ISO14001/OHSAS18001认证与中国机电制造业

本文结合中国机电制造业的节能，环保，安全等可持续发展问题，论述了机电企业建立并通过环境／职业安全健康管理体系认证的现实意义；简要介绍了机电企业建立环境／职业安全健康管理体系的方法，步骤，管理模式和工作重点，通过ISO14001／OHSAS18001两个标准和体系之间的对比，指出联合实施认证是发展趋势及多快好省的方法，最后介绍了建立环境／职业安全健康管理体系与技术改造，清洁生产，安全生产之间的关系。     

基于指纹识别的B/S结构安全系统的实现

实现了一个基于指纹识别与认证的B／S结构的安全系统框架。该系统用指纹采集设备读取指纹数据，在B／S结构的应用系统中识别与认证：系统基于微软．Net框架进行设计，利用其丰富的类库和XML技术，运用远程对象、数据组装加密等关键技术，采取指纹数据识别与认证、分级安全策略等措施，有效提高了系统整体的安全性，具有一定的实用价值。     

ISO 9000,不仅仅是为认证!──欧盟拟改革ISO 9000质量体系认证/注册规则

资深的欧洲标准化部门的官员们已经决定．将对ISO9000族及同类标准的认证／注册规则进行改革。与此同时，一些主要的美国电子工业公司为了节省费用，也在积极改革ISO9000的认证／注册过程。通用汽车公司则正在研究更为简单而有效的注册方法，以降低直接供货商的成本。为什么要改革？欧盟官员表示，他们并不反对在欧洲进行这类认证，他们也支持注册制度。问题在于．目前人们过于热衷于通过简单的检查以获得认证证书．而不是如他们所设想的．为推进质量保证开辟一条新的途径。近两年来．欧盟第三届执委会标准化组负责人雅克斯·麦克米伦（J…     

关于ISO/TS16949标准的探讨

通过介绍ISO／TS16949标准的产生、适用范围及内容特点，说明了贯彻ISO／TS16949标准、实施认证，不仅是企业不断提高质量管理水平的途径，还是企业赢得市场、提高市场占有率的重要手段。     

贯彻实施GB/T 19001-1994 idt ISO 9001:1994标准的做法和体会

ISO900O族标准到目前已被SO多个国家等同采用。我国也等同采用制订了GB／T1900O系列标准并发布实施，作为企业质量体系认证的技术依据。《中华人民共和国产品质量法》第九条规定：“国家根据国际通用的质量管理标准，推行企业质量体系认证制度。企业根据自愿原则可以向国务院产品质量监督管理部门或国务院产品质量监督管理部门授权的部门认可的认证机构申请企业质量体系认证。经认证合格的，由认证机构颁发企业质量体系认证证书。”这项工作的开展不是强制性的而是自愿的。越来越多的企业管理者也已认识到，贯彻实施GB／T19001－1994i…     

航特碟刹质量再上新台阶

国际标准化组织／道路车辆委员会／摩托车分委员会／污染与能源专家工作组(1SO／TC22／SC22／WGl7)第32次工作会议于2001年3月1日—2日在比利时安特卫普市举行。会上介绍了主要由荷兰TNO研究所和德国TUV共同研发的世界范围摩托车排放认证程序。     

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC28第十一届年会

一． ＩＳＯ／ＩＥＣ ＪＴＣ１ ＳＣ２８的第十一届年会 ＩＳＯ／ＩＥＣ ＪＴＣ１ ＳＣ２８的第十一届年会于２０００年６月５日－１７日在德国柏林举行。中国办公设备标准化代表团一行四人参加了本届年会,并访问了德国标准化研究所（ＤＩＮ）。德国质量与认证研究所（ＲＡＬ）和ＳＷＳ软件支持公司。 本次年会的特点是： １．世界上静电复印技术产品主要生产国和知名企业几乎都派出了代表,瑞士和荷兰今年正式成为 ＩＳＯ／ ＩＥＣ ＪＴＣ１ ＳＣ２８的 Ｐ成员。 ２．标准研究和立项的范围明显扩大,标准关注的重点不仅局限于一些基础标准…     

欧盟车辆RRR型式认证应对与我国汽车回收利用政策现状

欧盟委员会于2005年10月26日正式颁布《关于车辆可再使用性、再利用性与可回收利用性型式认证的技术指令（2005／64／EC）》（简称RRR型式认证）。该指令要求所有进入欧盟市场的M1、N1（根据欧盟70／156／EEC指令定义）类汽车自2008年12月15日起,必须通过RRR型式认证,保证汽车零部件材料可再利用率、     

格兰富水泵荣获节能产品认证

自从CR和SP系列产品获得国家节能产品认证后，格兰富水泵（上海）有限公司又开展了端吸泵及管道泵的节能认证申请工作。经过国家中标认证中心严格的工厂检验和国家工业泵质量监督检验中心的认证检验，格兰富公司卧式端吸泵NBG／NKG／NK及立式管道泵TP产品近期也获得了由中国节能产品认证中心颁发的清水离心泵节能产品认证证书。     

网络化制造集成平台集中式身份认证策略研究

针对网络化制造集成平台身份认证所面临的问题,提出了一种网络化制造集成平台的集中式身份认证策略。在该策略中,身份认证中心服务器接管各应用系统的认证模块,主要有用户管理、帐号映射管理、身份认证服务和系统管理等功能;采用了基于浏览器／服务器的4层web服务体系结构,构建了其技术实现体系,并对其中的单点登录和注销的实现、信息传输的安全性,以及身份认证服务的性能等问题进行了分析。最后,结合该身份认证策略在网络化制造集成平台中的应用,对其运行效率进行了分析。     

欧盟压力容器标准EN 13445符合性评定程序浅析

EN 13445博采众长而又锐意革新,对各国压力容器的设计与制造均产生了重要影响。本文简介了欧盟承压设备指令(PED)对承压设备的基本安全要求(ESR),讨论了EN 13445达到这些基本安全要求的符合性评定程序,并分析了这些指令和标准的实施对我国压力容器的制造与贸易所带来的挑战与机遇。     

EN1591法兰计算标准简介(二)

EN1591—1《法兰及其接头-垫片圆形法兰连接的设计规则——第一部分：计算方法》是欧盟发布的压力设备指令(PED)的协调标准和EN13445《受火压力容器》收录的法兰设计方法。本文对EN1591—1新的设计思路和计算原理作一介绍,并与传统的ASME规范方法进行对比。     

Precession electron diffraction using a digital sampling method

A software-based method for collecting precession electron diffraction (PED) patterns is described. The PED patterns are obtained on a computer controlled transmission electron microscope. A series of electron diffraction (ED) patterns are collected as still ED frames at equal intervals, while the electron beam is precessed by one period (360°) around the optical axis. A PED pattern is obtained by combining the different ED frames, which resembles the sampling of a conventional PED pattern. Since intermediate ED frames are collected, it is possible to perform different post-processing strategies on the ED data. This can be used for geometric corrections to obtain accurate integrated intensities. The alignments and data collection are fully automated and controlled by software. The data quality is comparable to what can be achieved using specialized hardware for precession. The PED data can be used for structure solution and refinement with reasonably good R-values.     

Precession electron diffraction using a digital sampling method

A software-based method for collecting precession electron diffraction (PED) patterns is described. The PED patterns are obtained on a computer controlled transmission electron microscope. A series of electron diffraction (ED) patterns are collected as still ED frames at equal intervals, while the electron beam is precessed by one period (360°) around the optical axis. A PED pattern is obtained by combining the different ED frames, which resembles the sampling of a conventional PED pattern. Since intermediate ED frames are collected, it is possible to perform different post-processing strategies on the ED data. This can be used for geometric corrections to obtain accurate integrated intensities. The alignments and data collection are fully automated and controlled by software. The data quality is comparable to what can be achieved using specialized hardware for precession. The PED data can be used for structure solution and refinement with reasonably good R-values.     

Application of a 2-beam model for improving the structure factors from precession electron diffraction intensities

A 2-beam model is used to simulate precession electron diffraction (PED) intensities. It is shown that this model can be inverted with minimal knowledge of the underlying crystal structure, permitting structure factor amplitudes to be deduced directly from measured intensities within the 2-beam approximation. This approach may be used in conjunction with direct methods to obtain correct, kinematically interpretable structure indications for data sets from relatively thin crystals (less than approximately 400A), and an experimental example based on (Ga,In)(2)SnO(5) is presented. The failure of this approach at large thickness is illustrated by an additional data set for MFI zeolite. The 2-beam approximation provides a simple model for PED intensities, and inversion using this model shows advantages over a kinematical approximation. It is however too rough approximation to be of general use and ultimately it is to be hoped that more accurate models with similar ease of use can be derived to treat PED data.     

A quantitative analysis of the cone-angle dependence in precession electron diffraction

Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a technique which is gaining increasing interest due to its ease of use and reduction of the dynamical scattering problem in electron diffraction. To further investigate the usefulness of this technique, we have performed a systematic study of the effect of precession angle on the mineral andalusite where the semiangle was varied from 6.5 to 32 mrad in five discrete steps. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the amelioration of kinematically forbidden reflections, and the measurement of valence charge density. We show that the intensities of kinematically forbidden reflections decay exponentially as the precession semiangle () is increased. We have also determined that charge density effects are best observed at moderately low angles (6.5–13 mrad) even though PED patterns become more kinematical in nature as the precession angle is increased further.     

Aberration-compensated large-angle rocking-beam electron diffraction

The application of convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) to determine symmetry, refine structure factors, and measure specimen thickness requires rather thick specimen and is very difficult or even impossible in the case of large unit cell materials. The large-angle rocking-beam electron diffraction (LARBED) technique introduced in this paper gives access to the kind of experimental data contained in CBED patterns but over a much larger angular range. In addition to symmetry determination and thickness measurement even for thin samples this technique also allows, in principle, very accurate measurements of structure factors. Similar to precession electron diffraction (PED), LARBED uses the illumination tilt coils to sequentially change the angle of incidence of the electron beam over a very large range. I will present results obtained by a recently developed self-calibrating acquisition software which compensates for aberration-induced probe shifts during the acquisition of LARBED patterns and keeps the probe within a few nm, while covering a tilt range from 0 to 100 mrad. This paper is dedicated to Prof. John C. H. Spence on the occasion of his 65th birthday.     

Precession electron diffraction‐assisted crystal phase mapping of metastable c‐GaN films grown on (001) GaAs

The control growth of the cubic meta‐stable nitride phase is a challenge because of the crystalline nature of the nitrides to grow in the hexagonal phase, and accurately identifying the phases and crystal orientations in local areas of the nitride semiconductor films is important for device applications. In this study, we obtained phase and orientation maps of a metastable cubic GaN thin film using precession electron diffraction (PED) under scanning mode with a point‐to‐point 1 nm probe size beam. The phase maps revealed a cubic GaN thin film with hexagonal GaN inclusions of columnar shape. The orientation maps showed that the inclusions have nucleation sites at the cubic GaN {111} facets. Different growth orientations of the inclusions were observed due to the possibility of the hexagonal {0001} plane to grow on any different {111} cubic facet. However, the generation of the hexagonal GaN inclusions is not always due to a 60° rotation of a {111} plane. These findings show the advantage of using PED along with phase and orientation mapping, and the analysis can be extended to differently composed semiconductor thin films. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:980–985, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Characterization of the μ and P phase precipitates in the CMSX‐4 single crystal superalloy

A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning‐transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using high‐angle annular‐dark‐field (HAADF) imaging, focussed ion beam‐ scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) tomography, selected area electron diffraction with beam precession (PED), as well as spatially resolved energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), was used to investigate topologically close‐packed (TCP) phases, occurring in the CMSX‐4 superalloy subjected to high temperature annealing and creep deformation. Structural and chemical analyses were performed to identify the TCP phases and provide information concerning the compositional partitioning of elements between them. The results of SEM and FIB‐SEM tomography revealed the presence of merged TCP particles, which were identified by TEM and PED analysis as coprecipitates of the μ and P phases. Inside the TCP particles that were several micrometres in size, platelets of alternating μ and P phases of nanometric width were found. The combination of STEM‐HAADF imaging with spatially resolved EDS and EELS microanalysis allowed determination of the significant partitioning of the constituent elements between the μ and P phases.     

“Ab initio” structure solution from electron diffraction data obtained by a combination of automated diffraction tomography and precession technique

Using a combination of our recently developed automated diffraction tomography (ADT) module with precession electron technique (PED), quasi-kinematical 3D diffraction data sets of an inorganic salt (BaSO₄) were collected. The lattice cell parameters and their orientation within the data sets were found automatically. The extracted intensities were used for “ab initio” structure analysis by direct methods. The data set covered almost the complete set of possible symmetrically equivalent reflections for an orthorhombic structure. The structure solution in one step delivered all heavy (Ba, S) as well as light atoms (O). Results of the structure solution using direct methods, charge flipping and maximum entropy algorithms as well as structure refinement for three different 3D electron diffraction data sets were presented.