置入双腔起搏心脏复律除颤器及经腋静脉送入心内电极的初步临床体会

目的　初步评价新型双腔起搏心脏复律除颤器抗室性心动过速 /室颤 (VT/VF)及心动过缓起搏的临床效果 ,了解经腋静脉送入心房及心室电极的安全性及有效性。方法　 7例室性心动过速及或室颤同时伴有心动过缓患者接受了双腔起搏心脏复律除颤器治疗 ,其中冠心病 5例、扩张性心肌病 2例。心房及心室电极均在X光线透视、静脉注入造影剂指导下 ,直接穿刺腋静脉 ,从该静脉送入。结果　脉冲发生器埋在左上胸皮下 5例 ,胸大肌与胸小肌之间 2例。仪器对所有VT/VF均能及时识别并成功治疗 ,同时提供有效的房室顺序起搏功能。所有心内电极均成功地经腋静脉送入 ,无并发症。结论　双腔起搏心脏复律除颤器不但能有效地治疗严重室性心律失常 ,而且能提供可靠的房室顺序性起搏功能 ,且经腋静脉送入电极安全 ,可靠。     

心脏再同步化治疗中腋静脉径路植入左室导线的临床应用评价

目的:观察慢性心力衰竭患者腋静脉的解剖特征,并探讨心脏再同步化治疗(CRT/CRTD)中经腋静脉途径植入左室导线的可行性和安全性?方法:选择2013年1月—2015年2月行心脏再同步化治疗(CRT或CRTD)患者59例,根据左室导线植入径路分为腋静脉组(n=23)和锁骨下静脉组(n=36),比较两种径路左室导线植入时间?参数及相关并发症;同期选择新植入双腔起搏器(DDD)患者67例,所有患者术前行腋静脉造影,比较慢性心力衰竭和正常心脏结构患者腋静脉内径的差异?结果:所有患者均成功植入CRT/CRTD和DDD装置?心脏再同步化治疗组和双腔起搏器组腋静脉解剖结构相似,两组间腋静脉内径无统计学差异[(10.77 ± 2.19)mm vs (10.11 ± 2.02)mm,P > 0.05];心脏再同步化治疗经腋静脉径路和经锁骨下静脉径路植入左室导线的时间?植入并发症无统计学差异(P > 0.05);右房?右室?左室导线的阈值?感知?阻抗两组间无统计学差异(P > 0.05)?结论:慢性心力衰竭患者腋静脉内径无明显异常,心脏再同步化治疗中经腋静脉径路植入左室导线安全可行?     

Implantation of Lumenless Pacing Leads at the Inter-atrial Septum and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract with Deflectable Catheter-sheath

Current permanent right ventricular and right atrial endocardial pacing leads are implanted utilizing a central lumen stylet. Right ventricular apex pacing initiates an abnormal asynchronous electrical activation pattern, which results in asynchronous ventricular contraction and relaxation. When pacing from right atrial appendage, the conduction time between two atria will be prolonged, which results in heterogeneity for both depolarization and repolarization. Six patients with Class Ⅰ indication for permanent pacing were implanted with either single chamber or dual chamber pacemaker. The SelectSecure 3830 4-French （Fr） lumenless lead and the SelectSite C304 8.5-Fr steerable catheter-sheath （Medtronic Inc., USA） were used. Pre-selected pacing sites included inter-atrial septum and right ventricular outflow tract, which were defined by ECG and fluoroscopic criteria. All the implanting procedures were successful without complication. Testing results （mean atrial pacing threshold： 0.87 V; mean P wave amplitude： 2.28 mV; mean ventricular pacing threshold： 0.53V; mean R wave amplitude： 8.75 mV） were satisfactory. It is concluded that implantation of a 4-Fr lumenless pacing lead by using a streerable catheter-sheath to achieve inter-atrial septum or right ventricular outflow tract pacing is safe and feasible.     

心律转复除颤器植入术中避免常规 除颤阈值测试的随访观察

目的：探讨心律转复除颤器（ICD）和心室再同步心脏转复除颤器（CRT-D）植入术中未进行除颤阈值测试的患者,治疗恶性室性心律失常的有效性和安全性。方法：收集1999年10月至2008年8月间ICD植入术中未进行除颤阈值测试的21例ICD/CRT-D患者临床资料,应用体外程控仪获取存取信息并结合随访资料进行分析。结果：17例室性心动过速（室速）或心室颤动（室颤）患者植入ICD,4例心肌病合并严重心力衰竭患者植入CRT-D,术中均未进行除颤阈值测试。8例术后1周进行除颤阈值测试,其中3例（37.5%）未诱发出室速/室颤。程控随访1~7(4.2±1.9)年,21例未进行除颤阈值测试的患者中16例记录到室速或室颤事件,ICD成功除颤89阵（成功率100%）,抗心动过速起搏（ATP）终止室速120阵次（成功率51.1%）,低能量同步转复22阵次（成功率59.2%）。术后大多数患者联合应用抗心律失常药物,无恶性室性心律失常相关死亡病例。结论：ICD/CRT-D植入术中不常规进行除颤阈值测试可避免相关并发症发生,术后随访可有效治疗恶性室性心律失常,预防心脏性猝死。     

三腔ICD临床应用5例报告

目的三腔ICD治疗5例心衰同时合并室性心动过速结果分析.方法应用三腔ICD治疗5例心衰同时合并室性心动过速(简称室速)患者,4例为原发性扩张型心脏病,1例为冠心病,2例有昏厥史.4例植入INSYNC 7272埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD),1例植入V-350 ICD.结果随访时间1~14月,心功能得到改善,未发生室速,均未发生昏厥.5例中1例出现室性心动过速和心室颤动发作(简称室颤)均被ICD识别并进行放电除颤治疗,挽救了患者的生命.结论三腔ICD是治疗猝死、致死性心律失常和心衰的有效措施.     

埋藏式心内除颤器应用4例报告

对４名器质性心脏病继发顽固、重症室性心动过速和／或心室纤颤（ＶＴ／Ｖｆ）患者采用埋藏式心内除颤器治疗,得左锁骨下静脉穿刺。将ＩＣＤ心内三级导管引入右室心尖部。将ＩＣＤ埋入左上胸囊袋,借助程控电脑诱发ＶＴ／Ｖｆ,确认ＩＣＤ确能有效感知和终上ＶＴ／Ｖｆ后缝合切口。结果：４例患者平均随访７月,均未再发晕厥,共发生ＶＴ１９次。均被ＩＣＤ在１１ｓ内成功终止,未发生与ＩＣＤ相关的并发症,结果表明：ＩＣＤ的疗效     

右心室间隔部起搏对心功能的影响

目的对比观察右心室间隔部与心尖部起搏的起搏及心动功能参数.方法106例安装DDD起搏器的患者随机分为右心室心尖部与右心室流出道间隔部起搏组进行起搏参数、左室射血分数对比.结果两组间基线资料无显著差异.右心室间隔部起搏组左心室射血分数与心尖部起搏组有显著差异.结论右心室流出道间隔部起搏心功能优于右心室心尖部起搏.     

双腔起搏器最小化心室起搏功能中心室起搏管理与房室间期自动搜索功能的比较分析

目的:比较最小化心室起搏中心室起搏管理(MVP)与房室间期自动搜索[Search AV(+)]功能对右室起搏比例(VP％)及左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响.方法:50例症状性窦缓、病态窦房结综合征、间歇性房室传导阻滞的患者,均安装双腔起搏器,分为MVP组和Search AV(+)组,程控MVP组关闭Search AV(+)功能,开启MVP功能;Search AV(+)组开启Search AV(+)功能.于术后随访,比较其6个月的心房起搏、心室起搏比例、高频心房事件次数,及LVEF的值.结果:50例患者完成随访,MVP组比Search AV(+)组的心室起搏比例、高频心房事件次数都显著降低,分别为(11.4±8.3)％,(36.7±7.4)％和(32±10)次,(86±16)次;6个月的LVEF值较术前有显著差异,两组心房起搏比例、12个月的LVEF值差异无统计学意义.结论:MVP功能与SearchAV(+)功能相比可更加减少不必要的右心室起搏,减少高频心房事件.     

用体表心电图定位研究室性心动过速起源点

作采用心内膜导管起搏时的体表心电图ＱＲＳ波与自发室性心动过速时的体表心电图ＱＲＳ波形进行比较，作为ＶＴ起源点的定位方法，并以电消蚀ＶＴ成功为金标准，对８例ＶＴ患进行定位研究并评价，结果显示心内膜起搏时心电图ＱＲＳ波形有９个导联以上为自发ＶＴ时ＱＲＳ波符合时，起搏点在ＶＴ起源点附近，直流电消蚀成功，射频电则不行，当心电图ＱＲＳ１２个联符合时，起搏占即ＶＴ起源点，射频消蚀成功，表明我们采用的ＶＴ     

23例先天性心脏病患儿围术期永久起博器的植入及随访

目的：总结先天性心脏病（congenital heart diseases, CHD）儿童围术期植入永久性起搏器治疗完全性房室传导阻滞（atrioventricular block, AVB）的经验。方法选择需植入永久起搏器CHD患儿23例,男13例,女10例。年龄4个月～8岁,平均（2.8±2.5）岁,体重5～27 kg,平均（10.7±6.8）kg。结果植入心内膜起博器7例、心外膜起博器16例。起搏方式为频率应答心室按需起搏（VVIR）1例,固定频率心室按需起搏（VVI）22例,起搏频率为70～160次/min,平均（111±25.5）次/min,起搏阈值为0.5～0.75V,平均（0.74±0.30）V,感知灵敏度为2.5～2.8 mV,平均（2.78±0.11）mV,电极阻抗为271～726Ω,平均（445.5±148.9）Ω。21例（91.3%）获得随访,随访1个月～5.5年,起搏阈值术后早期略升高,后稳定。1例术后6个月猝死,原因不明。1例术后4.5年重新更换电池。1例随访中恢复窦性心律。4例术后6个月～2年心脏扩大、心功能低下,左室射血分数（LVEF）＆lt;50%。结论 CHD患儿围术期植入永久性起搏器治疗AVB是安全可行的,永久起搏器植入对其远期预后的影响需要长期随访。     

Pace Maker Implantation for Elderly Individuals Over 90 Years Old

Objective: The aim of this report was to discuss validity of pacemaker surgery for elderly individuals over 90 years old.Patient: We operated on 12 individuals over 90 years old who had syncope or congestive heart failure in association with bradycardia, between January 2005 and November 2012.Methods: All 12 patients were referred to us by the cardiology department of our hospital for pacemaker surgery. We applied our routine technique: cutdown of the cephalic vein, creation of a subpectoral pocket, use of screw-in leads, and use of generators with an automatic output control system.Results: All of the patients received a dual chamber system with atrial and ventricular leads and recovered uneventfully. The follow-up period was between 1 month and 7 years.Conclusion: An advanced age over 90 years old is not a contraindication for pacemaker surgery.     

Study on the localization of the origin of ventricular tachycardia with surface electrocardiogram

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3种不同方法定位穿刺腋静脉行永久起搏器电极植入术72例

目的 评价3种不同的定位方法穿刺腋静脉置入起搏电极的安全性和实用价值.方法 腋静脉组72例,术中用造影剂、导丝定位或透视下直接穿刺腋静脉植入电极;另选性别、年龄与之匹配的72例经锁骨下静脉植入电极的患者作对照组.结果 72例患者穿刺腋静脉均获成功,与对照组比较穿刺次数和耗时相似.用造影剂定位穿刺最容易成功,其次为用导丝定位穿刺,直接在透视下解剖定位的穿刺次数和耗时稍高于前2种方法.结论 造影剂和导丝定位下穿刺腋静脉成功率高,耗时短,但费用高、烦琐、增加患者痛苦.在透视下以骨性标志定位直接穿刺腋静脉方法安全、简便,成功率高,随着经验的增加可取代造影剂、导丝定位和锁骨下静脉穿刺,以避免锁骨下静脉穿刺的缺点和并发症,可作为常规方法.     

起搏心电图引导经左锁骨下静脉床边临时心脏起搏的临床分析

目的探讨起搏心电图引导经左锁骨下静脉途径行紧急床边临时心脏起搏技术的可行性及安全性。方法以seldinger法穿刺左锁骨下静脉置入鞘管,从鞘管推送电极至心电监护出现室性早搏或短阵室性心动过速,然后连接临时心脏起搏器,并设置起搏频率超过患者自主心率20次／min,输出电压为3～5V,感知灵敏度为2mV。起搏器完全起搏后,记录12导联心电图,并根据Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF导联起搏QRS图形调整电极位置,直至Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联起搏QRS主波向下,V1-V6导联起搏QRS呈完全性左束支阻滞图形。结果8例患者获良好的起搏效果,全部一次插管成功,操作时间5～10min,插管深25～30cm。无手术相关并发症。结论由起搏心电图引导,经左锁骨下静脉行紧急床边临时心脏起搏是一种安全、有效、可行的方法,成功率高,值得推广应用。     

经颈内静脉放置心内膜临时起搏导线的临床经验

 目的  探讨心脏手术的患者经颈内静脉放置心内膜临时起搏导线的可行性。方法  回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年6月在复旦大学附属中山医院心外科行手术治疗的部分患者的临床资料。其中男56例,女62例;年龄37~89岁,平均(62.5±12.6)岁。行再次手术微创三尖瓣置换术56例,经心尖主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement, TAVR)60例,术前Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞(atrioventricular block, AVB)2例。术前经颈内静脉放置6.0F鞘,经鞘放置心内膜临时起搏导线。临时起搏效果经尝试起搏法、超声心电图引导法或数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography, DSA)法确认。结果  经颈内静脉放置心内膜临时起搏导线成功率100%,无严重并发症发生,临时起搏导线到位良好,起搏及感知正常,术后传导阻滞发生率为13.56%,永久起搏器植入率为10.17%。结论  对于部分心脏外科手术患者,经颈内静脉放置心内膜临时起搏导线安全可行,可提高围术期的安全性。     

63例次永久起搏器更换术临床分析

目的 分析永久起搏器更换原因及更换术并发症的防治对策,并探讨旧电极的处理方法.方法 更换术病人57例,男38例,女19例,年龄74岁±8岁(56～94)岁,病态窦房结综合征31例,Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞26例.单腔起搏器49例,双腔起搏器8例,起搏器平均使用时间9.25(2～15)年.共更换63例次,其中更换电极13例次.结果 起搏器更换术原因为起搏器电池自然耗竭57例次,电池提前耗竭2例,电极导线不全断裂2例,囊袋感染2例.更换术并发症9例,分别为囊袋血肿4例,电极脱位3例,废弃电极脱入右室2例.更换起搏器时起搏阈值[(0.77±0.40)V]比初次植入时的阚值[(0.60±0.21)V]明显高(P<0.01).更换时的电极阻抗[(854±136)Ω]、R波振幅[(12±4)mV]与植入时[(828±176)Ωn、(12±4)mV]比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).结论 起搏器更换主要原因为电池自然耗竭.经测试大部分心室电极可以继续使用.起搏器更换术严重的并发症是废弃电极脱入右室,正确的电极处理方法可以避免此类并发症的发生.     

Transvenous pectoral implantation of single lead implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Objective To report our initial experience of transveneous pectoral implantation of fingle lead implantable cardioverter defibrillator(ICD) in fifteen patients. Methods　Fifteen patients (male 13, female 2, mean age of 51.7 years), including dilated cardiomyopathy in 4, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2, coronary artery disease in 5 and syncope of unknown etiology in 2, underwent ICD implantation. Indications for ICD implantation were ventricular fibrillation (8 patients) and refractory ventricular tachycardia (7 patients). All patients had syncope out of hospital. The ICD system were Medtronic Jewel active can in 5 patients (Model 7219C in 2, 7220C in 3) and CPI Ventak PRxⅢ in 9 patients. For active can, shocks were delivered through distal coil to ICD shell and for PRxⅢ through the endotak lead of proximal to distal coil. Successful implantation criteria was 2 consecutive defibrillation at less than 24 J. Results　All 15 patients had successful implantation using single lead ICD system in catheter laboratory. The mean defibrillation threshold was 12.8 J (5-15 J) and R wave was 9.9 mV (3.7-14.6 mV). All devices were of pectoral implantation. No operative and perioperative complications occurred. In 7.6 months (1-18 months) of follow-up, 3 patients had VT terminated by antitachycardia pacing (ATP) and 1 patient VF terminated by shock. Conclusion　Transveneous pectoral implantation of single lead ICD is easy to perform and has high defibrillation efficacy and should be a preferred approach.     

心室具有自动阈值夺获功能起搏器的远期随访

目的：观察双腔心室自动闽值夺获起搏器的长期各参数变化，节能功能及起搏安全性。方法：对65例患者植入具有AC功能双腔起搏器，观察术中、术后6个月心室起搏阈值，输出电压，ER振幅，阻抗和极化电位及自动工作方式转换功能。结果：术后心室起搏阈值早期升高1．10V±0．18V以后逐渐稳定，长期心室起搏电压仅在0．45V±0．13V。63例在术后测定各参数即刻启动AC功能并于术后1周及6个月随访心室各参数变化。1例术中R波振幅15．2mV，ER值为10．4mV，极化电位0．4mV，术后发生心房颤动给普罗帕酮600mg转律，测试时发现AC功能自动关闭，当时ER值9．4mV，极化电位0．8mV，再测ER值10．2mV，极化电位0．4mV，AC功能可以打开并工作正常。比较术中、术后1周起搏阈值升高，P〈0．05，术后一周与6个月相比起搏阈值下降，P〈0．05。其余无统计学意义。结论：具有自动阈值夺获功能的双腔起搏器，高效能保护起搏电压，耗能低而且安全性好，能满足患者的生理需要。     

Circadian pattern of spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported a circadian variation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. However, there is no detailed information of the daily distribution of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the daily distribution of episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. MATERIAL/METHODS: We used data stored by last-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) to retrospectively evaluate the circadian distribution of VT and VF in 70 patients with ICD. The distribution of tachyarrhythmias was categorized into four time zones: zone 1 (06:00-11:59), zone 2 (12:00-17:59), zone 3 (18:00-23:59), and zone 4 (00:00-05:59). RESULTS: During a follow-up of a mean of 3.1+/-1.3 years, a total of 791 ventricular arrhythmias were recorded from which 631 events were VT and 160 VF. A circadian variation of episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmia was evident. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia sharply increased in zone 1 (8.82+/-2.13, p<0.0001). Episodes of VT had peaks in zones 1 and 2 (7.44+/-2.03 and 2.70+/-0.65, p<0.001) and episodes of VF had peaks in zones 1 and 4 (1.38+/-0.39 and 1.30+/-0.51, p<0.011). No difference was observed between patients who used betablocker and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias have a circadian distribution. VT peaks occur in the morning and noon hours and VF peaks occurs at the night and morning hours. Betablocker and/or amiodarone usage do not alter this distribution.     

组织多普勒和应变/应变率显像评价心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗分析

目的探讨组织多普勒和应变/应变率显像在心力衰竭心脏再同步化治疗中的临床应用价值,为指导临床治疗提供参考依据。方法选取该院2010年6月—2012年6月行心脏再同步化治疗的心力衰竭患者56例,56例患者在植入双室起搏器之后采取不起搏、右室起搏（RV）、左室起搏（LV）以及双腔起搏（BiV）,起搏方式为随机进行。比较缺血性与原发性心肌病所引起的心力衰竭在治疗之后的改善情况。结果 BiV与LV可以提高射血分数值与每搏输出量,与其他两种起搏方式比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论组织多普勒和应变/应变率可以对心力衰竭心脏再同步化治疗效果进行有效判断,有着重要的临床指导意义。同时,在改善心力衰竭患者心功能方面,BiV与LV具有明显的改善作用,而RV与常规窦性心律状态改善效果不显著。