Characteristics of Light Transmission in Summer and Winter and Its Relation on Sediment Transport in the East China Sea

Light transmission data collected from June to July 1987 and from February to March 1997 by the R/V Kexue 1 in the East China Sea were used to analyze its distribution characteristics and its relation to the sediment transport in this sea. Some results obtained were: (1) The Taiwan Warm Current flowing northwards seemed to be a barrier preventing suspended matter discharged from the Changjiang River Estuary from continuously moving southeastward and causing the suspended matter to flow along a path near 123°30′E in summer and 123°00′E in winter. (2) Suspended matter in the area adjacent to the Changjiang River Estuary could not be transported southward along the coast in summer due to opposing offshore currents including the Taiwan Warm Current flowing northward and the Changjiang Diluted Water turning northeastward. (3) The thermocline and temperature front bar suspended matter from crossing through.     

PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON RIVER WATER CHEMISTRY IN CHINA

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MIXING OF SALT WATER AND FRESH WATER IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY AND ITS EFFECTS ON SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Using field hydrological data, the relationship between the mixing of salt water and fresh water and the tidal range/ high tidal level in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary is discussed, and the transporting and concentrating of suspended sediment in the estuary were also analysed in respect to the circulation, flocculation and stratified interface resulting from mixing.The calculation results by two-dimentional box model have confirmed the effects of the circulation on the concentrating of suspended sediment in the estuary. The conclusions derived from this work have deepened the understanding on the mixing in the Changjiang River estuary and are of significance in bo'th theory and practice.     

太湖水质参数MODIS的遥感定量提取方法

本文利用MODIS数据的可见光、近红外波段和准实时的地面采样数据,分别利用线性回归模型和神经网络模型反演了太湖的叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度.结果表明,利用MODIS数据的波段组合(M2/M8)和(M2/M9)可估算太湖的叶绿素a浓度;而MODIS数据的波段组合(M12/M17)、(M13/M17)及MODIS(M4)波段能定量估算太湖的悬浮物浓度,但估算精度仍不能满足实际需要.因此,构建了一个以MODIS可见光及近红外波段为输入,以太湖水质参数为输出的2层BP神经网络模型反演太湖的水质参数,大大提高了反演精度.     

Characteristics of Light Transmission in Summer and Winter and Its Relation to Sediment Transport in the East China Sea

INTRODUCTIONTheSubeiShoalandtheChangjiangRiverestuarineareainthewestoftheHuanghaiandEastChinaSeasisoneofthemarginalseasintheworld ,wheresuspendedmatterisextremelyhigh .Here ,notonlyistheretheTaiwanWarmCurrentoneoftheKuroshio’sbranchesintheEastChinaSea,butalsotheHuanghaiCoastalCurrent,andChangjiangDilutedWater.Sothestrongmixingbetweenthecoastalandoffshorewaterscomplicatessuspendedmatterdistributioninthisarea.HowthesuspendedmatterdischargedfromtheChangjiangRiverandtheabandonedHuan…     

Influences of hydrological regime on heavy metal and saltion concentrations in intertidal sediment from Chongming Dongtan,Changjiang River estuary,China

The tidal flat along the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary has long been reclaimed for the agricultural purposes, with the prevailing hydrological conditions during such pedogenic transformations being of great importance to their successful development. In this study, samples of surface sediment from Chongming Dongtan, situated at the mouth of the Changjiang River estuary, were collected and analyzed in order to understand how hydrological management can influence the concentrations of heavy metals and salt ions in pore water, and chemical fractionation of heavy metals during the reclamation process. We performed a series of experiments that simulated three dif ferent hydrological regimes: permanent flooding(R1), alternative five-day periods of wetting and drying(R2), continuous field capacity(R3). Our results exhibited good Pearson correlations coefficients between heavy metals and salt ions in the pore water for both R1 and R2. In particular, the concentrations of salt ions in the pore water decreased in all three regimes, but showed the biggest decline in R2. With this R2 experiment, the periodic concentration patterns in the pore water varied for Fe and Mn, but not for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Neither the fractionation of Ni nor the residual fractions of any metals changed significantly in any regime. In R1, the reducible fractions of heavy metals(Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the sediment decreased, while the acid extractable fractions increased. In R2, the acid extractable and the reducible fractions of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb both decreased, as did the oxidizable fraction of Cu. These data suggest that an alternating hydrological regime can reduce both salinity and the availability of heavy metals in sediments.     

Factorial analysis of annual erosion-accretion cycles of tidal flats in the front area of the southern Changjiang river delta

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Study on suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea

Distribution of suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea is investigated in five regions: 1) the Northern Jiangsu bank, the highest TSM (total suspended matter) content region; 2) the high TSM content region off the Changjiang River mouth; 3) the high TSM content region off the Chengshan Cape; 4) the low TSM region off Haizhou Bay; 5) the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea, a low TSM content region. The vertical distribution of TSM is mainly characterized by a spring layer of suspended matter, written as “suspended-cline” whose genesis is related to storms in winter. In this paper, non-combustible components and grain sizes in suspended matter, relationship between suspended matter and bottom sediments, and salinity in seawater are described. Investigation result shows that, in this area, suspended matter comes mainly from resuspended bottom sediment and secondarily from present discharge loads from rivers and biogenic materials. Discharged sediments from the Huanghe River move around the Chengshan Cape and affect the northwestern region of this area. Sediments from the Changjiang River affect only the southern part and have little or no direct influence on the central deep region. Wave is the main factor affecting distribution of suspended matter. Water depth controls the critical depth acted on by waves. The cold water mass in the central region limits horizontal and vertical dispersions of terrigenous materials. Suspended matter here has the transitional properties of the epicontinental sea. Its concentration and composition are different from those of a semi-closed sea (such as the Bohai Sea) and those of the East China Sea outer continental shelf or those near oceanic areas.     

Construction of lake bathymetry from MODIS satellite data and GIS from 2003 to 2011

In recent years, sedimentation conditions in Dongting Lake have varied greatly because of significant changes in runoff and sediment load in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River following the construction of Three Gorges Dam. The topography of the lake bottom has changed rapidly because of the intense exchange of water and sediment between the lake and the Changjiang River. However, time series information on lake-bottom topographic change is lacking. In this study, we introduced a method that combines remote sensing data and in situ water level data to extract a record of Dongting Lake bottom topography from 2003 to 2011. Multi-temporal lake land/water boundaries were extracted from MODIS images using the linear spectral mixture model method. The elevation of water/land boundary points were calculated using water level data and spatial interpolation techniques. Digital elevation models of Dongting Lake bottom topography in different periods were then constructed with the multiple heighted waterlines. The mean root-mean-square error of the linear spectral mixture model was 0.036, and the mean predicted error for elevation interpolation was -0.19 m. Compared with field measurement data and sediment load data, the method has proven to be most applicable. The results show that the topography of the bottom of Dongting Lake has exhibited uneven erosion and deposition in terms of time and space over the last nine years. Moreover, lake-bottom topography has undergone a slight erosion trend within this period, with 58.2% and 41.8% of the lake-bottom area being eroded and deposited, respectively.     

Factorial analysis of annual erosion-accretion cycles of tidal flats in the front area of the southern Changjiang river delta

Based on surveyed data from seven coastal sections and the collected data of wind, sea level, tide, nearshore suspended sediment concentration and river flux from adjacent stations, this paper deals with regressive correlation between monthly average flat elevation and monthly average figures of the influential factors. All sections except one which is located within the river mouth showed negative correlation between flat elevation and sea level and between flat elevation and tidal range, with correlation coefficients being −0.53 – −0.91 (−0.77 on the average) in the former condition and −0.56 – −0.97 (−0.80 on the average) under the latter. Each of the sections with available suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data shows a positive correlation between flat elevation and SSC, with correlative coefficients being 0.35 – 0.97 (0.66 on the average). Only two sections (one in the Changjiang River Estuary and the other in the Hangzhou Bay) which are similar to beaches in sediment grain-size and slope gradient showed a negative correlation between flat elevation and onshore wind frequency and between flat elevation and average wind velocity, with correlative coefficients being respectively −0.57 and −0.69 (−0.63 on the average) in the former situation and −0.61 and −0.75 (−0.68 on the average) in the latter. Other sections did not show uniform relationship between flat elevation and wind conditions. Due to local marine factors the nearshore SSC in the studied area is negatively correlated with the Changjiang River sediment flux (r=−0.78), which results in false negative correlation between flat elevation and river sediment flux. The paper also gives sediment dynamic and morphodynamic explanation for the above correlations. Sea level rise results in the spread of breaker zone from subtidal area to intertidal area and then increases the intertidal water energy. The larger the tidal range, the stronger the tide currents and the easier for the flat to be eroded. The higher the SSC of flood water, the easier for the sediment to deposit down. Because of correlations among the influential factors, it is difficult to give the prime one which dominates the erosion and accretion processes in tidal flats.     

Assessment of total suspended sediment concentrations in Poyang Lake using HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery

We explored the potential of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellations (HJ-1A/1B satellites) charge-coupled device (CCD) imagery (spatial resolution of 30 m, revisit time of 2 days) in the monitoring of total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations in dynamic water bodies using Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, as an example. Field surveys conducted during October 17-26, 2009 showed a wide range of TSS concentration (3-524 mg/L). Atmospheric correction was implemented using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) module in ENVI with the aid of aerosol information retrieved from concurrent Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surveys, which worked well at the CCD bands with relatively high reflectance. A practical exponential retrieval algorithm was created between satellite remote sensing reflectance and in-situ measured TSS concentration. The retrieved results for the whole water area matched the in-situ data well at most stations. The retrieval errors may be related to the problem of scale matching and mixed pixel. In three selected subregions of Poyang Lake, the distribution trend of retrieved TSS was consistent with that of the field investigation. It was shown that HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery can be used to estimate TSS concentrations in Poyang Lake over synoptic scales after applying an appropriate atmospheric correction method and retrieval algorithm.     

Application of MODIS data in monitoring suspended sediment of Taihu Lake,China

Application of MODIS in ocean color is mainly based on bands 8-16 with the spatial resolution of 1 000 m.This spatial resolution,however,can not meet the application demand of inland waters where the areas are relatively small.With the assumption of the black water at shortwave infrared(SWIR) wavelengths(>1 000 nm),we first propose an atmospheric correction method for bands 1 and 2 with their spatial resolution of 250 m,and we then establish a quantitative retrieval model for suspended sediment concentratio...     

TRANSPORT OF SUSPENDED MATTER FROM THE CHANGJIANG RIVER TO THE EAST CHINA SEA SHELF

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Ecological study on protozoa in the sediment of the Three-Gorges Area of the Changjiang River

This paper reports on the study on the protozoan community structure of the immersed sediment in the Three-Gorges Area of the Changjiang River. Protozoa observed included 7 phytoflagellates, 12 zooflagellates, 49 amoebae and 16 ciliates. Sarcodina dominated in sediment, ciliates in water. Analysis of species and horizontal density distribution of protozoan in sediment in 28 sampling points reflected the pollution degree of water quality at every site. It was shown that heavy metal contamination in sediment has some effects on the distribution of protozoan species in the Changjiang River. This study was supported by Chinese National Nature Science Fund No. 386-0595     

STUDY OF RED TIDE PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

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Numerical simulation on the process of saltwater intrusion and its impact on the suspended sediment concentration in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary

To study the relationship between sediment transportation and saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary, a three-dimensional numerical model for temperature, salinity, velocity field, and suspended sediment concentration was established based on the ECOMSED model. Using this model, sediment transportation in the flood season of 2005 was simulated for the Changjiang estuary. A comparison between simulated results and observation data for the tidal level, flow velocity and direction, salinity and suspended sediment concentration indicated that they were consistent in overall. Based on model verification, the simulation of saltwater intrusion and its effect on sediment in the Changjiang estuary was analyzed in detail. The saltwater intrusion in the estuary including the formation, evolution, and disappearance of saltwater wedge and the induced vertical circulation were reproduced, and the crucial impact of the wedge on cohesive and non-cohesive suspended sediment distribution and transportation were successfully simulated. The result shows that near the salinity front, the simulated concentrations of both cohesive and non-cohesive suspended sediment at the surface layer had a strong relationship with the simulated velocity, especially when considering a 1-hour lag. However, in the bottom layer, there was no obvious correlation between them, because the saltwater wedge and its inducing vertical circulation may have resuspended loose sediment on the bed, thus forming a high-concentration area near the bottom even if the velocity near the bottom was very low during the transition phase from flood to ebb.     

基于自组织网络的黄河口浑浊模式研究

传统浑浊度时空变化模式研究依靠野外观测实验,需要投入大量人力物力,模型适用范围亦非常有限。本文利用自组织网络（SOM）,直接从长时序遥感影像中提取典型浑浊模式,分析浑浊度年内、年际变化特征。以黄河河口附近海域为研究区,提取出近15年的6类典型浑浊模式。典型特征显示,研究区内主要有2个浑浊区,位于渤海湾西部和南部,以及河口外和莱州湾西北部;6类模式中四类以年为周期过渡更替,冬春季浑浊度较高,夏秋季浑浊度较低;多年浑浊模式逐渐由中浑浊向清澈模式变化,整体浑浊度有降低趋势。浑浊水体分布主要受河口潮流、环流等海洋动力和风浪影响,结合研究区气象观测数据分析,海面风浪变化是造成浑浊模式更替的主要原因,黄河入海泥沙影响范围仅局限于河口口门周边。利用统计参数分析和2007年各月悬浮泥沙浓度反演结果比较,评价SOM分类效果,结果表明SOM提取的模式间具有显著差异,一定程度上能够代替经验模型反映区域浑浊特征。SOM神经网络能够从长时序遥感影像中直接提取浑浊水体典型分布模式,分析海岸带地区水体浑浊度变化的时空特征,对了解复杂水体泥沙输运及优化水资源利用具有重要应用价值。     

基于超参数优化CatBoost算法的河流悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物浓度（TSM）是水生态环境评价的重要参数之一,及时掌握河流悬浮物浓度动态变化信息对于内陆水质监测、水环境治理是十分必要的。本研究基于野外实测光谱和悬浮物浓度数据,筛选与悬浮物浓度高度相关的波段组合反射率作为自变量,基于CatBoost、随机森林和多元线性回归算法构建悬浮物浓度遥感反演模型,采用带交叉验证的网格搜索法分别对CatBoost和随机森林2种机器学习模型进行超参数调优,确定模型最优参数配置,并对比不同模型反演精度,确定最优模型。基于最优模型,利用2019—2020年多时相Sentinel-2 MSI遥感影像,反演闽江下游悬浮物浓度,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明：① b4/b3、(b6-b3)/(b6+b3)、(b4+b8)/b3、(1/b3-1/b4)×b5是MSI反演闽江下游TSM浓度的最佳波段组合反射率; ② 对比其他2种模型,基于超参数优化的CatBoost算法建立的悬浮物反演模型精度最高,其决定系数R²为0.95,均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对百分比误差MAPE分别为15.32 mg/L和19.68%; ③ 2019—2020年闽江下游悬浮物浓度分布“西低东高”,白沙至琅岐入海口呈升高趋势;④ 悬浮物浓度夏季最高,冬季和秋季次之,春季最低。本研究可为闽江下游悬浮物浓度监测及时空变化分析提供一种有效的技术手段和理论参考。     

Sources of sediment in tidal fl ats off Zhejiang coast,southeast China

The growth of tidal fl ats off Zhejiang coasts in southwestern China has provided substantial areas for local agriculture and construction activities. To evaluate modern and future development of tidal fl ats in the region, a good understanding of sediment sources is necessary. Previous research has concluded that the Changjiang(Yangtze) River is the dominant supplier of sediments to this part of the southeast Chinese coast, despite the fact that sediment delivery from this source has been decreased markedly in the past two decades. In this study, we investigated the sources of tidal fl at sediments, and the magnetic and geochemical properties of recent tidal fl at sediments along the Zhejiang coast were compared with those discharged from rivers. Magnetic and geochemical properties of the tidal fl at samples reveal statistically distinct sediment provenance groups. The magnetic and geochemical scatter plots show that the suspended sediment samples are naturally divided into two diff erent groups, one including the Changjiang River and Qiantang River material, and the other including the Jiaojiang, Oujiang, and Feiyun Rivers that located in the central and southern parts of the study areas. At last, a binary source of tidal fl at sediments along the Zhejiang coast was determined, with the substantial majority originating from local rivers, while a much smaller proportion emanates from the Changjiang River to the north. We conclude that the sediment contribution of the Changjiang River to tidal fl at development in the region has been markedly overestimated, with important implications for management.     

MONITORING THE DIFFUSION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS AND STABILITY OF TIDAL RADIAL SAND RIDGES AREA USING MULTI-SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA

Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyse the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the northern part of the Changjiang River delta, the South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the diffusion of suspended sediments was controlled by the tide, net current, and submarine topography in this area. The distribution of suspended sediments had close relationship with thesubmarine topography. The old Huanghe River delta and the Changjiang River comprise the main sediment supply for the formation of radial sand ridges, whose evolution can be divided into three stages since the Huangbe River changed its course and flowed northward into the Bohai Sea.