在家用／商用空调中用R32替代R22的探索

在R22的替代工作进入实质性阶段,但国内外成熟替代品又尚不明朗之际,本文在分析国内外R22替代物的现状、存在的问题以及国际上对环保工质要求的新趋向的前提下,探索提出在家用／商用空凋中使用R32替代R22的设想,并从其热物理性质、环保特性、安全性、热工性能、市场可获得性等几个方面,与现有的R22替代物R410A,R290和R1234yf等进行比较,认为R32是一种兼顾减排、安全、节能和市场诸方面要求的、很有前景的R22替代制冷剂。     

制冷剂R1234yf替代R22的理论分析和试验研究

从热工性能、环保特性、安全性以及试验研究等角度,讨论制冷剂R1234yf替代R22的优势。试验结果表明,R1234yf在高温工况(额定制冷T3)下的能效比较R22高2%,其排气温度比R22平均降低9.8℃,R1234yf的可燃性在可燃制冷剂中是较弱的。因此,R1234yf在高温工况区替代R22具有较大的潜力。     

合成类HCFCs替代制冷剂的研究进展

制冷空调领域内使用量最大的HCFCs制冷剂目前正处于加速淘汰的阶段,替代品、替代技术路线的选择至关重要.本文介绍R32,R1234yf(R1234ze),ZCI系列和DYR系列等新型合成类替代制冷剂的最新研究进展,从基本热物性、传热特性、理论循环、机组性能等多个角度与最主要的HCFCs制冷剂R22进行对比,并分析部分替代品的应用前景,为我国制冷空凋行业制冷剂替代工作提供参考.     

HCFCs制冷剂替代物的发展及环境保护

首先介绍了制冷剂面临的问题,指出目前制冷空调领域使用量最多的HCFCs制冷剂正处于淘汰阶段,然后介绍了HCFCs制冷剂替代物的发展现状,其中着重介绍了R1234yf、R32等新型制冷剂.最后对环境保护提出几点建议.     

新型制冷剂R1234yf的性能分析

本文先介绍目前对制冷剂选择的要求,然后从热物理性质、材料兼容性、溶油性、热工性能等几个方面,比较新型制冷剂R1234yf与R32、R22及R717的优劣,讨论新型制冷剂在减排、安全、节能要求下发展前景。     

回热器对单级蒸气压缩式制冷系统性能的影响

结合当前最新制冷剂替代政策,以单级蒸气压缩式制冷系统为研究对象,对自然工质(R744、R717、R290、R1270、R600a)、HFCs类过渡工质(R410A、R404A、R32、R152a、R161、R134a)和新型烯烃类制冷剂HFOs(R1234yf、R1234ze)经回热器后对制冷系统性能的影响进行分析。结果显示:回热器对系统COP的提升效果与制冷剂物性、运行工况和回热器效率有关;R717和R32在使用回热器后系统COP降低,当回热器效率为80%时,与回热器效率为30%相比系统COP分别降低了3.90%和2.27%;R161、R152a和R410A受回热器的影响很小;对于其他制冷剂,在使用回热器后,系统COP随蒸发温度和回热器效率的升高均有一定幅度提升,其中R1234yf、R1234ze、R600a和R404A变化最大。当回热器效率为80%的时,与回热器效率为30%相比系统COP分别升高了5.99%、3.94%、4.41%和5.05%。分析结果与相关评估标准较为接近,为现阶段带回热器的蒸气压缩式制冷系统制冷剂的选择提供参考。     

适用于复叠式中高温热泵的混合制冷剂分析

根据制冷剂研发准则,兼顾制冷剂的循环性能、热物性、环保性及可燃性,提出了5对适用于复叠式中高温热泵且温度滑移很小的混合制冷剂。复叠式热泵系统低温级的制冷剂方案为R161/R1234yf或R161/R290,而高温级为R152a/RE170、R152a/R1243zf、或R245fa/R1234zeZ。与常规的R22+R134a方案进行对比分析,发现当制取80℃热水时,R161/R1234yf+R152a/RE170方案和R161/R290+R152a/RE170方案综合性能最优,在计算工况下,COP最高可达1.58,但需注意其易燃易爆性。高温级制热循环若使用R245fa/R1234zeZ,则可降低系统在易燃和高压方面的风险,冷凝温度可提高至120℃(压力约2.1 MPa),若能再配套更大容积的压缩机,则效果更佳。     

HCFC-22替代制冷剂研究进展及其相关问题讨论

简要介绍制冷剂的发展历史,详细介绍相关行业中制冷剂的应用现状及我国目前在替代HCFC-22方面的工作,重点介绍若干最新备受关注的制冷剂如HFO-1234yf及其混合物、HFC-161及其混合物、HFC-32和R290等。由于这些制冷剂普遍存在的可燃性问题,本文也将介绍一些描述可燃性的参数以及相关的国际标准,并提出一些选择可燃制冷剂的注意点。     

R1234yf热泵技术综述与潜力分析

为了满足逐步严苛的环保法规要求,R1234yf成为车用热泵制冷剂R134a的热门替代制冷剂之一。本文对R1234yf热泵技术的研究进行了综述与分析,其GWP<1,各方面性质均符合车用热泵系统的工作需求。在传热效果上,R1234yf的沸腾传热性能略优于R134a,且冷凝过程压降比R134a低5%~10%,优于R134a系统。在诸多R1234yf和R134a系统的仿真和实验研究中,R1234yf热泵性能略低于R134a,但可以通过优化零部件、强化补气、改善工况等方式使其与R134a十分接近甚至超越。R1234yf低压饱和压力比R134a高约15%,可以适配更高的压缩机转速,低温下制热性能比R134a更好,且较低的压缩机排气温度使系统工作更为稳定,强化补气的效果也优于R134a。因此,R1234yf在车用热泵中具有较好的工作性能和发展前景,可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂。     

低温工况下碳氢化合物替代R22 的制冷循环分析

本文对常用的碳氢化合物制冷剂与R22进行了循环性能对比分析,发现R290、R1270是R22极有潜力的纯质替代物.R1270与R290的混合物能较好的替代R22.如果能够发挥非共沸混合物温度滑移的特点,R1270分别与R600a、R600的混合物也能够作为R22的替代物.     

R32和R410A循环特性对比研究

国内外加速淘汰 HCFCs 制冷剂的时间表已经确定,而理想的替代制冷剂仍不明确.本文以风冷式冷(热)水机组为对象,对目前业内应用较多的替代制冷剂 R410A 以及被国内学者关注的制冷剂 R32 的循环特性进行理论分析及实验研究,并指出应用 R32 制冷剂时存在的问题,以期为国内 R22 的替代决策提供有益的参考.     

R290和R32单级干湿压缩循环及回热循环特性分析

采用理论热力循环计算的方法,对比R290,R32,R22和R410A四种制冷剂的单级干压缩与湿压缩循环以及回热循环特性。分析结果表明：吸气过热度增加时,4种制冷剂的排气温度均升高,R290的能力和能效比相应增加,但R32的降低;吸气干度减小时,4种制冷剂的排气温度均近似呈线性下降;吸气饱和时,R32,R22和R410A的能力接近最佳;单级压缩回热循环仅对R290有实用意义。     

Performance degradation of a vapor compression refrigeration system under fouled conditions

Performance degradation due to fouling in a vapor compression cycle is investigated for various applications. Considering the first set of refrigerants i.e. R134a, R410A and R407C, from a first law standpoint, the COP indicates that R134a always performs better unless only the evaporator is being fouled. In contrast to this, from a second-law standpoint, the second-law efficiency indicates that R134a performs the best in all cases. Considering the second set of refrigerants i.e. R717, R404A and R290, from a first law standpoint, the COP indicates that R717 always performs better unless only the evaporator is being fouled. In contrast to this, from a second-law standpoint, the second-law efficiency indicates that R717 performs the best in all cases. Volumetric efficiency of R410A and R717 remained the highest under the respective conditions studied. Furthermore, performance degradation of the evaporator often has a larger effect on compressor power requirement while that of the condenser has an overall larger effect on the COP. A new performance degradation law is presented in light of the data generated, which can reduce the amount of experimentation and help predict relevant quantities of the refrigeration system.     

低温制冷剂应用于冷柜的综合分析

从低温制冷剂的发展背景、环境影响、性能、安全性及成本等5个方面着手,比较目前在用或者将在低温冷柜中应用的几种制冷剂R22,R404A,R290和CO2在上述几个方面各自的特点。结果表明,R290将是一种用于低温冷柜的很有潜力的制冷剂。     

R32制冷剂

自从1997年京都会议以后, R22和R410a都被认为是需要淘汰的制冷剂,世界各国都在寻找合适的替代制冷剂,并作为重要的任务。 R32被认为是一种有潜力的替代R22与R410a在空调器中使用的制冷剂。本文综述R32替代的可行性和它与R410a的性能比较。     

Performance of a finned-tube evaporator optimized for different refrigerants and its effect on system efficiency

This paper presents a comparable evaluation of R600a (isobutane), R290 (propane), R134a, R22, R410A, and R32 in an optimized finned-tube evaporator, and analyzes the impact of evaporator effects on the system coefficient of performance (COP). The study relied on a detailed evaporator model derived from NIST's EVAP-COND simulation package and used the ISHED1 scheme employing a non-Darwinian learnable evolution model for circuitry optimization. In the process, 4500 circuitry designs were generated and evaluated for each refrigerant. The obtained evaporator optimization results were incorporated in a conventional analysis of the vapor compression cycle. For a theoretical cycle analysis without accounting for evaporator effects, the COP spread for the studied refrigerants was as high as 11.7%. For cycle simulations including evaporator effects, the COP of R290 was better than that of R22 by up to 3.5%, while the remaining refrigerants performed approximately within a 2% COP band of the R22 baseline for the two condensing temperatures considered.     

R22替代工质回热循环的性能分析

R22的替代工质的制冷性能通常比R22差，采用回热循环是改善循环性能的一种方法，但是增加回热器会带来成本的增加，而且不同的制冷剂在回热循环中的COP及容积制冷量的变化也是不同的。针对上述问题，分析回热循环的特性和6种制冷剂（R290，R1270，R134a／R1270（0．45／0．55），R134a／R290（0．6／0．4），R407C和R410A）在回热循环中的容积制冷量和COP的变化特点。研究结果表明，R134a,／R1270，R290和R134a／R290系统使用回热器后，性能改善较大，R410A系统只有在高冷凝温度、高过热度时才有必要使用回热器，其余替代工质系统使用回热器，其系统性能改善不明显。     

Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangersPerformance d''un système frigorifique utilisant des échangeurs liquide-vapeur à l''aspiration

Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717.