不同挥发分含量煤种与热解半焦混燃热态试验研究

半焦是低阶煤经低温热解后的产物,着火和实现稳定燃烧较原煤需更高温度,为拓展其在电厂动力用煤等领域的应用,有必要引入一些易燃高挥发分煤种作为混燃燃料;同时国内外关于混煤燃烧研究多是基于小型试验台和数值模拟,而非中试规模的试验系统。基于此,在350 k W热态试验炉上开展了不同挥发分煤种(褐煤、烟煤、次烟煤)与神木热解半焦混燃热态试验研究。通过测量燃烧器下游主燃区不同轴向位置、径向位置处炉膛温度以及O_2、CO、CO_2、NO_x等气体成分浓度,研究掺混煤质变化对混合燃烧(半焦质量掺混比50%)的着火特性以及NO_x生成影响。结果表明:混合燃料浓侧煤粉射流的着火优于淡侧,O_2消耗及燃烧产物生成也主要集中在浓侧;随着混合煤质V_(daf)增加,混煤射流着火距离减小,燃点下降,燃烧器出口与稳定燃烧区之间的距离随之缩短;主燃区出口截面处,褐煤+半焦、烟煤+半焦、次烟煤+半焦混合射流中心的NO_x浓度分别为473、462、532 mg/m~3(6%O_2下,下同),对于褐煤+半焦、烟煤+半焦混合射流NO_x浓度差值较小,仅为11 mg/m~3。综合考虑着火距离、燃烧强度和主燃区NO_x排放量,适合较大比例混合热解半焦(半焦掺混比50%)混燃煤质的V_(daf)不宜低于16%。     

超细煤粉快速热解动力学特性实验研究

采用居里点裂解器及气相色谱仪研究了3种超细煤粉的快速热解特性。实验发现:超细煤粉挥发分的快速热解释放主要发生在升温阶段,烟煤与无烟煤挥发分中焦油的质量分数均最大,其中烟煤焦油释放量占挥发分的质量分数达到50%以上,高于无烟煤。烟煤气态挥发分中CO质量分数最大,达到40%以上,其次为CO2,然后依次为CH4、其他碳氢化合物CnHm,H2。无烟煤的CO,CO2,CH4释放质量分数基本相当,H2质量分数与CnHm接近。根据热解产物的释放数据,采用单方程反应模型计算出了煤粉升温速率、热解频率因子及活化能,为进一步研究超细煤粉的着火及燃烧提供了理论基础。     

低挥发分煤粉燃烧新技术发展与应用

介绍了国内外低挥发分煤粉燃烧技术及发展。对具有代表性的燃烧器及炉膛结构进行简要分析,说明热回流、煤粉浓缩、延长火焰长度等关键技术在实现低挥发分难燃煤粉快速着火、稳定燃烧中的应用。指出尽管燃烧器在应用中取得一定的效果,但仍然存在一些问题,因而对于低挥发分煤种还需要同时选择合理的燃烧方式,如切向燃烧、对冲燃烧、W型火焰燃烧及CUF火焰燃烧等技术。其中,W型火焰燃烧方式对难燃无烟煤的燃烧稳定性优于四角和对冲燃烧方式,是目前主要采用的燃烧结构。高温空气燃烧技术对低挥发分煤具有火焰稳定、热效率高、再循环分级燃烧,低NOx排放等优点,将成为更有前景的燃烧技术。     

微负压系统中不同粒径煤粉热解半焦特性研究

为了研究煤粉粒径对煤快速热解半焦特性的影响,对微负压系统中煤快速热解产生半焦的收率、灰分、挥发分含量和结构等特性进行了分析.结果表明,随着粒径增加,煤粉热解的活化能逐渐增加,低温区大粒径煤粉热解挥发分逸出量高于小粒径煤粉逸出量.热解半焦收率随着煤粉粒径减小逐渐增加,挥发分中焦油收率却随着煤粉粒径的减小而增加.小粒径煤热解生成的半焦结晶程度较低,边缘碳原子和其他缺陷较多,半焦炭层结构较不致密.极小颗粒中矿物质含量较高导致煤粉粒径越小,所得半焦的灰分含量越高,大粒径煤粉由于在低温区间失重速率快,挥发分逸出量大而导致半焦中残余的挥发分含量较低.     

水泥回转窑无烟煤煅烧技术的研究开发与应用

０引言合肥水泥研究设计院于１９９６年开始对水泥回转窑无烟煤煅烧技术进行研究开发,１９９７年与福建省大田县水泥厂合作,在该厂日产６００ｔ熟料５级旋风预热器窑生产线上进行了工业性试验研究,经过２年多的努力取得了圆满成功。１研究内容我国常规回转窑烧成系统中所用的燃料一般是烟煤,挥发分含量２０％～３５％,由于挥发分含量较高,煤粉在较低的温度时开始燃烧,待挥发分基本燃烧完后固定碳开始燃烧。在回转窑中烟煤燃烧形成了较长的火焰。无烟煤挥发分较低小于１０％燃点较高,反应活性差,在回转窑内燃烧的特点是煤粉从燃烧器…     

富氧条件下煤粉气流的着火性能变化

利用一维火焰炉对不同富氧条件下的煤粉气流着火燃烧特性进行了研究,得到了富氧条件下煤粉气流的着火性能变化规律。研究结果表明:随着助燃气体氧浓度的提高,各煤样的着火温度均大幅下降,其中低挥发分煤种在着火方面对富氧条件的改善更为敏感,即富氧条件的改善可减弱煤种间着火性能方面的差异性;随着氧浓度的提高,煤粉气流的着火方式明显从均相着火向非均相着火转变,其中燃用褐煤时发生着火方式转变所对应的氧浓度为50%~60%,燃用烟煤时约为40%,燃用贫煤和无烟煤时都约为30%;对于烟煤和褐煤,随着氧浓度的提高,对应的最佳煤粉浓度值先增大后减小,而对于贫煤和无烟煤,由于其在整个实验氧浓度范围内基本上都以"非均相着火"为主,因此随着氧浓度的提高,对应的最佳煤粉浓度的值基本上呈缓慢下降的趋势。     

吐哈盆地褐煤的热解和燃烧特性及动力学分析

吐哈盆地褐煤的热解和燃烧特性研究利于煤的清洁高效利用及煤炭地下气化的开展,为探究吐哈盆地褐煤煤粉颗粒的热解特性和燃烧特性及动力学特性,通过热重实验、热解特征指数计算、综合燃烧指数计算及动力学软件Kinetics Neo模型拟合法,研究了煤粉在不同升温速率(5℃/min, 10℃/min, 20℃/min)和不同粒径(大于0.8 mm, 0.2 mm～0.6 mm,小于0.1 mm)下分别在氮气气氛中的热解特性和空气气氛中的燃烧特性,获得了不同条件下煤粉颗粒热解和燃烧过程的动力学参数。结果表明：升温速率升高有利于煤粉颗粒热解和燃烧,显著提升了热解和燃烧性能;煤粉颗粒粒径增大有利于煤粉热解,不利于煤粉燃烧;不同粒径煤样热解和燃烧焦产率没有明显区别,粒径增加对于挥发分释放的影响不大;热解与燃烧过程中活化能与指前因子分别在一次热解阶段和干燥挥发阶段较高,说明在这两个阶段反应速率较慢,单位时间内化学反应程度较高。     

半焦-烟煤混燃特性及动力学分析

掺烧烟煤是解决低挥发分热解半焦着火难、燃尽差的一种有效方法。采用热重实验研究了半焦、无烟煤与烟煤混燃特性的差别,分析了混燃过程中的交互作用和反应动力学。结果表明：陕煤半焦的燃烧过程分为可燃质的燃烧和CaCO₃的分解两个阶段。半焦-烟煤混烧的主失重峰靠近燃料比接近的单燃料的DTG峰。半焦-烟煤混合燃料较无烟煤-烟煤混合燃料的综合燃烧特性更优。掺混烟煤比例越高,混燃的表观活化能越低,可燃性和综合燃烧特性越好。烟煤与半焦或无烟煤混燃过程中存在一定的交互作用,且无烟煤-烟煤的交互作用较半焦-烟煤更显著。可燃性指数和综合燃烧指数与燃料比呈负线性相关性,表观活化能E与燃料比呈正线性相关性。     

半焦-烟煤混燃特性及动力学分析

掺烧烟煤是解决低挥发分热解半焦着火难、燃尽差的一种有效方法。采用热重实验研究了半焦、无烟煤与烟煤混燃特性的差别,分析了混燃过程中的交互作用和反应动力学。结果表明:陕煤半焦的燃烧过程分为可燃质的燃烧和CaCO_3的分解两个阶段。半焦-烟煤混烧的主失重峰靠近燃料比接近的单燃料的DTG峰。半焦-烟煤混合燃料较无烟煤-烟煤混合燃料的综合燃烧特性更优。掺混烟煤比例越高,混燃的表观活化能越低,可燃性和综合燃烧特性越好。烟煤与半焦或无烟煤混燃过程中存在一定的交互作用,且无烟煤-烟煤的交互作用较半焦-烟煤更显著。可燃性指数和综合燃烧指数与燃料比呈负线性相关性,表观活化能E与燃料比呈正线性相关性。     

固体热载体热解高挥发分烟煤产物分布及性质

以三种高挥发分烟煤为原料,对固体热载体煤热解获得的气、油、焦产物产率、组成和性质进行了考察.结果表明,提高煤与热载体的混合热解温度可使煤气和焦油产率有所增加.热解焦油产率可达干煤重量的9%～11%,热解焦油可用于提取具有较高附加值的BTX,PCX,萘及脂肪族烃类等产品.热天平燃烧实验结果显示,热解半焦仍具有很好的着火和燃烧特性,随着热解反应温度的提高,燃烧区间向高温区移动,确定了半焦燃烧的反应动力学及其参数.     

Numerical study of coal particle cluster combustion under quiescent conditions

Behavior of ignition and combustion of coal particle cluster under a quiescent condition was numerically simulated by solving balance equations of mass and enthalpy with combustion kinetic models of volatiles and char. Two-flame structure, one flame penetrating into the cluster and the other moving out of the cluster, was predicted during the combustion of coal particle cluster. Effects of radiative heat transfer, group number, ambient temperature, coal particle size, and oxygen concentration on ignition and combustion of coal particle clusters were also analyzed. Simulations indicated that the gas volume fraction of coal particle cluster increases with time after devolatilization. Gas velocity passing through the cluster surface varied significantly at volatile liberation. The ignition time delay was reduced with the increase of ambient temperature. The cluster devolatilization rate and char burning rate increased while the ignition time delay decreased with the increase of ambient oxygen concentration.     

神府煤粉燃烧特性

为了给煤粉锅炉用户提供煤粉优选理论依据,以煤粉锅炉主要用煤神府煤制备的煤粉为研究对象,采用TG-DTG对煤粉的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同煤粉及升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在空气气氛下,升温速率提高,TG、DTG曲线向高温方向移动,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大质量变化速率增大,最大失重温度提高,燃尽指数增大;随着灰分和粒径改变,升温速率为10或20℃/min时,煤粉的着火温度变化不显著,燃尽指数及综合燃烧特性指数均有影响。灰分减小,粒径不变时,D煤粉的综合燃烧指数为1.51,优于粒径74μm、灰分9.5%的P煤粉。     

煤粉工业锅炉技术发展及应用

中国煤粉工业锅炉借鉴油气锅炉和德国煤粉工业锅炉技术理念,经历立项研发、中试验证和工业示范,系统技术逐步成熟,自2010年起,实现规模化工业应用。煤粉工业锅炉系统具有高热效率、低烟气污染物排放等优点,有效带动了燃煤工业锅炉产业发展。笔者论述了煤粉工业锅炉技术与发展,重点介绍了煤粉工业锅炉的关键技术,并对主要技术进行对比,分析了煤粉工业锅炉的工业应用情况,最后提出了煤粉工业锅炉技术发展方向。煤粉工业锅炉系统由燃料煤粉生产、储供、油气点火、燃烧、锅炉本体、烟气净化以及自动化控制等系统构成。锅炉热效率大于91%,烟气污染物达到国家超低排放标准,系统技术符合国家煤炭清洁利用方向。燃料煤粉生产采用一步法工艺,通过强化流动性和安全措施,现可实现最大为1 000 m^3安全存储量。锅炉供粉采用气动活化、无脉动给料及高速引射流浓相输送技术,已实现输送阻力低于20 kPa,粉风固气比大于2.5 kg/m^3,供料精度在±3.0%以内,最大供料量为5 t/h的浓相供料技术与装备,广泛应用于锅炉供料系统。供料量在2.5 t/h,供料精度在±2.0%和±1.0%以内的第三代和第四代供料器也分别开展了工业验证和样机的试制工作,并取得了阶段性的成果。煤粉燃烧器采用逆喷式回流式结构,设计工作依据其结构特征,通过模拟气流扩展角、回流区域范围、回流量、旋流强度以及温度和速度场等研究开展,再经过实际工程应用,进一步验证优化设计参数,最终实现燃烧器的逐级放大。天然气/煤粉双燃料燃烧器具有便捷切换和快速着火功能。风冷燃烧器采用内外双级旋流供风燃烧技术,具有点火迅速、燃烧稳定、燃烧效率高和初始NOx排放低等优点。随着煤粉锅炉系统测控技术向智能化、网络化和集成化方向发展。锅炉烟气脱硫除尘采用NGD高倍率灰钙循环脱硫技术,具有占地小,运行成本低等特点,在低钙硫摩尔比下,系统脱硫和除尘效率分别达到90%和99.95%以上。低温炭基预氧化脱硝耦合NGD协同烟气净化技术具有工艺简单,耗水少,废物资源再利用,无二次污染产生等优点,更加适合于煤粉工业锅炉的烟气净化。煤粉工业锅炉在发展历程中通过关键技术和装备优化升级,在大型化、模块化和系列化方向已取得成效,在节能性、环保性和经济性等方面较常规工业锅炉具有显著优势,技术已达到世界先进水平。未来随着国家能源结构优化,天然气/煤粉锅炉、低氮燃烧、生物质复合半焦粉及协同化烟气净化等技术的开发与成熟,煤粉工业锅炉技术将成为煤炭清洁燃烧利用主要技术之一。     

煤粉富氧燃烧着火温度预测的优化随机森林(GA-RF)模型

二氧化碳排放是造成温室效应的主要原因之一,富氧燃烧作为一种有效的碳减排与封存技术具有广泛的研究前景。在燃煤电厂中煤粉富氧燃烧的着火温度是燃烧器设计和运行安全的重要指标,并且与煤粉组成成分、煤粉粒径以及燃烧氛围都有复杂的相关性。因此,对煤粉富氧燃烧着火温度的预测模型研究意义重大。采用滴管炉分别测量了5种煤粉在O2体积分数为30%、35%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%富氧条件下的着火温度,分析了氧气体积分数和煤粉的组成成分与着火温度之间的关系。研究发现,随着氧气体积分数分数的增加,5种煤样的着火温度均显著下降,且挥发分越高的煤,下降幅度越大。将45组试验着火温度数据与其他研究者采用同样方法测得的69组着火温度数据组成机器学习样品库,以煤粉的元素分析、工业分析、煤粉粒径及氧气体积分数为输入条件,以着火温度T为目标输出,构建了遗传算法优化的随机森林模型(GA-RF模型),准确预报了煤粉富氧燃烧的着火温度,其预报精度为:R2>0.99,RMSE<16,MAE<8。通过模型参数重要性分析发现,氢组分超过5%后,着火温度出现阶跃式上升,现有煤粉着火数据也证实了该现象。     

In situ diagnostics of Victorian brown coal combustion in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 mixtures in drop-tube furnace

Experimental investigation of the combustion of an air-dried Victorian brown coal in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ mixtures was conducted in a lab-scale drop-tube furnace (DTF). In situ diagnostics of coal burning transient phenomena were carried out with the use of high-speed camera and two-colour pyrometer for photographic observation and particle temperature measurement, respectively. The results indicate that the use of CO₂ in place of N₂ affected brown coal combustion behaviour through both its physical influence and chemical interaction with char. Distinct changes in coal pyrolysis behaviour, ignition extent, and the temperatures of volatile flame and burning char particles were observed. The large specific heat capacity of CO₂ relative to N₂ is the principal factor affecting brown coal combustion, which greatly quenched the ignition of individual coal particles. As a result, a high O₂ fraction of at least 30% in CO₂ is required to match air. Moreover, due to the accumulation of unburnt volatiles in the coal particle vicinity, coal ignition in O₂/CO₂ occurred as a form of volatile cloud rather than individual particles that occurred in air. The temperatures of volatile flame and char particles were reduced by CO₂ quenching throughout coal oxidation. Nevertheless, this negative factor was greatly offset by char-CO₂ gasification reaction which even occurred rapidly during coal pyrolysis. Up to 25% of the nascent char may undergo gasification to yield extra CO to improve the reactivity of local fuel/O₂ mixture. The subsequent homogeneous oxidation of CO released extra heat for the oxidation of both volatiles and char. As a result, the optical intensity of volatile flame in ∼27% O₂ in CO₂ was raised to a level twice that in air at the furnace temperature of 1273 K. Similar temperatures were achieved for burning char particles in 27% O₂/73% CO₂ and air. As this O₂/CO₂ ratio is lower than that for bituminous coal, 30-35%, a low consumption of O₂ is desirable for the oxy-firing of Victorian brown coal. Nevertheless, the distinct emission of volatile cloud and formation of strong reducing gas environment on char surface may affect radiative heat transfer and ash formation, which should be cautioned during the oxy-fuel combustion of Victorian brown coal.     

Shell气化炉煤粉外送蒸汽动力厂方案的论述

介绍Shell气化炉煤粉非运行期间外送的必要性,并着重从煤的挥发分、发热量和粒径方面分析其用于煤粉炉燃烧的可能性。     

Ambient-pressure thermogravimetric characterization of four different coals and their chars

Ambient-pressure thermogravimetric characterization of four different coals and their chars was performed to obtain fundamental information on pyrolysis and coal and char reactivity for these materials. Using a Perkin-Elmer TGS-1 thermobalance, weight loss as a function of temperature was systematically determined for each coal heated in helium at 40 and 160 °C/min under various experimental conditions, and for its derived char heated in air over a temperature range of 20 to 1000 °C. The results indicate that the temperature of maximum rate of devolatilization increases with increasing heating rate for all four coals. However, heating rate does not have a significant effect on the ultimate yield of total volatiles upon heating in helium to 1000 °C; furthermore, coupled with previous data⁹ for identical coal samples, this conclusion extends over a wide range of heating rate from 0.7 to 1.5 × 10⁴ °C/s. Using the temperature of maximum rate of devolatilization as an indication of relative reactivity, the devolatilization reactivity differences among the four coals tested that were suggested by this criterion are not large. For combustion in air, the overall coal/char reactivity sequence as determined by comparison of sample ignition temperature is: N. Dakota lignite coal ≈ Montana lignite coal > North Dakota lignite char > III. No. 6 bituminous coal ≈ Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal > Montana lignite char > III. No. 6 bituminous char > Pittsburgh Seam bituminous char. The reactivity differences are significantly larger than those for devolatilization. The reactivity results obtained suggest that coal type appears to be the most important determinant of coal and char reactivity in air. The weight loss data were fitted to a distributed-activation-energy model for coal pyrolysis; the kinetic parameters so computed are consistent with the view that coal pyrolysis involves numerous parallel first-order organic decomposition reactions.     

超细煤粉NOx和SO2排放特性与燃烧特性

将合山煤分别制成常规粒度的煤粉与超细化煤粉 .在单只水平直流燃烧器燃烧室内进行了常规煤粉与超细化煤粉的燃烧特性、空气分级燃烧NOx 排放特性、炉内喷钙对超细化煤粉与常规煤粉燃烧SO2 排放特性的影响的燃烧试验研究 .试验研究表明 ,超细化煤粉与常规煤粉比较 ,着火提前 ,着火稳定性好 ,燃尽效果好 ;分级燃烧对超细煤粉的NOx 排放量的降低效果更显著 ;在Ca/S摩尔比相同的条件下 ,超细化煤粉的固硫特性明显优于常规煤粉 .     

综合热分析法研究催化剂对煤粉燃烧过程的影响

利用综合热分析仪研究了Ce2(CO3)3, CeO2, CaCO3, CaO 四种化合物对煤粉燃烧过程的影响. 重点研究了稀土金属化合物Ce2(CO3)3在不同添加量和不同粒度时对煤粉燃烧过程的影响. 结果表明,Ce2(CO3)3能够显著促进煤粉的燃烧过程,降低着火点温度. 添加量为1.0%时,煤粉着火温度降低约30℃,助燃性能优于其他3种催化剂. 在添加量小于1.0%时,Ce2(CO3)3添加量越大,着火温度越低. 在Ce2(CO3)3不产生团聚的情况下,催化剂粒径越小,煤粉的着火温度越低.     

Physical structure and combustion properties of super fine pulverized coal particle

Physical structures and combustion properties of super fine pulverized coal particles of eight Chinese coals, Heshan subbituminous coals and Jincheng lean coals from two areas of China, have been investigated using accelerated surface area and porosimetry, thermobalance (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Results showed that the particle specific surface area and pore volume increased greatly when the coal particle size was reduced. The higher the carbon content on a dry ash-free basis is, the larger the particle specific surface area and pore volume are. When the coal particle size decreases, the combustion process can be largely improved, ignition temperature is reduced, and SO₂ emission from coal combustion is also lower.