the season and the type of the water body) exist between the quotient of reflectance at the wavelengths of 710 and 660 nm and the chlorophyll-a concentrations (7… 320 μg/l) and between the reflectance at 710 nm and reciprocal values of secchi-disk transparency (0.3… 3.0 m). On the basis of these results a prototype of a two-channel spectrometer was produced.     

Variations in light absorption properties during a phytoplankton bloom in the Pearl River estuary

From 15 to 28 August in 2007, a Chaetoceros socialis bloom was detected in the Pearl River Estuary water with chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) up to 30 mg m⁻³ and cell density up to 10⁶ cells L⁻¹. Time series of bio-optical measurements was obtained at a single site (114.29°E, 22.06°N) with the mooring of marine optical buoy. Light absorption properties of seawater experienced large variability throughout the algal bloom. Absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was one of the dominant optical components of the light absorption (30–70%) especially for pre- and post-bloom waters, and it tended to decrease with Chl a during the algal bloom. Absorption by phytoplankton was another dominant optical component (18–50%) and increased rapidly with Chl a. Phytoplankton and accompanying material played dominant roles in light absorption as indicated by the relationship between absorption coefficient and Chl a. At high pigment concentrations, water samples showed significantly lower specific phytoplankton absorption, compared with pre- and post-bloom conditions, with the specific phytoplankton concentration at 443 nm varied between 0.011 and 0.022 m² mg⁻¹ and that at 676 nm between 0.007 and 0.018 m² mg⁻¹; small values of blue-to-red ratio of phytoplankton were also observed. These lower values were associated with variations in phytoplankton size structure. Spectral variability of phytoplankton absorption and total absorption (not including the fixed background absorption by pure water itself) could be expressed as simple linear functions linking absorption at one wavelength to the absorption at the other wavelengths, with the slope of the relationship changing with wavelength. The absorption coefficients by non-algal particles and CDOM follow the general exponential functions with remarkably limited variability in the exponent with means of 0.0105 and 0.0166 nm⁻¹, respectively. These spectral dependencies of absorption coefficients provide useful information for retrieving inherent optical properties from reflectance data in a remote-sensing context.     

A comparative study on the illite crystallinity and the clay mineral reflectance spectral index for subdividing the very low-grade metamorphic belt along the Lizhou-Hekou geological section in the Youjiang sedimentary basin, Guangxi, China

To examine the application potential of hyperspectral remote sensing techniques in classifying very low-grade metamorphic belts, the composition of clay minerals and the cyrstallinity of illite from mudstones were measured using XRD and VIS-SWIR (400-2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy. Based on the illite cyrstallinity, Kubler Index (KI), the Early Triassic LuoLou Group and the Middle Triassic lower Baifeng Formation were classified as the lower Epizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.22 to 0.25, the upper Baifeng Formation as upper anchizone with KI△2θ°ranging from 0.26 to 0.33, and the Hekou Formation as lower anchizone with KI△2θ° ranging from 0.38 to 0.40. According to a KI△2θ° value of 0.43, it is possible that there may exist a local diagenetic zone in the upper strata. The illite cyrstallinity Kubler index and the metamorphic grade increase from the bottom to the top of the stratigraphic sequence. The metamorphic grade boundaries nearly match the stratigraphic boundaries, indicating a burial metamorphism nature for the stratigraphic sequence. From the bottom to the top of the sequence, the spectral absorption band center of clay minerals from fresh rocks is around 2200 nm. The absorption band centers change towards shorter wavelengths: the Luolou Group being at 2220 nm, the Baifeng Formation at 2217-2213 nm, the lower member of the Hekou Formation at 2214-2206 nm, and the upper member of the Hekou Formation at 2205-2197 nm. The spectral absorption band center of illite shows the same change pattern. These results indicate that very low-grade metamorphic belts can be subdivided using spectral indices of clay minerals, which are measured by using field portable spectroradiometers. However, it may not work well with satellite and airborne sensors.     

Analysis of the spectral response of flourishing-withering vegetation changes based on ground spectral measurements

A structural mode was used to characterize vegetation composition at the plant leaf level and a flourishing-withering ratio was developed. The spectral responses of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios were analyzed, the change rates of the chlorophyll and moisture content indices of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios were compared, and correlations between the chlorophyll and moisture content indices were analyzed. The results reveal that leaves with an intermediate flourishing-withering ratio can increase the absorption signatures of vegetation and that band ranges of 570–700 nm and 1300–1540 nm can play a role in indicating changes in the flourishing-withering ratios of vegetation; NPQI, NPCI, R₆₉₅/R₄₂₀, R₆₉₅/R₇₆₀, R₇₅₀/R₇₀₀, the peak-value area of red selvedge, the red selvedge amplitude, the ratio between the red selvedge amplitude and the minimum amplitude, and the NDVI of vegetation change regularly with the change in flourishing-withering ratios, and these nine vegetation indices are highly related to the chlorophyll content. Vegetation indexes of NDWI and PRI are very sensitive to the flourishing-withering change in vegetation and are closely related to the moisture content, and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.9. The derivative of the spectra is more effective in describing changes in the structural mode of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios, especially at band ranges of 552–628 nm and 630–686 nm, and it is more sensitive to the mixed flourishing-withering ratios of leaves rather than to the vegetation indices. The red selvedge position in the spectrum is highly related to the chlorophyll content and is not sensitive to changes in the structural mode of mixed flourishing-withering leaves. The red selvedge parameters are sensitive to changes in the flourishing-withering ratio at the peak-value area of the red selvedge amplitude and the ratio between the red selvedge amplitude and the minimum amplitude. The effect of a sand background on the spectrum of withering leaves is higher than that of flourishing leaves; the effect of a sand background increases with increasing proportions of withering leaves, the superposition effect of the sand background on mixed flourishing-withering leaves is about 7% at visible light bands of 400–700 nm and 1300–1540 nm, and is over 10% at the near infrared band range of 700–1300 nm.     

Sensitivity analysis of CDOM spectral slope in artificial and natural samples: an application in the central eastern Mediterranean Basin

In the past two decades, optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in marine environments have been extensively studied. Many of these studies report CDOM properties for the offshore environment where this complex mixture of optically active compounds is strongly diluted. Nevertheless, autochthonous and allochthonous sources have been identified and sinks related to photodegradation and bacterial activity have been demonstrated. The calculation of the spectral slope of the CDOM absorption curve has been proven to be useful and is often reported. However, a rigorous uncertainty analysis of the slope calculation is rarely reported. In this paper, we propose a method to evaluate the uncertainty of CDOM spectral slope calculated between 270 and 400 nm, using both naturally sampled and artificial solutions. We use these results to study the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the Mediterranean Sea (central eastern basin), where little is known about CDOM spatial distribution. We show that dilutions of both artificial and natural samples produce a Gaussian distribution of spectral slopes, indicating that consistent values may be determined, with a typical uncertainty of ±0.0004 nm⁻¹ when absorption at 300 nm was greater then 0.1 m⁻¹ (0.1 m pathlength). Comparing the distribution of spectral slopes from central eastern basin samples to a Gaussian distribution, we show differences between measurements that were significantly different. These values allow us to distinguish possible sources (algal derived CDOM), sinks (e.g. photo-bleaching) at different depths. We propose a subdivision of CDOM compounds into refractory and semilabile/refractory pools and evaluate the CDOM spectral slope of algal derived CDOM released at or near deep chlorophyll maximum.     

三峡水库水体漫衰减系数光学特性及其遥感反演

根据2009年8月22-24 日实测的三峡水库水体的光谱数据以及水质参数,对三峡水库漫衰减系数的光学特性及影响因子进行分析研究,构建了490nm处漫衰减系数的Kd(490)反演模型,并利用环境一号卫星CCD数据对2009年7月21日的三峡水库Kd(490)进行反演.结果表明:由于水体中非色素颗粒物的含量较高,使得研究区...     

UV spectrometry for measuring particulate organic matter in natural water

Ultraviolet (UV) spectra were measured to characterize the dissolved and particulate organic matter in a bog and to investigate the seasonal fluctuation of this organic matter. The optical density spectra in the UV region of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were proportional to ^–4, where is the wavelength of incident light. There was also small absorption on the ^–4 spectra. The optical density at a wavelength of 280 nm was proportional to the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The spectra and the dependency of optical density on DOC did not vary throughout the investigation period. The UV spectra of acid extractions of particulate organic matter (POM) showed two absorption peaks at the wavelengths of 220 nm and 335 nm. These peaks are well represented by the sum of two Lorentz functions. The ratio of the absorbances,A ₂₈₀/A ₃₃₅, was dependent on the nitrogen/carbon ratio of POM and the chlorophyll fraction in particulate organic carbon (POC), and not dependent on POC itself. The dependency of POC absorption at 280 nm varied with this ratio which fluctuated seasonally.     

Measurements and significance of bio-optical parameters for remote sensing in two subalpine lakes of different trophic state

Bio-optical measurements were carried out on eutrophic Lake Zug and oligotrophic Lake Lucerne, to provide data and models for thein situ calibration of multispectral imagery collected in 1991, during an AVIRIS flight over Central Switzerland.The results indicate that Secchi depth, chlorophyll and total suspended solid concentrations, vertical extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient and irradiance reflectance in the PAR region can be used to discriminate between the two lakes. Dissolved organics concentration, scattering and total attenuation coefficients estimates, as well as backscattering probability, are less acceptable, because of instrumental limitations.Relationships between optical and water quality parameters were investigated and found to behave according to accepted theoretical frameworks. Both lakes exhibited vertical and horizontal heterogeneities in chlorophyll and turbidity, and had contrasting mean bio-optical characteristics: although suspended solid concentrations were similar, transparency was lower in Lake Zug, but reflectance was substantially higher in Lake Lucerne. Water colour determined by chromaticity analysis was blue-green in Lake Lucerne and green in Lake Zug.Reflectance spectra simulated through a three-component optochemical model did not completely match those derived fromin situ measurements, because of lack of site-specific optical cross-sections for suspended minerals and dissolved organics.The monitoring of water quality in subalpine lakes by remote sensing, both with present and future technology, is discussed and considered as possible, provided that their optical behaviour is known, and preferably expressed by a valid optochemical model.