氯唑灵诱导恶疫霉发生异宗配合变异与变异株交配型遗传

以化学农药氯唑灵诱变天然同宗配合恶疫霉Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｃａｃｔｏｒｕｍ（Ｌｅｂｅｒ＆Ｃｏｈｎ）Ｓｃｈｒｏｔ的５个野生型菌株,从其中４个菌株获得了异宗配合变异株．氯唑灵的有效诱变浓度为１０～４０μｇ／ｍｌ,以２０μｇ／ｍｌ处理４～８周效果最好。所获得的异宗配合变异株在１２℃、黑暗条件下保存,２个月内有４０％左右的菌株保持异宗配合特性,７个月后仍有少数变异株保持异宗配合特性。异宗配合变异株的交配型在单游动孢子后代中发生分离,出现了Ａ1、Ａ２、Ａ１,Ａ2、Ａ１Ａ２、Ａ０５种交配型的菌株。上述各交配型在单游动孢子后代中均持续分离,在其单孢后代中检测到３～５种交配型的个体。上述结果提示疫霉属卵菌性别的产生是由同宗配合演化为异宗配合并可能同时分化产生不同的交配型,从遗传学角度阐明了自然条件下和实验室条件下疫霉菌交配型互变现象的可能机理。     

水稻半矮秆基因sd－g的染色体定位研究

以标志基因系和ＩＲ３６三体为工具材料,通过杂交,研究了籼稻矮秆材料双矮所携半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ在染色体上的位置。结果表明：半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ与标志基因系Ｍ４所携隐性主基因ｇｈ－１和Ｍ２７所携隐性主基因ｎ１表现连锁。ｓｄ－ｇ与ｇｈ－１之间的交换值为２４．３３％±３．９６％,ｓｄ－ｇ与ｎ１之间的交换值为２９．４４％±４．８１％。由于ｇｈ－１和ｎ１均位于第５染色体,因而推定ｓｄ－ｇ位于第５染色体上。     

小麦×玉米杂交后代的蛋白质及酯酶同工酶分析

以８ 个普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）品种为母本,２ 个栽培玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓ Ｌ．）品种为父本杂交所获得的Ｆ２ 代在形态上出现了明显变异。对其籽粒进行蛋白质电泳分析,得到了如下主要结果：杂交后代的蛋白质谱带较母本有了很大的变异,主要集中在高分子量麦谷蛋白（ＨＭＷ－Ｇｌｕ）区域。杂交后代的蛋白质谱带由５ 种类型构成：１．母本型,占全部测试籽粒的２２．６％ ;２．附加型,占１４．３％ ;３．互补型,占１５．５％ ;４．杂种型,占３０．９％ ;５．缺失型,占１６．７％ 。对“矮杆早”ד紫粘”的Ｆ２ 代籽粒进行酯酶同工酶电泳分析发现,变异主要发生在ＥＳＴ－１ 区。由此看来,小麦×玉米的杂合子中玉米染色体在被排除前后,可以诱发小麦染色体组发生遗传变异     

空间诱变对谷子农艺性状效应的研究

利用返回式卫星搭载,对8个谷子品种（系）的干种子进行空间诱变处理。种植观察发现,空间诱变对于一些基因型的种子发芽和幼苗生长势有一定的抑制作用,但是拔节后植株生长势强。诱变处理可明显增加各性状的变异幅度和变异系数,而且正向变异较多,株高降低,穗长和单株产量增加。诱变处理植株生育期多倾向晚熟,但仍有一定频率的早熟变异出现。诱变处理群体平均千粒重与对照相近,但出现一批千粒重超过3．4g的大粒变异类型。经过选择获得一批综合农艺性状表现优异、抗病、抗旱的大粒谷子新种质。本研究的结果表明,空间诱变可诱发谷子产生丰富的遗传变异,不同基因型对空I＇．-1诱变的响应存在差异。     

不同质地土壤的水热状况及其对冬小麦产量形成的影响

对豫东平原３种质地土壤的水热状况和冬小麦籽粒生长特征进行了研究．结果表明,冬小麦籽粒生长阶段,粘壤土５ｃｍ处的日平均温度最低,为１８．３℃,砂壤土最高,为１９．５℃,中壤居中,为１９．１℃．３种土壤的含水量大小顺序为粘壤＞中壤＞砂壤,粘壤土上小麦籽粒灌浆时间最长,千粒重最高,分别为３８ｄ和４５．５ｇ,砂壤土小麦籽粒灌浆时间最短,千粒重最低,分别为３３ｄ和４２．４ｇ,中壤土小麦２项指标居中,分别为３６ｄ和４３．１ｇ．高产栽培条件下,粘壤土冬小麦产量最高,为８２５３ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,中壤次之,为７９８０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,砂壤最低,为７６１７ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２     

离子束介导玉米DNA导入水稻引起遗传变异的RAPD分析

本实验采用４０ 个随机引物对低能离子束介导紫玉米全ＤＮＡ 转化水稻早籼２１３ 获得的８ 个玉米稻株系基因组ＤＮＡ 进行ＲＡＰＤ检测。其中３６ 个随机引物得到扩增图谱。统计分析图谱中的各类扩增带,其中变异株系与早籼２１３ 的相似率为９１．２—９５．５％ 。差异带占总带数的８．９—１７．７％ ,说明外源ＤＮＡ 导入受体细胞引起后代基因组ＤＮＡ 的显著变异,这些变异很可能是表型及生理性状变异得以稳定遗传的物质基础。     

八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

本文对八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及附加染色体的传递及丢失规律进行了研究和讨论。结果表明,ＢＣ１Ｆ１与Ｆ２相比较,染色体分离范围小,并且分离向染色体数目减少偏移,有利于４３、４４条染色体的分离;双单体附加和单体附加后代异染色体丢失严重,分别为６５．７９％和６１．９９％,双单体附加分离出单体附加占１０．５３％,单体附加的传递率为２６．９２％,单体附加后代分离出的二体附加为５．５６％,二体附加自交世代中,异染色体的丢失率为２９．０３％,传递率为５６．４５％;ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型为２１．７０Ⅱ＋０．０５Ⅰ＋０．０２Ⅲ＋０．０１Ⅳ,２ｎ＝２２Ⅱ的细胞占８８．９６％。选育的附加系及具４２条染色体的株系,不同程度地表现出大穗、大粒、优质、抗病等滨麦的优良性状。     

康氏木霉B－7纤维素酶的产生条件及酶学性质研究

野生型康氏木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉ）８５４－Ｂ２经多种理化诱变因子及空间微重力辐射等因素的处理,选育到１株高活力纤维素酶变异株Ｂ－７。其固体培养物的纤维素酶,以滤纸为底物酶活力为３４μ／ｇ,以羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ）为底物酶力为１４７２μ／ｇ。与野生菌８５４－Ｂ２相比,产酶活力水平分别提高５倍和７倍多。酶在滤纸上作用的最适条件为ｐＨ４．５—５．０,温度５５—６０°Ｃ;２５°Ｃ,保温２４ｈ,ｐＨ稳定范围为ｐＨ４．０—６．５;７０°Ｃ保温３０分钟,剩余酶活力３４．４％。     

改革流加糖工艺提高谷氨酸发酵水平的研究

采用天津短杆菌Ｔ６－１３经多年经后的３２８＾＃菌株,以淀粉糖为糖质材料,生物素亚适量,当发酵残糖约为６０ｇ／Ｌ时,流加糖,效果好。在２００ｍ＾３发酵罐生产中,流加糖浓度分别为３００ｇ／Ｌ和４５０ｇ／Ｌ发酵周期３２小时,平均产酸分别达１０２．３ｇ／Ｌ和１１５ｇ／Ｌ,糖酸转化率５５．５％,提取收率９５．８％;单罐产理论谷氨酸由１６．２４吨提高至１８．２０吨。     

不同剂量乙肝疫苗阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的远期效果观察

本文对出生后接种不同剂量乙肝血源疫苗的２７２名婴儿进行了３－５年的效果随访观察。结果表明,接种３、４、５年后,抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率仍分别保持在９０．５％、８２．３％和７３．２％,ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率分别为２．８％、３．１％和４．２％。３年后抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率逐年下降,Ｐ／Ｎ值＞５０者以接种后３年为多,＜５０者以５年为多,３年后也呈下降趋势。随访结果说明,接种１０μｇ×４、５μｇ×４及２．５μｇ×４剂量的乙肝疫苗具有阻断母婴乙肝病毒传播的效果。鉴于Ｐ／Ｎ值及抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率在接种后３年开始下降,建议接种后３年应进行一次加强接种。     

阿勃小麦缺体及其细胞学研究

通过阿勃单体自交分离缺体其频率为0.03—5.75%,缺体结实率0—81.65%,所获18个缺体系平均结实率31.24%。在减数分裂中,1B、1D、2A、2D、4B、4D、5A、6A、6B、6D、7A和7B缺体有90%以上的细胞为2n=20",1.65—10.00%的细胞为2n=19"+2',自交后代96%以上为缺体;5D、1A和3A缺体分别有97.55%、16.67%、10.28%的细胞为2n=19"+2',5B、3D和3B缺体除了分别有92.55%、26.98%、25.58%的细胞为2n=19"+2'外,还有少数细胞游离4个至更多的单价体,但这些缺体系自交后代的缺体株率仍为90%左右。     

The allotetraploidization of maize

Summary Four barley telotrisomics (Triplo 3S, 5S, 6S, and 7S) were studied. No major qualitative differences in morphology between the telotrisomics and their diploid sibs were found. The pollen and seed fertility of these telotrisomics was comparable to their diploid sibs. The meiotic study showed that the average frequency of 6_II + 1_III at diakinesis and metaphase I was 84.2% and 71.7%, respectively. The normal chromosome separation ranged from 77.2% to 89.4% at anaphase I through telophase II. The transmission rate of the extra telocentric chromosomes averaged 28.4% upon selfing and 28.7% through the female. All four telotrisomics showed various degrees of pollen transmission, the average being 3.6%. Ditelotetrasomic plants (2n = 14 + 2 homologous telocentrics) were obtained in the progenies of selfed monotelotrisomic plants of all four types. These ditelotetrasomic plants were viable and showed various degrees of seed fertility.Contribution from the Department of Agronomy. Supported by USDA-CSU Cooperative Research Project No. 58-82HW-6-8 and CSU Hatch Project.     

云南红花种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为加强红花种质资源的研究利用,对筛选出的66份云南红花优异种质资源16个形态性状进行聚类分析与主成分分析。结果表明:云南红花种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,多样性指数最高的是果球着粒数,其次是株高、最末分枝高度和千粒重;性状变异系数最大的是分枝总数,其次分别是单株有效果球数和第一分枝高度,最小的为顶果球直径;基于各种质间形态性状的遗传差异,把66份红花种质聚类并划分为6大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为有增产潜力的亲本材料,第Ⅲ类群可作为高产量目标选育的亲本,第Ⅳ类群可作为大粒型选育亲本,第Ⅴ类群可作为高含油量选育目标亲本,第Ⅵ类群既是大粒型又是高含油量双重选育目标亲本。11个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达82.59%,第一主成分反映植株高度,第二主成分反映产量构成因子,第三、第四主成分分别反映千粒重和果球着粒数。研究结果表明云南红花地方种质资源的变异较大,遗传较丰富。     

The Cold Tolerance of Indica Type Rice in Relation to Its Parents

To understand the inheritance of cold tolerant characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), the authors investigated the cold tolerance of hybrid progenies in relation to their parental lines which were "Qinghua 6—a cold sensitive cultivar and "Guishan’aixuan 3”— a cold tolerant cultivar. The hybrid progenies were the cross and the reciprocal cross of these two cultivars. Results showed that after 1℃ dark or light (250 μmol · m-2 · s-1) treatment, the survival rate of seedlings was higher in "Guishan’aixuan 3” than that in "Qinghua 6”. That of the hybrid "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ )× "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) was higher than that . in hybrid "Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × "Qinghua 6” (♀). Detached flag leaves at heading stage when treated in light and chilling condition for 12, 24, 36 h, there was also less decrease of photosynthesis in "Guishan’aixuan 3” and "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ ) × "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) than in “Qinghua 6” and “Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × “Qinghua 6” ( ♀ ). After being treated for 12 h, respiratory rate rose in the former but not the latter. Changes of fluorescence parameters, rise of Fo and decline of Fm and Fv, were caused by 1 ℃ and light (250 μmol·m-2·s-1) treatment. The decrease of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm were more apparent in the former than in the latter after light and chilling treatment for 24 h, with a much faster recovery under normal temperature in the former than in the latter. Effect of the natural low temperature (cold, dew and wind) on the chlorophyll fluorescence of rice was similar to that of artificial treatment. It was suggested that cold tolerance of rice progenies seemed to be from maternal inheritance.     

菊花自交衰退现象初步研究

为揭示菊花的自交衰退现象,对菊花品种'rm1-3'(Dendranthema morifolium 'rm1-3' )和'02-42-6'(D. morifolium '02-42-6' )亲本及其自交后代(I_1代、I_2代和I_3代)的生长性状及部分表型性状进行了比较分析.结果表明,品种'rm1-3' I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少89.5%和97.2%,品种 '02-42-6'I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少91.2%和92.0%,差异极显著(P<0.01).2个品种自交后代的平均出苗率呈现随自交世代的增加逐渐降低的趋势, 其中品种'rm1-3'自交后代各世代间的平均出苗率均有极显著差异(P< 0.01);品种'02-42-6'的I_3代平均出苗率极显著低于I_1代和I_2代(P<0.01).2个品种亲本与其自交后代间叶片长度没有显著差异,但亲本的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均显著高于自交后代,且在自交后代中,I_1代的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均高于I_2代和I_3代.2个品种自交后代的冠幅和单株花数也低于各自的亲本,但I_1代的冠幅和单株花数与亲本无显著差异.品种'rm1-3'的I_1代、I_2代、I_3代和品种'02-42-6'的I_1代、I_2代的开花时间较亲本分别推迟了9.4、8.9、5.9、11.9和7.6 d,且随自交世代的增加逐渐缩短;但品种'02-42-6' 的I_3代开花时间却较亲本提前了10.7 d.研究结果说明菊花自交后代存在严重的衰退现象.     

Dose-dependent increase of oxidative damage in the testes of rats subjected to acute iron overload

This study describes the in vivo response of rat testes to acute iron overload. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were injected ip with iron dextran at doses of 250 (Fe250), 500 (Fe500), or 1000 mg/kg body wt (Fe1000) or with saline (C). Parameters of oxidative stress and iron toxicity were measured 20 h after injection. Total iron content was 3.5-, 5.3-, and 10.4-fold higher in the Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000 groups, respectively, compared to controls (320 +/- 22 nmol/g tissue). Histological studies showed that: (a) iron accumulated in the sperm and other testes cells, and (b) spermatogenesis was markedly lower in the Fe1000 group. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol, ubiquinol-9, and ubiquinol-10 in the testes was inversely correlated with the extent of oxidation. Testes chemiluminescence was 45% higher in the Fe1000 group compared to controls (41 cps/cm(2)). Endogenous levels of lipid oxidation, evaluated as 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were 46, 73, and 82% higher in the groups Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000, respectively, than in controls (33.6 +/- 1.4 nmol/g tissue). Oxidative damage to DNA evaluated by the presence of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxo(8)dG), was 26, 39, and 74% higher in the Fe250, Fe500, and Fe1000 groups, respectively, than in the C group (2.3 +/- 0.1 oxo(8)dG/10(5)dG). Protein oxidation was measured as protein thiols and carbonyl content in proteins and glutamine synthase activity. Protein thiols content and glutamine synthase activity were similar in all the groups, while the protein-associated carbonyls content was 96% higher in the Fe1000 group than in the C group (2.1 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein). No changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed. The results showed that in vivo iron overload induced oxidative stress and the impairment of spermatogenesis in rat testes that were dependent on the amount of iron supplemented and its accumulation in the tissue.     

EPC-K1, a Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger,Prevents 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopamine Depletion in the Mouse Striatum by Up-Regulation of Catalase Activity

We examined the effect of pretreatment with EPC-K1, a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger, on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced reduction of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in the mouse striatum. EPC-K1 was mixed with diet (0.2%, wt/wt) for 1 or 2 weeks, and then 6-OHDA (60 g in 2l of saline solution) was injected intracereberoventricularly. Mice continued to be fed EPC-K1-containing diet for another one week before they were sacrificed. The concentrations of DA and its metabolites in the striatum were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. 6-OHDA reduced the level of DA and its metabolites in the striatum. Pretreatment with EPC-K1 for 2 weeks, but not for 1 week, abrogated the neurotoxic effect of 6-OHDA on striatal concentrations of DA and its metabolites. Measurement of striatal concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione, and malonaldehyde plus 4-hydroxynonenal, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in EPC-K1 treated mice showed an increase in catalase activity after 2 weeks of such treatment. No other changes in anti-oxidants levels were noted. Our results suggest that EPC-K1 counteracts the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA by increasing catalase activities.     

Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia

The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 11. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 11 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.     

刺芹侧耳自交S1代若干性状的遗传分化

本文选用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii24号(广杏)为自交材料,对其自交S1代群体的质量性状(颜色、畸形、生长特性)和数量性状(形状、产量、大小、数目)进行了综合分析。分析结果表明:自交后代的出菇率为70%,自交导致后代群体菌丝平均生长速度和平均产量都低于亲本,16%的后代菌株单产高于亲本,最高单产达204.0g,高出亲本45.7%。木屑培养基上菌丝日均生长速度与产量无显著相关性(R=-0.028)。均菇数目与单产成显著正相关性(R=0.543)。大部分菌株(52%)菌盖颜色为亲本颜色(灰色),自交后代出现20%非亲本形状(棒状)菌株,畸形菇占19%。后代群体盖径、柄径、柄长的变异程度相当,差异性不显著。可根据育种目标对自交子代的较优菌株进行定向选择利用。     

Frequency,origin, and survival of aneuploids in tetraploid ryegrass

Aneuploids with 26 to 30 chromosomes occurred in progenies of induced tetraploids of Lolium perenne in a frequency of 6 to 23% in C₁ families, 12% in C₂ and 6% in advanced generations. The most frequent types had 27 and 29 chromosomes. Most were apparently recovered through female transmission, which varied for aneuploid gametes with different chromosome numbers and which probably depended on the chromosome involved. In general, aneuploids showed a reduction in fertility. Even with the same chromosome number, fertility varied perhaps as a result of differences between the chromosomes involved. Aneuploids could not be distinguished from eu-tetraploids on a morphological basis. Tetraploids late and early in respect to flowering did not differ in aneuploid frequency. No reversion to diploidy was observed in successive generations.