Abundance and biomass of heterotrophic microbes in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

1Introduction Heterotrophicmicrobesarenowconsideredtobe significantcomponentsofthestructureandfunctionof marinepelagicecosystems.Heterotrophicbacteriacon- stituteamajorpoolofbiomassinopenecosystem (WilhelmandSuttle,1999).Theyconsumealargepor- tionofprimaryproduction(Li,1998;Sherryetal., 2002;Lietal.,2004),andtheymineralizemostofthe dissolvedorganiccarbonthattheyconsume(Azamet al.,1983;Richetal.,1997;Azam,1998).Therolesof planktonicprotists,suchasheterotrophicflagellates andciliates,inmicro…     

Viruses,bacteria, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates in Laptev Sea plankton

The paper considers the concentrations and functional characteristics of viruses, bacteria, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates determined for the first time in the Laptev Sea in August-September, 2014. The abundance of bacteria, viruses, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates varied from 110.1 × 10³ to 828.4 × 10³ cells/mL, from 384.2 × 10³ to 2932.8 × 10³ particles/mL, and from 108 to 651 cells/mL, respectively. The daily bacterioplankton production varied from 4.2 × 10³ to 381.7 × 10³ cells/mL, with an average of 117.6 × 10³ cells/mL. Electron transmission microscopy has for the first time shown that the frequency of visibly infected bacterial cells varied from 0.2 to 2.0% (0.8% on average) of N_B. The average virus-induced mortality of bacteria was 6.3% of bacterioplankton production, with variations ranging from 1.4 to 16.9%. Grazing on bacteria by heterotrophic nanoflagellates contributed more to bacteria mortality than virus-induced bacterial lysis. By grazing on bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates consumed large quantities of viruses located on the surface and inside bacterial cells.     

2006年秋季长江口及邻近海域微微型浮游生物的分布特征及环境影响因素

2006年10月在长江口及邻近海域采用流式细胞技术测定了微微型浮游生物:聚球藻Synechococcus、微微型光合真核生物(picoeukaryotes)和异养浮游细菌(heterotrophic bacteria)的丰度和碳生物量,研究了其生态分布特点,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,聚球藻、微微型光合真...     

珠江口异养细菌时空分布特征及其调控机制

河口是海陆相互作用的重要地带, 往往呈现出独特的生物地球化学过程, 是研究碳循环过程的重要场所。在春季(2015年5月)、夏季(2015年8月)和冬季(2016年1月)分别对珠江口海域异养附生细菌和游离细菌时空分布及其各自高核酸(HNA)、低核酸(LNA)类群的相对贡献进行了调查研究, 并对其调控因子进行了相应探讨。结果表明, 珠江口异养细菌分布具有明显的时空差异。空间分布上, 珠江口异养细菌丰度自河口上游至下游呈递减趋势, 主要与上游污水输入以及珠江径流与高盐外海水在河口内的混合有关; 在雨季, 河口中下游盐度锋面区出现异养细菌丰度和叶绿素a质量浓度的高值区, 锋面区使营养物质停留时间增加, 促进浮游生物生长。垂直方向上, 表层异养细菌丰度略高于底层。时间尺度上, 异养细菌总丰度在春季最高(表层均值为2.94±1.23×10⁹个 •L^-1, 底层为2.81±1.50×10⁹个 •L^-1), 夏季次之(表层均值为2.32±0.43×10⁹个 •L^-1, 底层为1.90±0.50×10⁹个 •L^-1), 冬季最低(表层均值为1.06±0.33×10⁹个 •L^-1, 底层为9.76± 3.44×10⁸个 •L^-1)。珠江口海域异养细菌以附生细菌为主, 占异养细菌总丰度的16.56%~96.19%, 整体分布较稳定, 冬季最高(平均78.65%)、夏季(70.32%)与春季相近(68.17%)。附生细菌以代谢活跃的HNA类群为主, 游离细菌则主要以LNA类群为主, 代谢活性整体相对较低。     

Microbial pollution indicators and culturable heterotrophic bacteria in a Mediterranean area (Southern Adriatic Sea Italian coasts)

In the present study we evaluated the degree of microbial water pollution along the coast line between Brindisi and Santa Maria di Leuca (Southern Adriatic Sea) as well as the culturable heterotrophic bacteria abundances and biodiversity in relation to the microbiological quality of the water. A total of 3773 colonies were isolated, subcultured and identified by several morphological, cultural and biochemical methods including the standardized API 20 E and API 20 NE tests. Along the examined coastal tract the microbial pollution indicators were always below the tolerance limits for bathing waters defined by the CEE directive, suggesting a good sanitary quality. Concerning culturable heterotrophic bacteria, different temporal density trends were observed in the four sites in relation to their geographical position. A positive relationship between the bacterial abundances and the temperature was observed in S. Cataldo and Otranto. The culturable bacterial community was mainly composed of the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium and Flavobacterium. The Enterobacteriaceae family represented a conspicuous component of the bacterial community too. Bacilli were predominant among the Gram-positive bacteria. Of interest is the isolation of yeasts (2% at the surface and 1% at the bottom) taking into account their capability of biodegradation of various materials. Because of the low level of microbial pollution recorded, our results are indicative of the natural variation and diversity of the culturable bacterial community in such an oligotrophic ecosystem and could represent a good point of comparison with other ecosystems as well as a baseline for long term studies aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental fluctuations and human impacts on this aspect of biodiversity in coastal areas.     

东海细菌丰度和生产力的季节变化及与浮游植物生物量和生产力的关系

The East China Sea is a productive marginal sea with a wide continental shelf and plays an important role in absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and transferring terrigenous organic matter to the open ocean. To investigate the roles of heterotrophic bacteria in the biogeochemical dynamics in the East China Sea, bacterial biomasses(BB) and productions(BP) were measured in four cruises. The spatial distributions of the BB and the BP were highly season-dependent. Affected by the Changjiang River discharge, the BB and the BP were high in shelf waters(bottom depth not deeper than 50 m) and generally decreased offshore in August 2009. In December 2009 to January 2010, and November to December 2010, the BB and the BP were high in waters with medium bottom depth. The onshore-offshore decreasing trends of the BB and the BP also existed in May–June 2011, when the BB was significantly higher than in other cruises in shelf break waters(bottom depth deeper than 50 m but not deeper than 200 m). The results of generalized additive models(GAM) suggest that the BB increased with the temperature at a range of 8-20°C, increased with the chlorophyll concentration at a range of 0.02–3.00 mg/m3 and then declining, and decreased with the salinity from 28 to 35. The relationship between the temperature and the log-transformed bacterial specific growth rate(SGR) was linear. The estimated temperature coefficient(Q10) of the SGR was similar with that of the phytoplankton growth. The SGR also increased with the chlorophyll concentration. The ratio of the bacterial to phytoplankton production ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.40, being significantly higher in November–December 2010 than in May–June 2011. Calculated from the bacterial production and growth efficiency, the bacterial respiration consumed, on average, 59%, 72% and 23% of the primary production in August 2009, November–December 2010, and May–June 2011, respectively.     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫对异养细菌和蓝细菌摄食作用的初步研究

2006年10月在黄海冷水团海域的三个站点开展了微型异养鞭毛虫、异养细菌和蓝细菌的密度和生物量调查,进行了微型异养鞭毛虫的现场摄食实验,通过荧光标记细菌法和消化系数法获得该海区微型异养鞭毛虫对异养细菌和蓝细菌的摄食率,并估算了微型异养鞭毛虫对异养细菌和蓝细菌现存量及生产力的摄食压。结果显示,微型异养鞭毛虫、异养细菌和蓝细菌的密度分别为0.36×103~1.13×103,0.39×106~1.13×106和0.04×104~3.74×104cells/cm3,温跃层以上明显高于底层。微型异养鞭毛虫对异养细菌的摄食率为5.33~14.89个/(HF·h),对蓝细菌的摄食率为0.26×102~23.10×10-2cells/(HF·h),摄食率随深度而下降。微型异养鞭毛虫每天能消耗9.27%~33.08%的异养细菌现存量和8.12%~16.09%的蓝细菌现存量。同时,微型异养鞭毛虫对异养细菌和蓝细菌的日摄食量各占它们生产力的2.66%~13.10%和8.12%~16.09%。研究表明微型异养鞭毛虫的摄食可能不是秋季黄海冷水团海域浮游细菌及其生产力的主归宿。     

Major contribution from mesopelagic plankton to heterotrophic metabolism in the upper ocean

Measurements of plankton respiration and heterotrophic bacterial abundance and production were made at seven deep water stations within the upper 500 m of the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 1995. Bacterial abundance [(1.1–4.6)×108 1⁻¹] and rates of bacterial production (2–19 nM C h⁻¹) and plankton respiration (50–245 nM O₂ h⁻¹) decreased with depth by four- to nine-fold, and were similar to those reported for oligotrophic waters. Bacterial turnover times increased with depth from approximately 1 to 5 days. Bacterial growth efficiencies decreased from 15% at the surface to 8% at 500 m. Depth-integrated plankton respiration exceeded known estimates of primary production for the region, suggesting that heterotrophic utilization of previously and concurrently produced organic matter (e.g. spring phytoplankton growth, and summer blooms of Trichodesmium sp.) was occurring during the summer. Estimates for the upper 500 m showed that roughly half of the bacterial biomass (56%), bacterial production (49%), and plankton respiration (60%) occurred below the euphotic zone. Routine oceanographic studies have focused exclusively on the metabolic activity occurring within the euphotic zone. Our measurements, however, indicate that mesopelagic plankton also contribute substantially to heterotrophic metabolism and nutrient cycling in the ocean.     

黄海夏季沉积物中异养细菌的现存量及分布特点

采用DAPI荧光染色技术, 进行了2007年6月和2008年7月黄海底栖异养细菌的丰度和生物量及分布特点研究。结果表明, 2007年底栖细菌的丰度为(1.13±0.39)×109cells/cm3, 生物量为(49.63±17.26)?gC/cm3; 2008年底栖细菌的现存量较2007年低了约43%。南黄海的底栖细菌现存量较北黄海分别低8%(2007年)和13%(2008年), 而中央冷水团则较其外围区域高约10%和37%, 在南黄海呈现中央冷水区域高于近岸的分布特点, 而在北黄海则正相反。统计分析表明, 2007年北黄海底栖细菌丰度与沉积物叶绿素a含量呈极显著正相关, 南黄海细菌丰度与沉积物有机质含量及底层水盐度呈极显著正相关; 而2008年北黄海细菌丰度与环境因子未见明显的相关性, 在南黄海则与底层水的叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关, 显示浒苔暴发可能对底栖细菌产生了明显抑制。     

Hg对锦州湾表层沉积物异养细菌代谢酶活性的影响研究

为了解重金属Hg对锦州湾海域表层沉积物中异养细菌的主要代谢酶的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对锦州湾表层沉积物中重金属Hg开展潜在生态风险评价,利用平板扩散法测定了9个站位沉积物中异养细菌四种水解酶活性。结果显示:锦州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染严重,Hg的含量和潜在生态危害河口最为严重,向外逐步递减,表明本海域表层沉积物中的Hg主要由陆源输入;表层沉积物中异养细菌水解酶活性与抗性异养菌比例均表现为西南部河口区高于东北部外海海域,与重金属Hg的含量分布及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数基本相似,这表明长期高浓度的重金属污染,改变了锦州湾海域表层沉积物中的异养菌的生理代谢过程,在生理或遗传物质上对重金属产生了一定的抗性;磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶与沉积物中Hg的含量具有显著正相关性,说明其对重金属Hg较为敏感,在一定程度上可作为反映锦州湾海域沉积物中重金属Hg污染状况的生物学指标。     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫与细菌的弱耦合关系

A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.     

A study on relation between heterotrophic bacteria and shrimp disease

Ａ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｏｎ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｈｅｔｅｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ　ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ　ａｎｄ　ｓｈｒｉｍｐ　ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ￥／／ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＨｅｔｅｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ，ｗｈｉｃｈｏｂｔａｉｎｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ...     

利用遥感技术估算南海北部表层异养细菌丰度*

常规异养细菌监测方法精度高但费时费力且不能连续观测, 而卫星遥感成本低、可以大面积同步、长时间周期观测, 可与常规方法互补。文章利用南海北部10个航次采集的表层异养细菌丰度和卫星遥感反射率, 采用统计回归的方法建立了异养细菌丰度的遥感模型, 其模型决定系数为0.81, 均方根误差为2.44×10⁸个·L^-1, 平均相对误差为21%, 具有较好表现。利用该模型估算南海北部表层异养细菌丰度, 结果显示: 从珠江河口到南海北部开阔海域, 异养细菌丰度逐渐减小。夏季河口地区平均异养细菌丰度最高, 春季最低; 近岸海域靠近珠江河口西侧的平均异养细菌丰度高于东侧; 冬季陆架地区平均异养细菌丰度最高, 夏季最低; 开阔海域的异养细菌丰度变化幅度较小。     

Effects of daily nitrogen and phosphorus input on planktonic community metabolism in a semi-enclosed bay by mesocosm experiment

Planktonic metabolism plays an important role in affecting the energy transportation and carbon cycle of the marine ecosystem. However, its regulation mechanism remains unclear under the continuously exogenous nutrient inputs in nearshore waters. In this study, a mesocosm experiment was conducted in a semi-enclosed bay, the Daya Bay, to explore the responses of plankton metabolic balance and community structure to a concentration gradient of daily nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. The results showed that nutrient enrichments promoted phytoplankton biomass, total primary production, and community respiration, and the promoting effect enhanced alongwith the increase of nutrient concentration. However, the net community production fluctuated more violently between autotrophic and heterotrophic with the increase of nutrient inputs and tended to be more heterotrophic from the 5th day to the 10th day of the experiment. In addition, the daily flux of nitrogen and phosphorus, 2 μmol/(L·d) and 0.066 μmol/(L·d), respectively, could be regarded as a potential threshold for ecosystem stability and health, since most of the ecological characteristics related to plankton structure and function have undergone significant changes when the nutrient level is higher than that. In the nearshore enclosed or semi-enclosed waters, nutrient from continuous terrigenous input is likely to be concentrated and exceed this level, indicating the ecological risks due to the metabolic unbalance and the deterioration of plankton community structure.     

纳米银对青岛近海浮游细菌活性的影响研究

纳米银广泛用于抗菌材料、医疗设备和其他抗菌产品。在纳米银产品的生产、运输、消费和处置过程中,纳米银将不可避免地释放到自然环境中,而水生生态系统是纳米银在自然界中重要的汇之一。本文以青岛近海为研究对象,采集现场海水进行实验室模拟培养,通过测定(48 h)不同浓度纳米银(0.5、5和50 mg/L)短期暴露下对表层海水中浮游细菌死亡率、蛋白质含量、碱性磷酸酶活性及氨肽酶活性的变化,研究纳米银对近岸海区浮游细菌生长和活性的影响。研究结果表明,在纳米银胁迫下细菌生长和活性受到显著抑制(P<0.05),高浓度组在培养4 h后死亡率达到最高值88.20%,随着暴露时间延长,纳米银胁迫组活细菌数量缓慢恢复、死亡率逐渐减小;纳米银对碱性磷酸酶活性和氨肽酶活性的抑制效应分别在培养4和8 h后达到最高,分别为8.58%和32.55%,在培养16 h后,酶活性开始缓慢上升,表现出对纳米银胁迫的适应性;纳米银组的蛋白质含量在培养8 h后达到最低,相比于对照组降低了29.80%,在培养后期同样有所升高,蛋白质含量接近于对照组。由此可见,纳米银对青岛近海浮游细菌的生长和活性都具有显著的抑制效应;不同浓度纳米银对细菌的抑制效应不同,纳米银浓度越高,抑制效应越明显(P<0.05),具有明显的浓度梯度效应;在培养后期,碱性磷酸酶活性和氨肽酶活性都有恢复,蛋白质含量上升,细菌死亡率下降,表明细菌对纳米银胁迫表现出一定的适应性。     

秦皇岛外海夏季溶解氧与pH的变化特征分析

溶解氧(DO)是海洋生物生存不可缺少的要素。随着人类活动的增加，全球近岸海域低氧情况愈发严重，已经成为威胁海洋生态系统健康的重要因素。通过对2017年5?9月秦皇岛外海区域的观测调查，探讨了该海域低氧与酸化的形成机制并计算了月平均耗氧速率。结果表明，5月秦皇岛外海水体混合较为均匀，表、底层DO浓度一致，均大于8 mg/L；6月开始形成密度跃层，与此同时底层DO浓度和pH开始下降；8月底层呈现明显的低氧和酸化状态，DO浓度下降至2～3 mg/L，pH下降至7.8以下；9月随着层化消失，底层水体DO浓度和pH逐渐升高。相关性分析显示，DO和叶绿素a (Chl a)以及pH具有良好的耦合性，说明秦皇岛外海区域的低氧发生过程主要为局地变化。同时表明DO浓度和pH主要受水体中浮游植物的光合作用和有机物有氧分解的影响。通过箱式模型计算得到2017年6?8月密度跃层以下水体及沉积物耗氧速率为951～1193 mg/(m2·d)[平均为975 mg/(m2·d)]。综合来看，水体分层是秦皇岛外海低氧和酸化发生的先决条件，跃层以下的有机物分解耗氧则是底层水体发生低氧和酸化的重要原因。     

北部湾北部海域水体异养细菌的时空分布特征研究

为探讨环境因素对异养细菌丰度的影响，2016年9月至2017年8月通过月度航次调查对北部湾北部海域异养细菌丰度的时空分布特征进行了系统研究。结果表明，调查海区异养细菌丰度介于（2.75~56.86）×105 cell/mL，平均值为（11.01±6.31）×105 cell/mL。各季节细菌丰度从高至低依次为:夏季、春季、冬季、秋季。异养细菌丰度由近岸海域向西南深水区方向逐渐降低，在近岸浅水区垂直分布均匀，在水深大于20 m的海区出现季节性分层现象:表层细菌丰度较高，底层细菌丰度较低。主成分分析显示温度对异养细菌时空分布有重要影响，秋、冬季异养细菌丰度与温度呈显著负相关，在春、夏季呈显著正相关。细菌丰度与盐度呈显著负相关，说明海水盐度变化是细菌时空分布重要影响因素。异养细菌丰度与叶绿素a和溶解氧含量呈显著正相关，表明浮游植物初级生产过程影响了异养细菌的时空分布。在秋、冬和春3季异养细菌丰度与营养盐水平呈显著负相关，二者关系受浮游植物生物量间接影响。异养细菌时空分布差异取决于环境条件的变化，温度、盐度、叶绿素a和溶解氧含量是影响异养细菌丰度分布的主要因素。     

Mercury methylation,demethylation and reduction rates in coastal and marine surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea

In situ experiments using isotopically labeled mercury species (¹⁹⁹Hg(II) and Me²⁰¹Hg) are used to investigate mercury transformation mechanisms, such as methylation, demethylation and reduction, in coastal and marine surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this work is to assess the relative contribution of photochemical versus biological processes to Hg transformation mechanisms. For this purpose, potential transformation rates measured under diurnal and dark incubation conditions are compared with major biogeochemical parameters (i.e. hydrological and biological data) in order to obtain the relative contribution of various biotic and abiotic mechanisms in both surface (high light) and bottom (low light) waters of the euphotic zone. The results demonstrate that coastal and marine euphotic zones are significant reactors for all Hg transformations investigated (i.e. methylation, demethylation, reduction). A major outcome demonstrates that Hg methylation is taking place in oxic surface seawater (0.3–6.3% day^− 1) and is mainly influenced by pelagic microorganism abundance and activities (phyto- and bacterioplankton). This evidences a new potential MeHg source in the marine water column, especially in oligotrophic deep-sea basins in which biogeochemistry is mostly governed by heterotrophic activity. For coastal and marine surface waters, although MeHg is mainly photochemically degraded (6.4–24.5% day^− 1), demethylation yields observed under dark condition may be attributed to microbial or chemical pathways (2.8–10.9% day^− 1). Photoreduction and photochemical reactions are the major mechanisms involved in DGM production for surface waters (3.2–16.9% day^− 1) but bacterial or phytoplanktonic reduction of Hg(II) cannot be excluded deeper in the euphotic zone (2.2–12.3% day^− 1). At the bottom of the euphotic zone, photochemical processes are thus avoided due to the attenuation of UV-visible sunlight radiation allowing biotic processes to be the most significant. These results suggest a new potential route for Hg species cycling in surface seawater and especially at the maximum biomass depth located at the bottom of the euphotic zone (i.e. maximum chlorophyll fluorescence). In this environment, DGM production and demethylation mechanisms are thus probably reduced whereas Hg methylation is enhanced by autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. Experimental results on mercury species uptake during these investigations further evidenced the strong affinity of MeHg for biogenic particles (i.e. microorganisms) that correspond to the first trophic level of the pelagic food web.     

High inorganic phosphate concentration in coral mucus and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria in a Malaysian coral reef

Inorganic nutrient contents of mucus released by Acropora corals and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria at several different hour intervals in the coral mucus were investigated at a coral reef in Malaysia. The dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentration was 135‐fold higher than in the ambient seawater, probably due to inorganic P release from the coral gut cavity. We experimentally confirmed that heterotrophic bacteria rapidly (within 8 h) consumed ca. 80% of the initial concentration of DIP derived from coral mucus. High DIP concentration in coral mucus may enhance heterotrophic bacterial production and associated carbon flow in the microbial loop of reef ecosystems.     

桑沟湾细菌的研究

在 3种培养基中用 MPN法按季对桑沟湾表层水和底质的总好气异养菌、几丁质降解菌、弧菌及其占总菌量比率等进行时空分布及变化的分析 ,并作了这些参数间的相关分析。估算了细菌生物量。评价了该湾的增养殖、生态和环境条件。指出了进一步对该湾做包括细菌在内的微生物学研究于健康水产增养殖业和保护生态环境的必要性