超高速与常规激光熔覆Fe基涂层微观组织及性能研究

目的 对比研究常规与超高速激光熔覆涂层的微观组织、相结构,明确涂层结构及性能间的构效关系。方法 以27SiMn为基体,分别采用常规和超高速激光熔覆技术制备Fe基涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征涂层的显微组织,用能谱仪(EDS)分析涂层的元素分布。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)方法分析涂层的相组成。采用显微硬度计、电化学工作站等测试涂层的硬度分布及电化学特性。结果 常规与超高速激光熔覆涂层组织致密,均无明显气孔和裂纹等缺陷。相较于常规激光熔覆涂层,超高速激光熔覆涂层的晶粒更为细小,涂层成分接近粉末设计成分,晶内和晶间Cr元素分布更为均匀。2种工艺制备的涂层均由马氏体、铁素体和M型碳化物组成,但是超高速激光熔覆涂层所含马氏体和碳化物含量更低,使其硬度低于常规激光熔覆涂层。同时,与常规激光熔覆涂层相比,超高速激光熔覆涂层的自腐蚀电位由–0.56 V升高至–0.51 V,自腐蚀电流密度由1.3×10^–5 A/cm²显著降低至1.5× 10^–7 A/cm²。 结论 与常规激光熔覆相比,超高速激光熔覆涂层晶粒细小,成分均匀,具有更优异的耐腐蚀性能。与此同时,涂层的马氏体及碳化物含量更少,硬度更低。     

激光熔覆FeCrNiCoMoCuBSi高熵合金涂层的腐蚀磨损性能

利用激光熔覆技术在316L不锈钢表面制备了FeCrNiCoMoCuBSi高熵合金涂层,分析了其组织结构、硬度、摩擦磨损、电化学腐蚀和腐蚀磨损性能。结果表明,熔覆层成型良好,表面无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。熔覆层主要由FCC固溶体相组成,微观组织以“柳条状”树枝晶为主,结合区为平面晶,与基体呈良好的冶金结合。熔覆层的平均硬度为700 HV_0.2,约为基材的3.5倍。熔覆层在不同载荷下的摩擦系数均低于基材,磨损量小于基材,表现出明显优于基材的耐磨性。在3.5wt% NaCl溶液中,熔覆层自腐蚀电流密度为4.74×10^_-8A.cm^_-2,低于基材两个数量级,耐蚀性优异。在摩擦载荷与腐蚀耦合作用下,熔覆层开路电位发生负偏移,腐蚀倾向增大。随摩擦载荷增大,自腐蚀电位负移,自腐蚀电流密度增大,摩擦促进腐蚀作用增大。     

Cr3C2/WC的添加对Stellite 12熔覆层耐磨耐蚀性的影响

目的 提高Stellite 12熔覆层的耐磨耐蚀性能。方法 将Stellite 12合金粉末与碳化物(Cr3C2、WC)混合,采用激光熔覆技术在H13钢板上制备复合熔覆层。通过超景深显微镜和XRD分析其显微组织和物相,通过显微硬度测试、摩擦磨损试验和电化学腐蚀试验,分别评价熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,并通过超景深显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果 添加碳化物后,熔覆层的微观组织以柱状晶和树枝晶为主,物相主要由γ-Co固溶体和碳化物(M23C6、M7C3)组成;Cr3C2的添加使得熔覆层的硬度降低,由610HV0.2降至530HV0.2,但耐磨性得到提高,磨损量由0.45 mm³降至0.33 mm³,下降了28%,耐蚀性得到提高,腐蚀电位由−0.385 V增加到−0.264 V,腐蚀电流密度由9.269×10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²降至1.496×10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²,极化电阻由3.982×10⁷ Ω.cm²提升至2.424×10⁸ Ω.cm²,提高了1个数量级;WC的添加使其硬度由610HV0.2提高至750HV0.2,磨损深度变浅,磨损量由0.45 mm³降至0.19 mm³,下降了43%,但耐腐蚀性有所降低。3种熔覆层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。结论 WC的添加可以有效提高熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,但耐腐蚀性有所降低;添加Cr3C2后,耐蚀性得到显著提高,耐磨性略微提升,但硬度降低。     

热丝激光熔覆17–4PH涂层组织与腐蚀磨损性能

目的 在低碳钢表面高效制备沉淀硬化马氏体不锈钢涂层,研究涂层在腐蚀磨损苛刻条件下耦合损伤行为。方法 采用热丝激光熔覆技术在20钢基材表面制备17–4PH马氏体不锈钢涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析涂层的相组成和显微组织,采用电化学腐蚀摩擦磨损试验仪对涂层的摩擦磨损、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及腐蚀磨损耦合行为进行研究。结果 制备的涂层组织均匀、致密,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,主要由马氏体相组成。熔覆区的平均硬度约为310HV0.1,约是基材硬度的1.5倍,自腐蚀电流密度为6.583×10^?8 A/cm²,具有优异的耐蚀性。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,随摩擦载荷的增加,涂层的开路电位下降,摩擦因数增大,自腐蚀电位下降,腐蚀电流密度增大,摩擦对腐蚀促进作用明显。结论 热材激光熔覆技术节能、高效,制备的17–4PH涂层结构致密、性能优异,可用于在腐蚀磨损苛刻环境下零部件的表面改性。     

超高速线光斑激光熔覆不锈钢涂层显微结构及性能研究

目的 设计超高速线光斑激光熔覆送粉喷嘴,在极高的熔覆效率和极低的搭接率下制备不锈钢熔覆涂层,对比研究圆光斑及线光斑下的熔覆涂层的微观组织结构及性能。方法 基于送粉喷嘴流场及粉末粒子运动轨迹的模拟研究,设计超高速线光斑激光熔覆专用送粉喷嘴。在此基础上,以27SiMn为基体,采用1 mm´ 10 mm线光斑,在10%搭接率、熔覆效率4.5 m²/h下,采用超高速线光斑激光熔覆FeCr合金薄涂层;作为对比,采用超高速圆形光斑(2 mm)激光在0.2 m²/h熔覆效率下熔覆FeCr合金涂层。采用SEM、XRD对比分析线光斑/圆光斑涂层微观组织结构与涂层显微硬度。结果 通收束角度为25°~27°的单流道送粉喷嘴可得到分布均匀、飞行速度适中的粉末束流。对比研究超高速线光斑及圆光斑激光熔覆涂层可知,相同扫描速度下2种光斑制备的涂层均较为致密,无裂纹与气孔,由熔覆层底部到熔覆层表面均呈现出平面晶—柱状晶—等轴晶的变化趋势,线光斑和圆光斑涂层硬度在700~800HV,线光斑下的熔覆层硬度分布更加均匀,表面粗糙度Ra可低至<4 μm,搭接率可低至10%,熔覆效率可达 4.5 m²/h,远高于圆光斑激光下的熔覆效率。结论 2种光斑模式下的涂层微观组织、相组成及硬度相当,但超高速线光斑激光熔覆层表面光洁度更高,表面粗糙度更低,熔覆效率可达圆光斑的20倍。     

不同含量WC颗粒增强激光熔覆截齿涂层性能研究

目的 解决截齿磨损失效问题,研究不同WC颗粒含量对42CrMo截齿激光熔覆Co基/WC复合涂层表面形貌及裂纹率、显微硬度、耐磨/耐腐蚀性能的影响机制。方法 通过在42CrMo截齿基体上制备Co基/WC复合涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪及电化学工作站测试不同WC颗粒含量对熔覆层性能的影响。结果 Co基/WC复合涂层表面较为平整,当WC颗粒质量分数大于30%时,熔覆层表面开始出现交错裂纹;当WC质量分数为80%时,裂纹率增加35%。Co基/WC复合涂层的显微硬度皆高于42CrMo基体(378HV0.2),随着WC颗粒含量的增加,熔覆层平均显微硬度从448HV0.2提升到890HV0.2。Co基/WC复合涂层的摩擦系数、磨损量均小于42CrMo基体,WC颗粒质量分数增加到80%时,熔覆层平均摩擦系数为0.270,为基体(0.567)的50%,磨损量仅为1.0 mg,相比于42CrMo基体(18.6 mg)降低了约95%,低WC颗粒含量以黏着磨损为主,高WC含量以磨粒磨损为主。熔覆层耐腐蚀性能随WC含量的增加先增大、后减小,WC质量分数为30%时,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能最好,具有最小的电流密度(1.465×10^–7 A/cm²),相比基体电流密度(8.031×10^–6 A/cm²)降低了98%。结论 WC颗粒含量对Co基/WC复合熔覆层的裂纹敏感性有显著影响,WC颗粒的细晶、弥散及固溶强化使熔覆层的显微硬度、耐磨/耐腐蚀性能得到明显改善。     

CeO2对TiCx增强钛基激光熔覆层成形质量和组织的影响

采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在 Ti6Al4V 钛合金表面成功制备了未添加和添加质量分数为 2% CeO₂ 的 Ti6Al4V+NiCr-Cr₃C₂ 多道搭接熔覆层,运用渗透探伤技术、光学显微镜、X 射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、电子探针等分析方法研究了 CeO₂ 添加对熔覆层成形质量、微观组织和元素分布的影响规律。 结果表明,添加 CeO₂ 完全抑制了熔覆层表面裂纹,显著降低了气孔率(2. 76%→1. 65%)。 熔覆层主要由 β 固溶体(CrTi₄ )和缺位型碳化钛(TiC_x )组成。 除了新结晶的 CeO₂ 外,添加 CeO₂ 对熔覆层物相没有影响。 此外,添加 CeO₂ 致使基体 β 相中 Ni 和 Cr 元素呈现明显的偏析现象,且 Ni 元素偏析程度更加显著,而对 Al 和 V 元素均匀分布特征没有显著影响。 新析出的稀土氧化物 CeO₂ 主要分布于 TiC_x 与 CrTi₄ 相界处。 添加 CeO₂ 细化了 TiC_x 枝晶,降低了枝晶 TiC_x 含量(55%→40%)。 熔覆层各微区(熔覆区、过渡区和结合区)碳化钛组织存在显著差异,其组织特征分别为枝晶状、颗粒状、细小针状。 缺位型碳化钛 TiC_x 中 C 原子含量呈现明显差异,x 的取值范围为 0. 21 ~ 0. 74,且一次枝晶含碳量高于二次枝晶。 硬度和摩擦磨损测试结果表明,Ti6Al4V 基材、未添加和添加质量分数为 2% CeO₂ 激光熔覆层的显微硬度分别为 363. 2、488. 2 和 464. 2 HV_{0. 5} ,磨损率分别为 5. 62×10^-6 、2. 5×10^-7 和 2. 43×10^-6 g / Nmin。     

Laser Cladding Fe-Cr-Si-P Amorphous Coatings on 304L Stainless

采用激光熔覆技术在304L不锈钢基体表面制备了Fe-Cr-Si-P非晶复合涂层。利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电化学测试系统和摩擦磨损试验机等分析了涂层的组织结构、相组成、耐蚀及耐磨等性能。研究结果表明,激光熔覆层组织主要由表层"梅花"形树枝晶区,中心非晶区和树枝晶结合区组成,熔覆层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合。熔覆层中除了非晶相外,还有少量Fe3P和Fe2Si等金属间化合物相。涂层的硬度HV0.2约为8000 MPa,是基体硬度的4倍;腐蚀电位Ecorr和自腐蚀电流密度icorr分别为–449.3 mV和–4.34μA/cm2;在100 N载荷下摩擦系数仅为0.076,具有较好的综合性能。     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝熔覆层微观组织及性能

采用自行研发的水下激光填丝熔覆装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行激光填丝熔覆试验,并对空气环境和水下环境的熔覆结果进行对比分析,以探索在水下环境进行304不锈钢的缺陷修复. 通过XRD,EDS,光学显微镜分析了熔覆层的显微组织、化学成分和物相组成,采用显微硬度仪进行了硬度测试,利用动电位极化与交流阻抗谱技术研究熔覆层电化学腐蚀行为. 结果表明,在两种环境下均制备了单层多道熔覆层,且无明显气孔、裂纹等缺陷;熔覆层包括熔覆区、搭接区、相变影响区、熔合区、热影响区,显微组织主要由奥氏体、铁素体、马氏体组成;由于各区域内微观组织及晶粒的大小不同,使得熔覆层硬度呈阶梯分布;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,两种环境熔覆层均呈现出明显的钝化行为,且两种熔覆层耐腐蚀性能相近;所研制的水下激光填丝熔覆装备及工艺,可以满足实际工程对于熔覆层高效制备、成形质量控制及耐蚀性能的要求,可用于水下环境304不锈钢表面的防护与修复.     

Y2O3含量对激光熔覆0.3C-18Cr合金涂层组织和性能的影响

在3Cr14不锈钢基体上激光熔覆制备不同Y₂O₃含量的0.3C-18Cr复合涂层。采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、显微硬度仪等设备研究了不同Y₂O₃含量对熔覆层的微观结构、相组成及硬度的影响。结果表明,未添加Y₂O₃试样熔覆层有较多孔洞,熔覆层组织由晶内铁素体、晶界分布的上贝氏体及少量马氏体组成;加入在3Cr14不锈钢基体上激光熔覆制备不同Y2O3含量的0.3C-18Cr复合涂层。采用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、显微硬度仪等设备研究了不同Y2O3含量对熔覆层的微观结构、相组成及硬度的影响。结果表明,未添加Y2O3试样熔覆层有较多孔洞,熔覆层组织由晶内铁素体、晶界分布的上贝氏体及少量马氏体组成;加入Y2O3后熔覆层枝晶长度减小且数量减少,枝晶尖端钝化且径向粗化,长径比减小,同时熔覆层气孔减少,熔覆层得到净化;熔覆层组织由板条马氏体+晶界少量贝氏体构成;且随Y2O3含量增加,板条马氏体略有粗化,贝氏体数量明显减少,贝氏体碳化物的碳浓度增大,碳化物类型由低碳型碳化物向高碳型碳化物转变。加入Y2O3后,熔覆层显微硬度显著提高,添加2% Y2O3时熔覆层的硬化效果最佳,比未添加Y2O3时增加160 HV0.2。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis     

Preface

<正>We are pleased to present this Special Issue of Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China containing selected papers from the First Asian Conference on Aluminum Alloys(ACAA-2013),held in Beijing,China,13–17 October 2013.This conference has been initiated,with approval of     

Information for Contributors

The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology, including mineral processing, extraction metallurgy, metallic materials and heat treatments, metal working, physical metallurgy, powder metallurgy, with the emphasis on fundamental science. It is the unique preeminent publication in English for scientists, engineers, under/post-graduates on the field of nonferrous metals industry. This journal is covered by many famous abstract/index systems and databases such as SCI Expanded, Ei Compendex Plus, 1NSPEC, CA, METADEX, AJ and JICST.