Review of hydrogen technologies based microgrid: Energy management systems,challenges and future recommendations

With the significant development of renewable energy sources in recent years, integrating energy storage systems within a renewable energy microgrid is getting more attention as a promising future hybrid energy system configuration. Recently, hydrogen systems are being considered a promising energy storage option that utilised electrolysers to produce and store hydrogen when energy is surplus and re-supply it into microgrids using fuel cells in energy shortage scenarios. To control the energy flow within such hybrid energy systems, designing an energy management system should be considered a critical task, that allows the technical and economic optimal operation of microgrids. This study presents a comprehensive review and analysis of different energy management systems for hydrogen technologies-based microgrids, including the strategies’ objectives, constraints and techniques as well as the optimisation methods and simulation tools. In addition, an insightful discussion of the existing challenges and suggestions for the future research direction has been given.     

Large-vscale hydrogen production and storage technologies: Current status and future directions

Over the past years, hydrogen has been identified as the most promising carrier of clean energy. In a world that aims to replace fossil fuels to mitigate greenhouse emissions and address other environmental concerns, hydrogen generation technologies have become a main player in the energy mix. Since hydrogen is the main working medium in fuel cells and hydrogen-based energy storage systems, integrating these systems with other renewable energy systems is becoming very feasible. For example, the coupling of wind or solar systems hydrogen fuel cells as secondary energy sources is proven to enhance grid stability and secure the reliable energy supply for all times. The current demand for clean energy is unprecedented, and it seems that hydrogen can meet such demand only when produced and stored in large quantities. This paper presents an overview of the main hydrogen production and storage technologies, along with their challenges. They are presented to help identify technologies that have sufficient potential for large-scale energy applications that rely on hydrogen. Producing hydrogen from water and fossil fuels and storing it in underground formations are the best large-scale production and storage technologies. However, the local conditions of a specific region play a key role in determining the most suited production and storage methods, and there might be a need to combine multiple strategies together to allow a significant large-scale production and storage of hydrogen.     

Modeling and multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaic-wind turbine-hydrogen-battery hybrid energy system based on hysteresis band

Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can provide power without emission for off-grid areas. Due to intermittency of renewable energy, energy storage system (ESS) is essential for reliable power supply, while its cost is still relatively high. Appropriate power management strategy (PMS) can help to delay the degradation of energy storage devices and reduce the system cost. In this study, power management strategy and configuration optimization of the system are focused and the study includes three main contributions. First, mathematical models of the system, including photovoltaics (PVs), wind turbines (WTs), batteries, fuel cells (FCs), electrolyzers (ELZs), and hydrogen tanks are developed. The degradation of fuel cells and electrolyzers is considered in the modeling process. Second, power management strategy considering hysteresis band is employed to control energy flow to delay fuel cell and electrolyzer degradation. Third, a multi-objective optimization function including the system net annual value (NAV), loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and excess energy (E_excess) is established. Non-dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to solve objective function. The results demonstrate that using hysteresis band help improve the system performance and reduce the cost. In addition, by setting the goal of excess energy, system reliability is well preserved with a LPSP as low as 0.92%. Compared with other optimization algorithms such as MOEA/D, NSGA-II has a smaller SI value of 422.10 and a larger DI value of 830.78, therefore the Pareto solution obtained by NSGA-II has a more uniform distribution and larger coverage.     

Techno-economic optimization of wind energy based hydrogen refueling station case study Salalah city Oman

Clean energy resources will be used more for sustainability improvement and durable development. Efficient technologies of energy production, storage, and usage results in reduction of gas emissions and improvement of the world economy. Despite 30% of electricity being produced from wind energy, the connection of wind farms to medium and large-scale grid power systems is still leading to instability and intermittency problems. Therefore, the conversion of electrical energy generated from wind parks into green hydrogen consists of an exciting solution for advancing the development of green hydrogen production, and the clean transportation sector. This paper presents a techno-economic optimization of hydrogen production for refueling fuel cell vehicles, using wind energy resources. The paper analyses three configurations, standalone Wind-Park Hydrogen Refueling Station (WP-HRS) with backup batteries, WP-HRS with backup fuel cells, and grid-connected WP-HRS. The analysis of different configurations is based on the wind potential at the site, costs of different equipment, and hydrogen load. Therefore, the study aims to find the optimized capacity of wind turbines, electrolyzers, power converters, and storage tanks. The optimization results show that the WP-HRS connected to the grid has the lowest Present Worth Cost (PWC) of 6,500,000 €. Moreover, the Levelized Hydrogen Cost (LHC) of this solution was found to be 6.24 €/kg. This renewable energy system produces 80,000 kg of green hydrogen yearly.     

An assessment of the use of fuel chemicals synthesized from captured carbon dioxide for renewable electricity storage

本文介绍了国际上利用可再生能源结合捕集CO₂制燃料的最新技术进展。以化学合成的反应热力学为基础,通过分析计算与流程模拟,得到捕集CO₂制燃料化学品储电的能耗与?流,初步评估了甲醇作为储存电能介质的能效,并与氢储能及甲烷储能进行了比较分析。比较结果表明,氢储能流程最短,效率最高,但是没有固碳的作用。对于实现储能与固碳,甲醇的氢原子经济性较好。甲烷产物热值与反应热都较高。甲醇储能效率损失主要由前端电解制氢环节造成。     

Performance analysis of various hybrid renewable energy systems using battery,hydrogen, and pumped hydro‐based storage units

The aim of this research is to analyze the techno‐economic performance of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) using batteries, pumped hydro‐based, and hydrogen‐based storage units at Sharurah, Saudi Arabia. The simulations and optimization process are carried out for nine HRES scenarios to determine the optimum sizes of components for each scenario. The optimal sizing of components for each HRES scenario is determined based on the net present cost (NPC) optimization criterion. All of the nine optimized HRES scenarios are then evaluated based on NPC, levelized cost of energy, payback period, CO₂ emissions, excess electricity, and renewable energy fraction. The simulation results show that the photovoltaic (PV)‐diesel‐battery scenario is economically the most viable system with the NPC of US$2.70 million and levelized cost of energy of US$0.178/kWh. Conversely, PV‐diesel‐fuel cell system is proved to be economically the least feasible system. Moreover, the wind‐diesel‐fuel cell is the most economical scenario in the hydrogen‐based storage category. PV‐wind‐diesel‐pumped hydro scenario has the highest renewable energy fraction of 89.8%. PV‐wind‐diesel‐pumped hydro scenario is the most environment‐friendly system, with an 89% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared with the base‐case diesel only scenario. Overall, the systems with battery and pumped hydro storage options have shown better techno‐economic performance compared with the systems with hydrogen‐based storage.     

Cogeneration of power and substitute of natural gas using electrolytic hydrogen,biomass and high temperature fuel cells

Energy storage from renewable sources is one of the main current goals for the energy sector, and the production of a substitute of natural gas could be a good solution to solve the problem in the short term, helping the transition to hydrogen in the long term.Renewable energy sources usually generate variable electric power or medium/low energy content gas. This paper proposes a way to upgrade these products through the use of electrolytic hydrogen. By using electrolytic oxygen as an oxidant for biomass partial oxidation and for high temperature fuel cells, the exhaust gas after post-combustion is an almost pure mixture of water and carbon dioxide. Once such a gas is dehydrated, the carbon dioxide can be mixed with electrolytic hydrogen to obtain methane through the Sabatier process.Four layouts based on molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells has been investigated. The results obtained are very similar: the conversion efficiency is close to 60% and the mix of energy output consist of fuel for about 75% and electric power for about 25%.     

Economic aspects of nuclear and hydrogen energy in the world and Russia

Hydrogen, when used as a fuel, has the most minimal impact on the environment and is a viable, promising, but insufficiently studied alternative fuel. World demand for its production may increase by tens and hundreds of times, and alternative energy sources - renewable and non-renewable, including nuclear ones - are needed to meet it.The paper discusses the characteristics of these sources, shows the important role of nuclear energy.The development of hydrogen production stimulates the development of the symbiosis of nuclear and hydrogen energy in conjunction with renewable energy and allows the formation of a new sustainable global energy system - alternative energy.     

Emerging technologies by hydrogen: A review

The majority of energy being used is obtained from fossil fuels, which are not renewable resources and require a longer time to recharge or return to its original capacity. Energy from fossil fuels is cheaper but it faces some challenges compared to renewable energy resources. Thus, one of the most potential candidates to fulfil the energy requirements are renewable resources and the most environmentally friendly fuel is Hydrogen. Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy carrier and a hydrogen-based economy is now widely regarded as a potential solution for the future of energy security and sustainability. Hydrogen energy became the most significant energy as the current demand gradually starts to increase. It is an important key solution to tackle the global temperature rise. The key important factor of hydrogen production is the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production technologies are commercially available, while some of these technologies are still under development. Therefore, the global interest in minimising the effects of greenhouse gases as well as other pollutant gases also increases. In order to investigate hydrogen implementation as a fuel or energy carrier, easily obtained broad-spectrum knowledge on a variety of processes is involved as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and potential adjustments in making a process that is fit for future development. Aside from directly using the hydrogen produced from these processes in fuel cells, streams rich with hydrogen can also be utilised in producing ethanol, methanol, gasoline as well as various chemicals of high value. This paper provided a brief summary on the current and developing technologies of hydrogen that are noteworthy.     

Prospects and challenges for green hydrogen production and utilization in the Philippines

The Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of energy to make the country less dependent on imported fossil fuels and to reduce significantly the country's CO₂ emissions. Given the abundance of renewable energy potential in the country, green hydrogen from renewables is a promising fuel because it can be utilized as an energy carrier and can provide a source of clean and sustainable energy with no emissions. This paper aims to review the prospects and challenges for the potential use of green hydrogen in several production and utilization pathways in the Philippines. The study identified green hydrogen production routes from available renewable energy sources in the country, including geothermal, hydropower, wind, solar, biomass, and ocean. Opportunities for several utilization pathways include transportation, industry, utility, and energy storage. From the analysis, this study proposes a roadmap for a green hydrogen economy in the country by 2050, divided into three phases: I–green hydrogen as industrial feedstock, II–green hydrogen as fuel cell technology, and III–commercialization of green hydrogen. On the other hand, the analysis identified several challenges, including technical, economic, and social aspects, as well as the corresponding policy implications for the realization of a green hydrogen economy that can be applied in the Philippines and other developing countries.     

Transient simulation and techno-economic assessment of a near-zero energy building using a hydrogen storage system and different backup fuels

Proposing a cost-effective off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) with hydrogen energy storage with a minimum CO2 emission is the main objective of the current study. The electricity demand of an office building is considered to be supplied by Photovoltaic Panels and wind turbines. The office building, modeled in Energy Plus and Open studio, has annual electricity consumption of 500 MWh electricity. 48.9% of the required electricity can be generated via renewable resources. Considering a system without energy storage, the remaining amount of electricity is generated from diesel generators. Hence, for reducing CO2 emission and fuel costs, a hydrogen energy storage system (ESS) is integrated into the system. Hydrogen ESS is responsible for supplying 38.6% of the demand electricity, which means that it can increase the energy supplying ability of the system from 48.9% to 87.5%. In addition to analyzing the application of the hydrogen storage system, the effect of four different kinds of fuel is considered as well. effects of Natural gas, Diesel, Propane, and LPG on the system's application are investigated in this study. Results indicate that natural gas emits less amount of CO2 compared to other fuels and also has a fuel cost of 3054 $/year, while hydrogen ESS is available. For the renewable system without ESS, the fuel cost rises to 10,266 $/year. However, liquid gas, Propane, and LPG have better performance in terms of CO2 emission and fuel cost, respectively.     

Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen energy for renewable energy power smoothing

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy (mainly wind power and photovoltaic) connected to the grid, the fluctuation of renewable energy power brings great challenges to the safe and reliable operation of power grid. As a clean, low-carbon secondary energy, hydrogen energy is applied in renewable energy (mainly wind power and photovoltaic) grid-connected power smoothing, which opens up a new way of coupling hydrogen storage energy with renewable energy. This paper focuses on the optimization of capacity of electrolyzers and fuel cells and the analysis of system economy in the process of power output smoothing of wind/photovoltaic coupled hydrogen energy grid-connected system. Based on the complementary characteristics of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and chemical reaction optimization algorithm (CROA), a particle swarm optimization-chemical reaction optimization algorithm (PSO-CROA) are proposed. Aiming at maximizing system profit, the capacity of electrolyzers and fuel cells are constrained by wind power fluctuation, and considering environmental benefits, government subsidies and time value of funds, the objective function and its constraints are established. According to the simulation analysis, by comparing the calculated results with PSO and CROA, it shows that PSO-CROA effectively evaluates the economy of the system, and optimizes the optimal capacity of the electrolyzers and fuel cells. The conclusion of this paper is of great significance for the application of hydrogen energy storage in the evaluation of power smoothness and economy of renewable energy grid connection and the calculation of economic allocation of hydrogen energy storage capacity.     

Techno-economical evaluation of a hydrogen refuelling station powered by Wind-PV hybrid power system: A case study for İzmir-Çeşme

Hydrogen fuelling station is an infrastructure for the commercialisation of hydrogen energy utilising fuel cells, particularly, in the automotive sector. Hydrogen fuel produced by renewable sources such as the solar and wind energy can be an alternative fuel to depress the use of fuels based on fossil sources in the transport sector for sustainable clean energy strategy in future. By replacing the primary fuel with hydrogen fuel produced using renewable sources in road transport sector, environmental benefits can be achieved. In the present study, techno-economic analysis of hydrogen refuelling station powered by wind-photovoltaics (PV) hybrid power system to be installed in ?zmir-Çe?me, Turkey is performed. This analysis is carried out to a design of hydrogen refuelling station which is refuelling 25 fuel cell electric vehicles on a daily basis using hybrid optimisation model for electric renewable (HOMER) software. In this study, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) surface meteorology and solar energy database were used. Therefore, the average wind speed during the year was assessed to be 5.72 m/s and the annual average solar irradiation was used to be 5.08 kW h/m²/day for the considered site. According to optimisation results obtained for the proposed configuration, the levelised cost of hydrogen production was found to be US $7.526–7.866/kg in different system configurations. These results show that hydrogen refuelling station powered by renewable energy is economically appropriate for the considered site. It is expected that this study is the pre-feasibility study and obtained results encougare the hydrogen refuelling station to be established in Turkey by inventors or public institutions.     

Pathways to a more sustainable production of energy: sustainable hydrogen—a research objective for Shell

Towards a sustainable energy supply is a clear direction for exploratory research in Shell. Examples of energy carriers, which should be delivered to the envisaged sustainable energy markets, are bio-fuels, produced from biomass residues, and hydrogen (or electricity), produced from renewable sources. In contrast to the readily available ancient sunlight stored in fossil fuels, the harvesting of incident sunlight will be intermittent, efficient electricity and hydrogen storage technologies need to be developed. Research to develop those energy chains is going on, but the actual transformation from current fossil fuel based to sustainable energy markets will take a considerable time. In the meantime the fossil fuel based energy markets have to be transformed to mitigate the impact of the use of fossil fuels. Some elements in this transformation are fuels for ultra-clean combustion (hydrocarbons and oxygenates), hydrogen from fossil fuels, fuels for processors for fuel cells, carbon sequestration.     

氢能与燃料电池能源系统

基于对世界能源需求、氢能的特点和应用的分析,论证了氢能作为替代能源和未来主要能源构成的现实性;通过对氢气制备与储存技术和燃料电池技术进展的简要分析,论证了氢能利用的可行性;介绍了三种燃料电池能源系统;简论了氢经济转化的主要障碍是燃料电池技术发展和氢能基础设施建设。     

A review on hydrogen production and utilization: Challenges and opportunities

Environment-friendly, safe and reliable energy supplies are indispensable to society for sustainable development and high life quality where even though social, environmental, political and economic challenges may play a vital role in their provision. Our continuously growing energy demand is driven by extensive growth in economic development and population and places an ever-increasing burden on fossil fuel utilization that represent a substantial percentage of this increasing energy demand but also creates challenges associated with increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource depletion. Such challenges make the global transition obligatory from conventional to renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is emerging as a new energy vector outside its typical role and receiving more recognition globally as a potential fuel pathway, as it offers advantages in use cases and unlike synthetic carbon-based fuels can be truly carbon neutral or even negative on a life cycle basis. This review paper provides critical analysis of the state-of-the-art in blue and green hydrogen production methods using conventional and renewable energy sources, utilization of hydrogen, storage, transportation, distribution and key challenges and opportunities in the commercial deployment of such systems. Some of the key promising renewable energy sources to produce hydrogen, such as solar and wind, are intermittent; hydrogen appears to be the best candidate to be employed for multiple purposes blending the roles of fuel energy carrier and energy storage modality. Furthermore, this study offers a comparative assessment of different non-renewable and renewable hydrogen production systems based on system design, cost, global warming potential (GWP), infrastructure and efficiency. Finally the key challenges and opportunities associated with hydrogen production, storage, transportation and distribution and commercial-scale deployment are addressed.     

Development of a dynamic regenerative fuel cell system

The development of a regenerative Integrated Renewable Energy Experiment (IRENE) is presented. IRENE is a laboratory-scale distributed energy system with a modular structure which can be re-configured to test newly developed components for generic regenerative systems integrating renewable energy, electrolysis, hydrogen and electricity storage and fuel cells. A special design feature of this test bed is the ability to accept transient inputs from and provide transient loads to real devices as well as from simulated energy sources/sinks. The findings of this study should be of interest to developers of small-scale renewable-regenerative systems intended to displace fossil fuel systems.     

The role of hydrogen and fuel cells to store renewable energy in the future energy network – potentials and challenges

The penetration of renewable energy sources is expected to rapidly increase from 15% to 50% in 2050 due to their vital contribution to the global energy requirements, sustainability and quality of life in economical, environmental and health aspects. This huge rise highlights the necessity of development of energy storage systems, especially for intermittency renewable energies such as solar photovoltaic and wind turbine, in order to balance the energy network. In this study, renewable energy options including pumped hydro, pressurized air, flywheels, Li ion batteries, hydrogen and super-capacitors are compared based on a specific set of criteria. The criteria considered are energy/power density, ease of integration with the existing energy network, cost effectiveness, durability, efficiency and safety. Our study showed that storing renewable energy sources in the form of hydrogen through the electrolysis process is ranked as the most promising option considering the mentioned criteria. It brings about several benefits suggesting that hydrogen and fuel cells are promising contributors towards a more sustainable future, both in energy demand and environmental sustainability.     

Advanced optimal planning for microgrid technologies including hydrogen and mobility at a real microgrid testbed

This paper investigates the optimal planning of microgrids including the hydrogen energy system through mixed-integer linear programming model. A real case study is analyzed by extending the only microgrid lab facility in Austria. The case study considers the hydrogen production via electrolysis, seasonal storage and fueling station for meeting the hydrogen fuel demand of fuel cell vehicles, busses and trucks. The optimization is performed relative to two different reference cases which satisfy the mobility demand by diesel fuel and utility electricity based hydrogen fuel production respectively. The key results indicate that the low emission hydrogen mobility framework is achieved by high share of renewable energy sources and seasonal hydrogen storage in the microgrid. The investment optimization scenarios provide at least 66% and at most 99% carbon emission savings at increased costs of 30% and 100% respectively relative to the costs of the diesel reference case (current situation).