小麦抗禾缢管蚜的生化研究

通过福林法、葸酮法、滴定法等分别测定了不同抗蚜性小麦品种植株中酚、糖含量及酸度。结果表明：小麦对禾缢管蚜尺Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的抗性与小麦体内酚含量有关,抗性强的小麦其体内含酚量相对高,反之低。同时小麦抗性的强弱与体内糖含量,酸度亦有相关性。另外还测走了在不同抗性小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶及羧酸酯酶的活性,结果表明在抗性强的小麦品种上生长的蚜虫体内淀粉酶,羧酸酯酶活性强,反之弱。     

棉花抗蚜性及抗性遗传机制研究进展

从形态抗蚜性、生化抗蚜性和诱导抗蚜性等 3个方面总结了棉花对棉蚜抗性机制的研究进展。其中 ,形态抗性来源于叶片茸毛等一些主要物理性状 ,生化抗性则与单宁类、萜烯类化合物等次生物质以及氨基酸、可溶性糖等营养物质有关 ,而诱导抗性主要通过为害胁迫和外源刺激 2种途径诱导产生。文章还对棉花部分形态抗蚜性状遗传机制的研究做了概述。这些研究为深入利用棉化的抗蚜性从而达到控制棉蚜的发生提供了依据     

主要抗蚜小麦品种(系)的抗性类型及其生化抗性机制

通过对10个抗麦蚜品种(系)室内苗期生命参数、抗性类型和抗蚜次生物质的研究,明确了不同抗性级别的品种对麦蚜种群控制力及部分生化抗蚜机制。实验结果表明,参试的抗蚜品种(系)中30%左右为不选择性：表现为爬行频繁,定殖率低,但是定殖个体生长发育良好;70%为抗生性;表现为使麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾谷缢管蚜只Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)的发育历期分别延长2.1%～28.2%和3.7%～13.9%,若蚜死亡率增加1.0～3.6倍和1.0～2.25倍,平均寿命缩短10.2%～96.5%和37.5～97,1%,繁殖力下降3.4%～72.8%和25%～97.2%。苗期生化测定结果表明：不同抗源的单宁和总酚含量明显高于感蚜品种,其总酚含量与抗麦长管蚜级别呈显著负相关,以抗生性为主的品种其总酚含量亦与麦长管蚜的内禀增长力(r_m)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明总酚是小麦抗长管蚜的关键因子之一,而与禾谷缢管蚜抗性水平无关;单宁含量与麦蚜抗性关系不密切。     

我国小麦抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)研究概况

麦长管蚜是我国小麦的重要害虫之一。选育和种植抗虫品种是防治麦长管蚜的理想方法。本文就我国小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源筛选、抗性机制和小麦品种对麦蚜种群动态影响等方面的研究进展进行了概括,同时指出今后应加强小麦抗麦长管蚜基因的研究。     

小麦品种对麦蚜主要生命参数影响的研究

选用经田间鉴定抗蚜性表现不同的１０个小麦品种,在室内外较系统地研究了其对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜存活、生长发育和生殖的影响,分析了室内外试验结果的相关性．结果表明,小麦品种的抗生性并不能造成若蚜个体的直接死亡,但对若蚜发育历期、成蚜寿命和产仔数影响显著,差异均达极显著水平或显著水平．其中对两种蚜虫若蚜发育历期的影响室内外表现了较好的一致性,可作为小麦品种抗蚜性鉴定的主要指标;其次是对成蚜产仔数的影响,禾谷缢管蚜室内外试验结果比较的吻合性也较好     

我国小麦抗蚜机理研究进展

小麦蚜虫是我国重要的害虫类群,应用麦类作物品种抗虫性能有效减少化学杀虫剂的使用,减少天敌杀伤,保护农田生态环境。本文从经典的抗蚜三机制,物理抗性、化学抗性、诱导抗性,蚜虫地理种群(或生物型)与抗蚜性的关系,抗性遗传,抗蚜小麦品种和非寄主抗性的合理应用等方面综述了我国小麦抗蚜机理的研究成果,提出了研究的重点方向。     

小麦品种抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响

本研究采用室内、外结合的方法,分苗期和拔节期,对大田抗蚜性鉴定中表现不同的10个小麦品种的抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示,品种抗性对麦长管蚜的存活率、发育进度、繁殖力有一致的抑制作用;品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。同时通过组建不同品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示了小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜种群增长之间的关系。     

取食感染大麦黄矮病毒的小麦后介体麦长管蚜和非介体禾谷缢管蚜体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性的变化

【目的】小麦黄矮病［病原为大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)］是危害小麦生产的主要病害之一,GAV是BYDV在我国的主流株系,且其在田间与介体麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae 和非介体禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi同时发生,对小麦产量造成严重影响。本研究旨在探究大麦黄矮病毒胁迫下介体和非介体蚜虫体内重要保护酶和解毒酶活性变化规律,为揭示病毒 蚜虫互作生理生化机理提供参考。【方法】利用生化方法测定取食健康小麦(空白对照组),取食前期经无毒麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum 3龄若蚜为害72 h的小麦(条件对照组)及取食前期经携带BYDV-GAV麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害72 h的小麦(处理组)7 d后,介体麦长管蚜与非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等重要保护酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)等重要解毒酶活性变化。【结果】取食前期经BYDV-GAV感染的麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害的小麦7 d后,介体麦长管蚜成蚜体内POD, SOD和AKP活性比空白对照组显著上升,但与条件对照组相比无显著差异;且条件对照组比空白对照组显著上升。取食经BYDV-GAV感染的麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害的小麦7 d后,非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内SOD,AKP和AchE活性比空白对照组显著下降,ACP活性显著上升,但与条件对照组相比仅ACP活性显著上升;且条件对照组禾谷缢管蚜体内AKP和AchE比空白对照组显著下降,ACP活性显著上升。【结论】取食感染BYDV-GAV小麦后介体麦长管蚜成蚜体内POD, SOD和AKP酶活性升高是前期蚜虫的为害造成,与BYDV-GAV无关;非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内AKP和AchE酶活性下降是前期蚜虫为害引起,SOD酶活性下降是前期蚜虫为害和BYDV-GAV的综合作用,而BYDV-GAV和前期蚜虫为害均能使禾谷缢管蚜体内ACP酶活性上升。     

雪花莲凝集素基因转化小麦及转基因小麦抗蚜性的研究

雪花莲凝集素对具有刺吸式口器的同翅目害虫具有毒杀作用。用基因枪法将1个新的雪花莲凝集素(GNA)基因转入普通春小麦品种中-60634和生产上正在推广的冬小麦高产品种——豫麦66中,分别获得了转基因小麦植株。抗蚜实验证明,转化gna基因的小麦植株对我国北方冬麦区的主要麦蚜——麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的抗性效果不尽相同。对禾谷缢管蚜,在接种当代即表现出明显的毒杀作用。对麦长管蚜,则表现为虫体发育减缓并且降低了其所生产的若蚜成活率。在自然放养条件下,gna基因则对这两种麦蚜的取食均起到了一定的抑制作用。     

玉米感染小麦黄矮病（BYDV）初步研究

经研究玉米可被小麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)感染症状与小麦黄矮病类似;以禾谷缢蚜传播能力最强,麦长管蚜、麦二岔蚜和玉米缢蚜亦可传毒;病毒分离物属于小麦黄矮病毒主流株系(麦二岔蚜/禾谷缢蚜株系(GPV类群);与小麦黄矮病的田间相互传病现象明显。     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。     

Searching for wheat resistance to aphids and wheat bulb fly in the historical Watkins and Gediflux wheat collections

Insect pests can reduce wheat yield by direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Here we report results from laboratory and field phenotyping studies on a wide range of wheat, including landraces from the Watkins collection deriving from before the green revolution, more modern cultivars from the Gediflux collection (north‐western Europe) and modern UK Elite varieties, for resistance to the bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae). A total of 338 lines were screened for R. padi and 340 lines for S. avenae. Field trials were also conducted on 122 Watkins lines to identify wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata, preference on these landraces. Considerable variation was shown in insect performance among and within different wheat collections, with reduced susceptibility in a number of varieties, but phenotyping did not identify strong resistance to aphids or wheat bulb fly. Field trials showed within collection differences in aphid performance, with fewer aphids populating lines from the Watkins collection. This differs from development data in laboratory bioassays and suggests that there is a pre‐alighting cue deterring aphid settlement and demonstrates differences in aphid preference and performance on older plants in the field compared with seedlings in the laboratory, highlighting the need for phenotyping for aphid resistance at different plant growth stages. No association was identified between performance of the different insect species on individual varieties, potentially suggesting different nutritional requirements or resistance mechanisms.     

麦蚜的阶段性为害对小麦产量和品质影响的研究

测定麦蚜为害后对小麦产量和品质的影响,结果表朗：麦蚜为害后,可使小麦穗粒数减少18．60％,千粒重下降45．24％,机位数达到30．19％。为害性表现为小麦灌浆前期六于灌浆中后期。小麦灌浆后期,由于蚜虫的为害,面粉中的氨基酸总量和主要氨基酸含量、维生素B1和维生素C含量明显下降。     

小麦蚜虫田间调查及监测技术

小麦蚜虫是世界范围内小麦生产中一类重要害虫。针对麦蚜世代历期短、繁殖力强,具有趋光、趋化及迁飞等生物学及行为习性;在田间多呈聚集分布,且麦蚜易受寄主植物抗性、天敌、气象因素及农田生态条件等生物与非生物因素影响等发生为害特点,本文阐述了我国小麦蚜虫田间调查、监测技术及防治策略,以期为我国小麦蚜虫综合防控提供基础科学支撑。     

Amino acid budgets in three aphid species using the same host plant

Abstract. Nutrient provisioning in aphids depends both on the composition of ingested phloem sap and on the biosynthetic capabilities of the aphid and its intracellular symbionts. Amino acid budgets for three aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), were compared on a single host plant species, wheat Triticum aestivum L. Ingestion of amino acids from phloem, elimination of amino acids in honeydew, and the content of amino acids in aphids tissue were measured. From these values, ingestion rates were estimated and compared to honeydew and to estimated composition of aphid proteins. Ingestion rate was lowest in D. noxia due to low growth rate and low honeydew production; intermediate in S. graminum due to higher growth rate and intermediate honeydew production; and highest in R. padi , which had the highest rates for both variables. Both D. noxia and S. graminum induced increases in the amino acid content of ingested phloem. These changes in phloem content, combined with differences in ingestion rates, resulted in large differences among aphids in estimated rates of ingestion of individual amino acids. In honeydew, most essential amino acids were found in low amounts compared with the amounts ingested, especially for methionine and lysine. A few amino acids (arginine, cystine, histidine and tryptophan) were more abundant in honeydew of some aphids, suggesting oversupply. Aphid species differed in the composition of free amino acids in tissue but showed very similar composition in protein, implying similar requirements among the aphids. In R. padi and D. noxia , most essential amino acids were ingested in amounts insufficient for growth, implying dependence on symbiont provisioning. In S. graminum , most amino acids were ingested in amounts apparently sufficient for growth.     

Characterisation of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) behaviour and aphid host preference in relation to partially resistant and susceptible wheat landraces

The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is a major pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can cause up to 30% yield losses. Heritable plant resistance to aphids is both an economically and ecologically sound method for managing aphids. Here we report how the behaviour and performance of R. padi differs on two resistant, one susceptible wheat landrace and a susceptible elite wheat variety. Feeding behaviour differed among the genotypes, with aphids on resistant lines spending longer in the pathway phase and less time phloem feeding. These behaviours suggest that both inter- and intracellular factors encountered during pathway and phloem feeding phases could be linked to the observed aphid resistance. Locomotion and antennal positioning choice tests also revealed a clear preference for susceptible lines. Although feeding studies revealed differences in the first probe indicating that the resistance factors might also be located in the peripheral layers of the plant tissue, scanning electron microscopy revealed no difference in trichrome length and density on the surface of leaves. Aphids are phloem feeders and limiting the nutrient uptake by the aphids may negatively affect their growth and development as shown here in lower weight and survival of nymphs on resistant genotypes and decreased reproductive potential, with lowest mean numbers of nymphs produced by aphids on W064 (54.8) compared to Solstice (71.9). The results indicate that resistant lines markedly alter the behaviour, reproduction and development potential of R. padi and possess both antixenosis and antibiosis type of resistance.     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响

通过对施用杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威、广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响进行分析 ,结果表明 ,施用杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫防效高 ,对其天敌有保护作用 ,且瓢蚜比降低。使用 1 0 %吡虫啉( 1 0g 667m2 )后 5～ 2 5天瓢蚜比为 1∶34～ 1∶1 70 ;用 50 %抗蚜威 ( 5g 667m2 )后 1 0～ 2 0天瓢蚜比为 1∶31～1∶1 95;而广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果 ( 50mL 667m2 )对麦田蚜虫防效好 ,对天敌杀伤力大 ,药后 1 5天瓢蚜比为1∶2 65。施用化学农药可使蚜茧蜂寄生率提高。     

七种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防治效果研究

【目的】明确25%吡蚜酮SC、3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、25%噻虫嗪WG、14%氯虫·高氯氟ZC、15%高氯·毒死蜱EC、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW和40%毒死蜱EC 7种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和蚜虫的防治效果,为科学、合理用药防治小麦害虫提供参考。【方法】采用喷雾法和剥穗调查法,研究它们对小麦吸浆虫成虫和麦蚜的防效,及防后对小麦吸浆虫幼虫危害损失的影响。【结果】参试药剂药后1 d对小麦吸浆虫成虫防效均高于90%,药后3~5 d防效为84.81%~93.93%,防后挽回损失76%以上;对麦蚜药后1、3、5 d防效分别高于75%、80%和85%。在供试的7种药剂中,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC药后3~5 d对两种害虫防效、挽回吸浆虫危害均超过90%,应用效果最好;其次为25%噻虫嗪WG和40%毒死蜱EC,药后3~5 d对吸浆虫防效高于90%、对麦蚜防效分别高于86%和90%,挽回吸浆虫危害损失88%以上。【结论】供试药剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防效存在显著差异,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC对两种害虫防治效果最好。     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

应用罩笼法定量评价天敌对麦蚜的控害作用

【目的】定量分析麦田自然天敌对麦蚜的控制作用。【方法】系统调查和罩笼接虫法。【结果】龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg是麦蚜的主要天敌。在麦蚜发生平稳期、盛发期、消退期,自然天敌对麦蚜有稳定的控制作用,控害指数分别为35%、42%和32%。【结论】在制定麦蚜的防治策略时,应充分考虑自然天敌的控害作用,加强对自然天敌的保护利用。