生物质合成二甲醚的技术经济分析

能源与环境安全引发了世界范围内替代能源的开发热。二甲醚（DME）燃料性能优秀，安全无毒，兼容性好，能通过生物质合成，因此成为备受关注的可再生替代能源。通过对利用云南省生物质资源合成DME进行技术经济分析，以及对二甲醚成本的敏感性分析表明，运输费用和秸秆收购价格影响二甲醚的售价和投资利润率。计算结果表明，利用生物质制取二甲醚具有可竞争性。     

国际期刊速览

<正>从系统角度为中国最大限度减缓气候变化的最佳秸秆利用政策建模《可再生能源与可持续能源评论》(Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews)了解秸秆资源用作肥料、饲料和替代化石能源之间的竞争优势对于最大限度地减缓气候变化至关重要。着眼于减缓全球气候变暖,宋国宝等人2016年发表在《可再生能源与可持续能源评论》上的文章,根据现有生命周期评估的研究建立了一个中国的秸秆最优化利用的不确定性模型,基于14种转化技术在节能和减少温室气体(GHG)的优点,文章提出的秸秆利用模式可以节约中国0.75EJ(7.5×10~(17)焦耳)的能源,并且每年平均减少温室气体2.770亿吨二氧化碳当     

西藏农村能源消费及环境影响研究

西藏农村人口现有220多万，占全区总人口80％以上，农村经济落后，城乡差距很大。西藏农村能源资源主要有水力、地热、太阳能、风力、林木和畜粪等，煤炭、石油、天然气等高热值的优质能源很少。在这种经济发展水平及能源资源基础条件下，农村能源消费中高热值的现代能源比重很低，主要以生物质能如薪柴、牛粪、草皮等为主。这种低水平的能源消费结构已经对西藏脆弱的生态环境造成了巨大的破坏，西藏未来的能源发展战略迫切需要改变农村目前的消费结构，应发展太阳能、风能、农村小水电及输入高热值的化石能源替代目前生物质能的消费，减少因能源消费对西藏生态环境的破坏。     

普通民众究竟能为节能降耗做多大贡献 “节能20%公民行动”在京启动

随着全球气候变暖,能源供需矛盾日趋激烈,可持续发展已经成为全人类的共识,能源、资源、环境也已成为人们关注的沉重话题,世界各国在研究新能源和替代能源的同时,也都在积极探索节能降耗的新思路、新途径。     

太阳能:能源和环保的终极方案

石油争夺战越发丑恶,替代能源已不复是纸上谈兵,而太阳能是最清洁、廉价、安全和可持续的。我国利用太阳能的地理条件和原料生产条件都占有绝对优势,现有的技术也不落后于他国。若有政府的大力支持,发挥举国体制的优越性,用坚定的产业政策支持太阳能发电,20年内太阳能就可替代所有的化石能源,可一劳永逸地解决我国的能源短缺和环境污染问题。     

雾霾警示中国必须改变能源消费结构

化石能源以及以化石燃料为驱动的生产生活模式正是当前雾霾问题的罪魁祸首。整个人类文明都建立在石炭纪储存的碳资源上,可是,人类为此正在面临气候变化、化石能源枯竭的问题,这足以毁灭整个人类文明,危及地球生态。我们面前只有一条路:改变能源消费结构,逐渐提高可再生能源在工业经济中的比例,最终摆脱对化石能源的依赖。毫无疑问,太阳能光发电(光伏)是迄今最理想的能源生产形式。光伏产业能否迎来大发展,不仅关系着中国未来的经济发展,而且也将决定性地影响未来的环境形势。     

基于聚类分析的我国各地化石能源足迹与经济发展定量研究

利用改进后的化石能源足迹公式计算了2000—2009年我国30个地区的人均化石能源足迹,并分别对2000年和2009年中国各地区的数据进行聚类分析,发现我国地区人均化石能源足迹由无明显地域特征转变为东部高于中西部,经济发达地区高于欠发达地区,且能源使用效率和经济发展水平间联系逐渐加强。通过对不同类别代表性地区人均化石能源足迹的分析判断,以北京、上海和广东为代表的发达地区化石能源消耗增长开始趋于缓和甚至出现小幅下降。     

低碳经济——我们的选择——简评《低碳经济论》

最近拜读了张坤民教授主编的《低碳经济论》,此书唤起了我对低碳经济的关注及研究。什么是低碳经济？“低碳经济”这一概念最早源于2003年英国政府发布的能源白皮书《我们的未来一创造低碳经济》。这是因为英国当时对能源的进口依赖度很高，出于对能源供给和国家能源安全角度的考虑，提出了“低碳经济”，希望发展其他清洁能源以降低对化石能源的依赖。而现在，     

1980--2009年中国经济增长对化石能源消耗的依赖关系

随着中国经济的发展，我国高化石能源消耗问题也越来越突出。计算了1980--2009年中国人均化石能源足迹，并将其与人均GDP联系起来进行研究，发现在这30年中我国人均化石能源消耗和人均GDP都呈现逐步增长趋势，在用E—G两步法进行协整检验的过程中发现两者存在长期稳定的均衡关系；采用格兰杰因果检验进行进一步的验证分析发现，我国人均化石能源足迹和人均GDP之间互为因果关系，进一步说明我国经济发展对能源消耗尤其是化石能源消耗具有依赖性，且经济发展会进一步刺激化石能源使用的增加。因此，采取节能降耗措施应从调整产业结构和能源消费结构入手，在降低能耗期间我国会出现经济增长放缓的现象。     

建设循环经济型化工企业

循环经济是通过清洁生产技术、信息技术、能源综合利用技术、回收和再循环技术、资源重复利用和替代技术、环境监测技术以及网络运输技术等等,减少单位产出资源的消耗,节约使用资源;通过清洁生产,减少生产过程中污染排放甚至"零"排放;通过废弃物综合回收利用和再生利用,实现物质资源的循环使用;通过垃圾无害化处理,实现生态环境的永久平衡,最终目标是实现经济和社会可持续发展.     

Advancement of renewables in Bangladesh and Thailand: Policy intervention and institutional settings

This article reviews and analyses the advancement of renewable sources of energy in Bangladesh and Thailand in terms of policy intervention and institutional settings. Since renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gas compared with fossil fuels, their use should mitigate climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services. The article turns first to a review of energy–environment trends and the potential for renewables in these two nations. It then discusses strategies for the advancement of renewables. It is argued that further significant efforts can be made towards the advancement of renewables in Bangladesh and Thailand. These two nations could also learn from the experience in industrialized nations and other developing nations with regard to requisite policy instruments and processes. A number of barriers remain to the advancement of renewables, especially in terms of policy arrangements, institutional settings, financing mechanisms and technologies. Resources, cooperation and learning are required in order to overcome such barriers and to foster the development of necessary policy measures. Implementation of the clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, and replication and adaptation of effective strategies from other settings are possible avenues for this.     

Turkish Sugar Production Potential and Use of Waste of Sugar Beet as Energy Source

Abstract

Biomass energy is the most renewable energy resource in the world. Biomass energy is derived from plant and animal material, such as wood from forests, residues from agricultural and forestry processes, and industrial, human or animal wastes. The production of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel has the potential to replace significant quantities of fossil fuels in many transport applications, electricity, generate heat and steam, etc. In this study, Turkish sugar sector and sugar capacity, residue quantitiy and its possibility of utilization is examined.     

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: THE CASE OF BRAZIL

Industrial nations have based their economic and social development on the use of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas). This trend is being followed by many developing countries which have neither the natural resources nor the manpower to adopt this path. As a result one finds in many of these countries 'islands of prosperity' (based on consumption patterns copied from industrial nations) surrounded by a 'sea of poverty.' The problems resulting from this dual social structure are obvious in many parts of the world. It is argued here that renewable energy sources are a natural basis for the development of the poorer countries and that intelligent use of hydropower, biomass and direct solar energy can shortcut many of the problems faced today by industrial nations. The case of Brazil is analyzed as one of the countries in which these solutions are being tried.     

Alternative energy: Environmental and economic factors associated with renewable energy and creating new integrated energy management systems

At best, the future of alternative and renewable energy remains uncertain. Our dependency on fossil fuels is already depleting world supplies of coal and petroleum while increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Most assuredly, the ability of alternative energy, described in this article as biomass, hydrogen, wind, solar, and geothermal power, to compete and even integrate with fossil fuels will depend on several important variables: First, developing, as well as developed, countries must be willing to direct long-term public and private funding towards innovative energy technologies by increasing research and promoting public education. Secondly, the “bottom line” economics associated with alternative energy technology must clearly show a positive cost/benefit ratio. Revenues and not deficits are paramount to the sustainability of alternative energy. Lastly, many experts argue for the environmental benefits of alternative energy by way of carbon reductions. The 1997 Kyoto Global Warming Treaty requires the United States in particular to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning by 7 percent below 1990 levels. While many experts argue that reactions to global warming and the alternative energy benefits anticipated because of them are fiscally irresponsible and not worth the billions of tax dollars intended, we can be assured that a business-as-usual attitude will continue without increased government and public support.© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The role of electricity in sustainable development

Current projections estimating world population growth read in conjunction with corresponding projections of increased world energy consumption, point to electricity as the cleaner fuel of the future, especially because of its high efficiency and low levels of pollution. Due mostly to the fact that the electrical end-use devices are considerably more efficient than those using other forms of energy, most developed countries show decreasing curves of energy intensity as technologies become more sophisticated and shift over to increased reliance on electricity. It is therefore argued in this article that a gradual shift away from fossil fuels to electricity is a promising possibility to bring down global air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases to acceptable levels. Examples are given of greater efficiency achieved by electrification. Overall gains in energy efficiency from the change over from fossil fuels to electricity, are possible even in situations where the electricity is generated by fossil fuel combustion, despite the loss of primary energy in the conversion process. The article also presents electricity generating projects designed for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. The generation of electricity from the combustion of renewable sources (biomass waste), fossil fuels, and other innovative methods are outlined.     

Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production1

Elcock, Deborah, 2010. Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):447-460. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00413.x Abstract: This study investigates how meeting domestic energy production targets for both fossil and renewable fuels may affect future water demand. It combines projections of energy production developed by the U.S. Department of Energy with estimates of water consumption on a per-unit basis (water-consumption coefficients) for coal, oil, gas, and biofuels production, to estimate and compare the domestic freshwater consumed. Although total domestic freshwater consumption is expected to increase by nearly 7% between 2005 and 2030, water consumed for energy production is expected to increase by nearly 70%, and water consumed for biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) production is expected to increase by almost 250%. By 2030, water consumed in the production of biofuels is projected to account for nearly half of the total amount of water consumed in the production of all energy fuels. Most of this is for irrigation, and the West North Central Region is projected to consume most of this water in 2030. These findings identify an important potential future conflict between renewable energy production and water availability that warrants further investigation and action to ensure that future domestic energy demand can be met in an economically efficient and environmentally sustainable manner.     

Integrating renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

Using renewable energy sources along with fossil fuels can help reduce our dependency on imported oil while also cutting greenhouse gas emissions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Processing of Straw/Corn Stover: Comparison of Life Cycle Emissions

The LCA emissions from four renewable energy routes that convert straw/corn stover into usable energy are examined. The conversion options studied are ethanol by fermentation, syndiesel by oxygen gasification followed by Fischer Tropsch synthesis, and electricity by either direct combustion or biomass integrated gasification and combined cycle (BIGCC). The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of these four options are evaluated, drawing on a range of studies, and compared to the conventional technology they would replace in a western North American setting. The net avoided GHG emissions for the four energy conversion processes calculated relative to a “business as usual” case are 830 g CO₂e/kWh for direct combustion, 839 g CO₂e/kWh for BIGCC, 2,060 g CO₂e/L for ethanol production, and 2,440 g CO₂e/L for FT synthesis of syndiesel. The largest impact on avoided emissions arises from substitution of biomass for fossil fuel. Relative to this, the impact of emissions from processing of fossil fuel, e.g., refining of oil to produce gasoline or diesel, and processing of biomass to produce electricity or transportation fuels, is minor.     

Renewable energy: Biomass power and biofuels as alternative sustainable energy sources

This article describes biomass fuels as renewable and sustainable energy resources in Minnesota as well as across the United States. This country has long benefited from surplus supplies of diverse energy resources, while our dependency on foreign petroleum supplies and domestic coal reserves has only recently prompted Congress to recognize the importance of renewable and alternative fuels such as biomass energy. Our further utilization of biomass power and biofuels can be an important step in altering our dependency on both coal and petroleum while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide emissions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Investigation effect of hydrogen addition on the performance and exhaust emissions of Pongamia pinnata biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine

In the recent decades, the energy demand for transport and industrial sector has increased considerably. Fossil fuels which were the major fuel source for decades are no more sustainable. Biodiesel is an efficient alternative compared to depleting fossil fuels. The prospect of biodiesel as the best alternative fuel is a reliable source compared to depleting fossil fuels. Hydrogen is also considered as an attractive alternative fuel producing low emission with improved engine performance. This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine using hydrogen as an inducted fuel and biodiesel, aka Pongamia pinnata as injected fuel. The experiments are conducted for different quantities of hydrogen induction through the intake manifold in order to improve the performance of the engine. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust temperature and emission quantities like HC, NO_X, CO, CO₂ of biodiesel fueled CI engine with variable mass flow rate of hydrogen are investigated. The performances of biodiesel combined with hydrogen at varying mass flow rates are also compared. The 10 LPM hydrogen induction with biodiesel provided 0.33% increase of brake thermal efficiency compared with diesel and increase of 3.24% to biodiesel at 80% loading conditions. The emission of HC decreased by 13 ppm, CO decreased by 0.02% by volume and CO₂ decreased by 3.8% by volume for biodiesel with induction of hydrogen at 10 LPM to that of neat biodiesel for 80% load conditions.