黑大蒜提取物联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌作用研究

评价黑大蒜提取物分别与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合应用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效应。采用液体稀释法分别测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林或庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,并计算部分抑菌浓度(FIC指数)。测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的时间-杀菌曲线。黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为256μg/mL,黑大蒜提取物对大肠埃希菌的MIC为256μg/mL。时间-杀菌曲线结果显示黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用呈现较强的浓度依赖性。黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林后对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数为0.75;黑大蒜提取物联合庆大霉素后对大肠埃希菌的FIC指数为0.5。黑大蒜提取物与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合用药,可明显降低抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,表现为相加和协同效应。     

甘草提取物的抑菌作用及其对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 研究甘草提取物的最低抑菌浓度及其对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 以大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌.结果 甘草提取物对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度均为12 mg/mL.甘草提取物能提高小鼠的免疫功能,当甘草提取物浓度为100μg/mL时,与对照组相比,小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖率为(32.62±1.06)％,B淋巴细胞增殖率为(28.20±1.68)％;腹腔巨噬细胞的增殖率为(40.19 ±2.38)％;腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力提高(24.20 ±0.01)％;NK细胞杀伤活力提高(15.83 ±1.02)％;IL-1、IL-2的体外诱生增殖率分别为(12.34±0.72)％、(23.78±1.87)％.结论 甘草提取物能抑制大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,且抑制作用呈剂量依赖性.     

矾冰纳米乳对临床常见病原菌体外抗菌活性的研究

研究纳米化提高白矾与冰片复合物体外抗菌活性的效果。分别采用琼脂扩散法、体外杀菌试验及试管稀释法,测定白矾与冰片O/W型复合纳米乳对临床常见病原菌的体外抑菌、杀菌效果及最低抑菌浓度(MIC),实验中以等浓度矾冰液作为对照。结果显示,矾冰纳米乳对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白假丝酵母菌的抑制及杀灭活性均明显强于矾冰液(P0.05)。矾冰纳米乳对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌临床菌株MIC90值分别为1.02、2.04和2.04 mg/mL,均明显低于矾冰液的MIC90值(P0.05)。上述实验结果提示,矾冰纳米乳与矾冰液均有广谱体外抑菌及杀菌活性,白矾及冰片复合物纳米化可提高抗菌效果。     

黄芩茎叶和藤茶抑菌作用及其联合应用研究

为探讨黄芩茎叶、藤茶及两者联合应用对金黄色葡萄球菌和痢疾杆菌的抑制作用,研究采用微量肉汤稀释法分别测定黄芩茎叶和藤茶对金黄色葡萄球菌和痢疾杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibit concentration,MIC)及时间-杀菌曲线;采用棋盘式微量稀释法测定两者联合使用后的FIC指数。结果显示,黄芩茎叶和藤茶对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为1、0.25 mg/mL,对痢疾杆菌的MIC分别为4、0.50 mg/mL。两者联合使用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和痢疾杆菌的FIC指数分别为0.75、0.625,表现出相加的作用效果。研究提示基于联合使用,可进一步提高黄芩茎叶的抑菌效力,为实现黄芩茎叶的资源化利用提供科学依据。     

中药野菊花和山楂核提取液对 宫颈常见病原体抑菌效果的比较

目的了解中药野菊花和山楂核提取液对宫颈常见病原体大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的抑菌效果,比较野菊花和山楂核提取液抑菌作用的效果。方法采用二倍稀释法药敏试验测定抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果野菊花、山楂核提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑菌效果,三种菌的总抑菌效果差异具有统计学意义(χ2=21.781,P=0.00000.05),四种浓度药物的实验,两两比较后得出山楂核提取液的抑菌效果更好,抑菌率明显高于野菊花组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.6660,P=0.00300.05)。结论野菊花、山楂核提取液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑菌效果,山楂核提取液的抑菌效果更好。     

大青叶和板蓝根提取物的抑菌作用研究

目的：探讨中药大青叶和板兰根的逐级提取物的抑菌作用。方法：采用试管稀释法测定大表吉和板兰根的各级提取物－总浸液、乙醇提取液、正丁醇萃取液对各实验菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：各级提取物对实验菌分别有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最为明显;各提取物的抑菌强度依次为：正丁醇萃取液（对三种实验菌均明显抑制：MIC≤62mg/ml)、乙醇提取液（金黄色葡萄球菌：MIC≤62mg/ml、肠炎杆菌：MIC≤125mg/ml、大肠埃希菌MIC≤500mg/ml)、总浸液（仅对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制明显：MIC＝62mg/ml）。结论：大青叶和板蓝根具有广谱抗菌作用,其逐级提取物富集的抑菌活性逐级增强。     

西瓜藤提取物的抑菌作用研究

采用琼脂稀释法研究西瓜藤提取物的体外抑菌作用,用小鼠腹腔注射金黄色葡萄球菌法研究80%醇提物的体内抑菌作用。结果表明:西瓜藤提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,但对链球菌作用不明显。其中80%醇提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑制金黄色葡萄球菌活性最好,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为4.2、8.4mg.mL-1。体内实验也表明,乙醇提取物具有较好的抑菌作用。西瓜藤提取物具有抑菌活性,在抑菌方面有一定开发前景。     

大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院高产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的存在现状及其耐药性。方法采用Tris-ED-TA纸片裂菌法检测148株大肠埃希菌的AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定产酶株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 148株大肠埃希菌中6株检出AmpC酶,检出率为4.1%。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感,MIC为0.12～0.25μg/ml;对头孢吡肟的MIC值也较低,为0.5～32.0μg/ml,仅1株耐头孢吡肟。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对头孢西丁耐药,MIC为32～128μg/ml;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等加酶抑制剂复合物耐药性较强。结论深圳市人民医院大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶检出率为4.1%。产酶株对多种抗生素耐药性较高。     

纳米银体外对三种微生物的抑制作用及机制

目的探讨纳米银广谱的抗菌作用及机制。方法以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌为研究对象,采用涂布法检测纳米银的杀菌作用,利用细菌呼吸链脱氢酶活性检测及透射电镜探讨纳米银抑菌的作用机制。结果≥0.05μg/mL的纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌具有明显的杀菌作用;5μg/mL的纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白假丝酵母菌作用60、30、15和5min均有明显的杀菌作用;纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的呼吸链脱氢酶活性具有明显的抑制作用;纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌的菌体形态具有明显的破坏作用。结论纳米银对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌具有高效、迅速及广谱的杀菌作用,这些作用可能与纳米银的多靶位作用机制有关。     

竹荪提取物对食源性细菌的抑菌特性研究

利用4种方法获得棘托竹荪和长裙竹荪的提取物,以5种食源性致病细菌单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门菌、大肠埃希菌O157H7、副溶血性弧菌为供试菌,比较其MIC(最低抑菌浓度)和MBC(最低杀菌浓度)。超声波辅助破碎竹荪干粉,制取水、乙醇和石油醚为提取介质的浸提物以及竹荪挥发油,利用液体培养基连续稀释法对5种供试菌进行抑菌实验。所有提取物对供试菌都具有抑菌活性;长裙竹荪提取物的综合抑菌能力高于棘托竹荪提取物;水提物和挥发油的抑菌效果最好;2种竹荪提取物对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌的抑菌作用存在互补效应。竹荪提取物对5种食源性细菌的生长有较好的抑制作用,可应用2种竹荪的提取物复配,开发天然食品防腐剂。     

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook et Arn

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of seven ethanolic extracts and three aqueous extracts from various parts (leaves, stems and flowers) of A. aroma against 163 strains of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria. The disc diffusion assay was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity of the A. aroma crude extracts, against several Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis, S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli., K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, S. marcescens, M morganii, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, E. coli ATCC 35218, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 25922). All ethanolic extracts showed activity against gram-positive bacteria. Among all obtained extracts, only leaf and flower fluid extracts showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Based on this bioassay, leaf fluid extracts tended to be the most potent, followed by flower fluid extracts. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts and antibiotics were comparatively determined by agar and broth dilution methods. Both extracts were active against S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, E. faecalis and E. faecium and all tested Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values from 0.067 to 0.308 mg/ml. In this study the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were identical or twice as high than the corresponding MIC for leaf extracts and four or eight times higher than MIC values for flower extracts. This may indicate a bactericidal effect. Stored extracts have similar antibacterial activity as recently obtained extracts. The A. aroma extracts of leaves and flowers may be useful as antibacterial agents against Gram- negative and Gram-positive antibiotic multi-resistant microorganisms.     

头孢他啶联合阿米卡星对多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌的体外抗菌作用分析

目的了解头孢他啶与阿米卡星联合对鲍曼不动杆菌体外药敏试验效果,探索多药耐药的临床用药新途径。方法采用微量肉汤稀释法、棋盘法分别测定头孢他啶、阿米卡星两药单独及两种不同浓度药物组合时对临床分离的24株多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC),计算部分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数,应用FIC指数来计算及判读两种抗菌药物联用对多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌体外抗菌作用的效果。结果头孢他啶与阿米卡星联合应用,能显著降低各自的MIC值,分别有75%的菌株表现为协同作用,20.8%的菌株表现为相加作用,有4.2%发生无关作用,没有拮抗作用发生。结论对多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌的感染,可使用头孢他啶与阿米卡星进行联合治疗。     

Antimicrobial activity of organic extracts isolated from Aplysina fistularis (Demospongiae: Aplysinidae)

Organic extracts of the sponge Aplysina fistularis (Pallas 1766) were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and toxic activity of extract were determined. Susceptibility trials of organic fractions obtained by VLC: Hexane, EtOAc and CHCl3 showed that EtOAc fraction has antibacterial activity against E. coli, while CHCl3 fraction inhibited E. coli and S. aureus growth. The later refractioning of EtOAc fraction and the biodirected assays showed that fractions F12 and F13 of EtOAc/Hex and EtOAc F14 were bioactive against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Only EtOAc/MeOH Sf2 from subfractionig of EtOAc F14 produced inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus. In Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH, MIC was moderate for S. aureus (MIC > 256 g/ml). F4 CHCl3/MeOH produced a high inhibition in S. aureus (MIC = 0.125 g/ml) and for E. coli (MIC > 16 g/ml). F10 CHCl3/MeOH showed a moderate activity against S. aureus (MIC > 128 g/ml) and low activity against E. coli (MIC = 512 g/ml). F10 CHCL3/MeOH did no present toxic activity against Artemia salina. The fractiorts F4 CHCL3/MeOH and Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH were toxic for this organism when the concentration was higher than 100 microg/ml. LC50 in both cases was 548.4 and 243.4 microg/ml respectively. Secondary metabolites of medium polarity obtained from A. fistularis have a wide spectrum of anti bacterial activity. Toxicity analysis suggests that only F10 CHCL3/MeOH has potential as an antimicrobial agent for clinical use.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of laboratory grown culture of Spirulina platensis

The hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol extracts and spent media (extracellular substances) were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity for which one Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used as test organisms. The methanol extract showed more potent activity than other organic extracts, spent medium of the culture exhibited little activity against E. coli only. No inhibitory effect was found against Klebsiella pneumoniae.The broth microdilution assay gave minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 1 to 512 μg/ml. The MIC of methanol extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively.     

苦参、黄芩、乌梅对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌抗菌活性的研究

目的观察苦参、黄芩和乌梅的体外抗菌活性。方法采用M-H琼脂连续稀释法做抗菌作用测定,测出各中药的最小抑菌浓度。结果苦参对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值最低（2.5mg/ml）,乌梅对大肠埃希菌的MIC值最低（1.25mg/ml）,乌梅对白假丝酵母菌的MIC值最低（2.5mg/ml）。结论苦参、黄芩和乌梅对革兰阳性球菌、革兰阴性杆菌和真菌均有较好的抑菌活性。     

紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性研究

目的研究紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性。方法将紫穗槐种子乙醇提取物分别通过石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,选择金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌为供试菌,采用试管二倍稀释法测定紫穗槐种子提取物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,涂布平板法绘制杀菌曲线,电镜下观察药物对细菌超微结构的影响。结果紫穗槐种子提取物经乙酸乙酯萃取后对供试菌抑制作用较强,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为2．5、5．0mg／mL;对肺炎克雷伯杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为5．0、10．0mg／mL;杀菌曲线结果表明,药物对供试菌的抑制作用存在浓度和时间依赖性;电镜结果说明,药物的作用可能与破坏菌体细胞壁、改变细胞膜通透性有关。结论紫穗槐种子提取物具有显著的抗菌活性。     

Optimizing breast pocket irrigation: an in vitro study and clinical implications

Subclinical infections have been implicated in the etiology of capsular contracture. Intraoperatively, breast pocket irrigation with povidone-iodine or other antibiotic solutions has been popularized; however, detrimental effects on wound healing for these agents have been reported and their efficacy against common organisms found around breast implants has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro efficacy of serial dilutions of povidone-iodine and two double antibiotic solutions DAB-1 (gentamicin/polymyxin B) and DAB-2 (gentamicin/cefazolin), against organisms most commonly found around breast implants. In phase I trials, serial dilutions of povidone-iodine and DAB were combined 1:1 with cultures of five common organisms found around implants. In phase II, povidone-iodine was serially diluted in DAB-1 rather than saline. In phase III, povidone-iodine was serially diluted with DAB-2. Efficacy for all phases was determined by plating the mixture onto agar plates and incubating at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Povidone-iodine was 100 percent effective at a dilution of 12.5% against Staphylococcus epidermidis and 25% against Staphylococcus aureus but relatively ineffective against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas, DAB-1 was found to be ineffective against S. epidermidis but effective against S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, E. coli, and Pseudomonas. In phase II trials, a concentration of 12.5% povidone-iodine in DAB was effective at killing all experimental bacteria. In phase III trials, 10% povidone-iodine in DAB-2 was effective at killing all bacteria tested. In conclusion, to maximize bacterial control of common breast implant organisms and to minimize the detrimental effects on wound healing, 10% povidone-iodine in gentamycin/cefazolin may be used with excellent results and its use clinically may reduce the incidence of capsular contracture.     

In vitro efficacy of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with amoxycillin against Salmonella typhi isolates

Combined effect of ciprofloxacin (Ci) and amoxycillin (Ax) has been studied in vitro against 12 clinical isolates of S. typhi that showed Ci minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of > or =1 microg/ml. By agar dilution method, MIC values of Ax were 10-16 microg/ml for 11 isolates and 0.5 microg/ml for the remaining one isolate. The isolates, when treated with Ci and Ax in combination, showed fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) of 0.004-0.256 microg/ml for Ci. FIC of Ax ranged from 6-10 microg/ml, except for a single isolate that showed Ax FIC of 0.25 microg/ml. Thus Ci was more efficacious in combination with Ax against S. typhi than Ci alone. The antibiotic combination exhibited an additive effect for all the isolates showing FIC index 0.504-0.832.     

覆盆子提取物联合唑类药物抗真菌活性研究

目的 探讨中药覆盆子提取物联合唑类药物的体外抗真菌作用.方法 采用CLSI公布的M27-A方案微量液基稀释法和棋盘式微量稀释法,测定覆盆子提取物单用及联合唑类药物对不同念珠菌的MIC值和FICI指数.结果 覆盆子不同溶液提取物与氟康唑均表现出协同关系,以覆盆子醇提物为例,单用对念珠菌的MIC80测定值范围主要集中在0.16～1.25 mg/mL,与氟康唑合用后表现出协同关系(FICI≤0.5),且MIC80测定值范围降至0.01 ～0.04 mg/mL;合用后的氟康唑抗真菌活性也明显增强.另外,覆盆子醇提物与不同唑类药物合用后均有协同关系,其MIC80测定值由单用时大于10 mg/mL降至0.04 mg/mL.结论 覆盆子醇提物和唑类药物单用时对耐药念珠菌的抑菌作用较弱,但二者合用后表现出明显的协同关系,对耐药念珠菌的抑菌作用明显增强.