Investigation on influence factors of buffeting response of bridges and its aeroelastic model verification for Xiaoguan Bridge

A time-domain procedure for analyzing buffeting responses of bridges is presented and implemented in ANSYS, formulated taking into account the self-excited forces, aerodynamic admittance functions (AAFs) and the coherence of buffeting forces. The buffeting forces simulated based on the span-wise coherence of buffeting forces and also considering the aerodynamic admittance functions, together with the steady aerodynamic forces are applied as external loads to the structural model to analyze the buffeting responses in time domain. In order to account for self-excited forces, elemental aeroelastic stiffness and aeroelastic damping matrices for spatial beam elements are derived following the quasi-steady theory and are incorporated in buffeting analysis through the user-defined Matrix27 element in ANSYS. The procedure is applied to the Xiaoguan Bridge, China, during the longest double cantilever stage of construction. The wind tunnel tests of four typical bridge section models are performed to measure the aerodynamic parameters of the bridge including the steady aerodynamic coefficients and aerodynamic admittance functions. The bridge aeroelastic model testing is also carried out, and coherence functions of buffeting forces are derived from the measured buffeting forces. The measurement results of the displacements and internal forces are compared with those obtained from the analytical predictions. The influence factors, including aeroelastic effect, aerodynamic admittance functions and coherence of buffeting forces, are studied in some detail. It is shown the present method inclusive of above factors gives much closer predictions of buffeting responses to the experimental results.     

Three-dimensional behavior of galloping in telecommunication cables of figure-8 section

It has been reported that many telecommunication cables of figure-8 section suffered from operating problems and sometimes even failed because of wind-induced large-amplitude galloping oscillation. In this study three-dimensional figure-8 cable model was tested in the wind tunnel and aeroelastic behavior of the cable was observed in detail. It is found that wind-induced change in the angle of attack of the wind relative to the cable is significant and this is the fundamental cause of galloping. The critical wind speed that triggers galloping and the initial direction of the self-excited cable motion are explained by the Den Hartog's quasi-steady treatment of the aerodynamic force with some modifications. Applicability of 3-dimensional dynamic analysis with quasi-steady wind forces was also discussed.     

On the aerodynamic and aeroelastic response of a bridge tower

This work is concerned with the aerodynamic characterization of a cable-stayed bridge tower in free-standing configuration; experimental tests were performed at Politecnico di Milano Wind Tunnel under smooth and turbulent flow conditions. The aerodynamic behavior of the tower was investigated through static and dynamic tests on a 1:30 scale sectional model; the whole structure response has been studied using a 1:100 scale full aeroelastic model in stand-alone configuration. Aim of this paper is to compare wind tunnel test results obtained on the two models for different wind exposures, discussing the problems related to scale effects in scale model testing. Some inconsistencies found during the experimental campaign confirm that scale effects in wind tunnel testing represent a serious issue especially for bluff body structures whose vortex shedding response is strongly affected by Reynolds number.     

风与张拉薄膜结构的耦合作用

张拉薄膜结构具有自重轻、刚度小的特点 ,因而属于风敏感结构。作用在张拉薄膜结构上的风荷载除与气流本身的特性有关外 ,还与结构在风荷载作用下的位移、速度等有关 ,从而引起附加的气动刚度 (或附加质量 )和气动阻尼。因此 ,在研究张拉薄膜结构的风致动力效应时 ,必须考虑风与结构的耦合作用。为此 ,对张拉薄膜结构的风振研究方法进行了总结 ,主要介绍了考虑风与结构耦合作用的简化气弹力学模型方法 ,并介绍了两个简化气弹性模型试验     

苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳分析

大跨柔性桥梁气弹模型在风荷载作用下会产生明显的竖向、侧向位移和附加攻角。推导气弹模型实测位移修正表达式,对苏通大桥气弹模型高风速时实测位移进行修正,对比分析修正前后差异。绘制了苏通大桥主跨跨中断面、1/4断面和边跨跨中3个典型断面扭转中心的运动轨迹,分析其特点,对苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳现象进行解释。基于随机搜索方法和随机子空间方法识别得到的模态参数,对苏通大桥气弹模型进行复模态颤振分析。分析结果表明:苏通大桥气弹模型可视为一种非常规索网复合系统,其气动失稳振动表现为保持平衡状态的竖向、侧向和扭转耦合滚动,扭转频率成分在竖弯和侧弯振动中参与很多,而竖弯和侧弯频率成分在其他两种振动中参与很少。     

An aerodynamic and aeroelastic experimental study on a sectional and three‐dimensional rectangular tall building

This paper examines the aerodynamic properties of a rectangular tall building with sharp edges. The building has a section aspect ratio B/D = 2.6 and a height aspect ratio H/D = 9, giving in a quite slender prismatic configuration. The study was performed on sectional and three‐dimensional models of the building. The sectional model was tested in a smooth flow condition, and the aerodynamic coefficients of the section were determined. Forces and pressure distributions were measured on the three‐dimensional model to compare with the aerodynamic behavior of the sectional model. Both a rigid (non‐moving) and a moving model of the building were tested to analyze possible aeroelastic effects. Different levels of incoming wind turbulence were tested, since this is a key parameter in the aerodynamic behavior of the rectangular prism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桥梁节段与实桥涡激共振幅值的换算关系

涡激共振是大跨桥梁最易出现的一种风振现象,其研究手段以节段模型风洞试验为主。节段模型涡振振幅与实桥涡振振幅如何转换,目前我国《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》缺少相关说明。本文首先介绍了桥梁涡激共振时三种涡振力理论模型的特点,包括线性模型、非线性模型以及修正的非线性模型。根据输入能量相等则振幅相等的原理推导了主梁等效质量与涡振振型函数的关系。在此基础上,提出了不同涡振力理论模型下节段模型涡振振幅与实桥最大涡振振幅的换算关系。研究表明,影响该换算关系的主要因素有两方面,一是主梁发生涡振时的振型,二是所采用的涡振力理论模型。采用日本规范值或有关文献根据线性模型所得的换算关系所计算的实桥最大振幅将明显大于基于非线性涡振力模型推算的实桥最大振幅。     

正六边形超高层建筑横风向气弹效应研究

为研究正六边形超高层建筑横风向风致响应和气动阻尼比,开展了一系列多自由度气弹模型风洞试验。测量模型顶部风致位移和加速度响应,基于随机减量法识别了横风向气动阻尼比。结果表明,在顶角迎风时,正六边形超高层建筑易于出现大幅涡振现象,在立面迎风时没有出现涡振现象。顶角迎风时,横风向气动阻尼比随折算风速增大呈现出“先增大到最大正值、再迅速转为最小负值,再平稳回升到零值附近”完整过程。而立面迎风时,横风向气动阻尼比与折算风速近似呈线性关系。最后,建立横风向气动阻尼比的经验评估公式。相关研究可为正六边形超高层建筑的抗风设计和规范完善提供参考。     

Influence of some factors on the aerodynamic behavior of long-span suspension bridges

As the span length of suspension bridges increases, the diameter of cables and thus the wind load acting on them, the nonlinear wind-structure interaction and the spatial non-uniformity of wind speed (including the vertical and horizontal variations) all increase consequently, which may have unnegligible influence on the aerostatic and aerodynamic behavior of long-span suspension bridges. In this paper, the models of aerostatic and aerodynamic forces are established, in which the nonlinear wind-structure interaction and the spatial non-uniformity of wind speed are both considered. By taking the Runyang Bridge over the Yangtze River as example, effects of the nonlinear wind-structure interaction, wind speed spatial non-uniformity, and the cable's wind load on the aerostatic and aerodynamic behavior of the bridge are investigated analytically. The results show that the aerostatic behavior is significantly influenced by these factors, but for the aerodynamic stability, it is greatly influenced by the nonlinear wind-structure interaction and the horizontal variation of wind speed, and the other factors have no influence on it.     

Wind tunnel study of the across-wind response of a slender tower with a nonlinear tuned mass damper

The effectiveness of a class of nonlinear tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in suppressing across-wind structure oscillations was examined through a wind tunnel test. The nonlinear TMD employed a wire rope spring to replace both the spring and the damper required in a typical system. First, a single degree of freedom aeroelastic stick model of a slender structure with a square cross-section was tested under different levels of damping. The measurements obtained from the tests were used to determine the root-mean-square (RMS) of the lift coefficient and other aerodynamic parameters. In the second phase of testing, the nonlinear TMD system was attached near the tip of the aeroelastic model. The response reduction achieved by adding the TMD was considerable and was quantitatively expressed in terms of an equivalent viscous damping. A comparison between the nonlinear TMD and an equivalent optimized linear TMD was made. Probability-based procedures were developed to estimate the equivalent damping provided by the nonlinear TMD. The estimated damping was compared with that obtained experimentally to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction method.     

On the vortex shedding forcing on suspension bridge deck

Vortex-induced vibrations are not negligible while evaluating the aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of a long-span suspension bridge. This kind of forcing, that can produce high vibration levels, occurs at very low reduced velocities concerning low wind speed and high-frequency modes. This work presents results of experimental tests performed on the multibox deck shape of the Messina Strait bridge investigating vortex shedding phenomena and developing a numerical model to reproduce the vortex shedding forcing. The experimental tests, focused on low reduced velocities, highlight the typical non-linear pattern of the vortex shedding.     

Simplified prediction of wind-induced response and stability limit of slender long-span suspension bridges, based on modified quasi-steady theory: A case study

The Hardanger Bridge is currently under construction in Norway. It will have a main span of 1310 m and a girder that is only 18.3 m wide, which implies that wind-induced vibration is a major concern in the design. Buffeting response and flutter analysis of the Hardanger Bridge are treated in this paper. The self-excited forces are modelled using aerodynamic derivatives obtained from free vibration tests, quasi-steady theory, and a suggested modified quasi-steady theory. The stability limit predicted using aerodynamic derivatives corresponded well with the wind tunnel results, while the quasi-steady theory severely underestimated the critical mean wind velocity for the section model used in the wind tunnel tests. A new set of modified quasi-steady coefficients are suggested, where the experimental results of the aerodynamic derivatives are used to obtain frequency-independent model coefficients. The critical velocities predicted by the modified quasi-steady coefficients differ only by 4-5% from estimates based on the aerodynamic derivatives. The response predicted by the suggested simplified aerodynamic model is also presented, and the results indicate that adequate estimates are achieved.     

Wind‐induced fatigue of large HAWT coupled tower–blade structures considering aeroelastic and yaw effects

An efficient approach for predicting wind‐induced fatigue in large horizontal axis wind turbine coupled tower–blade structures subject to aeroelastic and yaw effects is presented. First, aerodynamic loads under yaw conditions are simulated based on the harmonic superposition method and modified blade element momentum theory, in which wind shear, tower shadow, tower–blade interactions, aeroelastic, and rotational effects are taken into account. Then, a nonlinear time‐history of wind‐induced responses under simulated aerodynamic loads is obtained. Finally, based on these results, wind‐induced fatigue damage and lifespan are predicted according to linear cumulative damage theory. For completeness, the influences of mean wind speed, aeroelasticity, and yaw angle on horizontal axis wind turbine fatigue life are discussed. The results indicate that the aerodynamic loads and residual fatigue life can be estimated accurately by the proposed model, which can be used to simulate the 3D wind fields of wind turbines under given wind conditions. The wind energy of the wind turbine blade is mainly concentrated at its edge and is weaker at the hub. Estimation of wind turbine fatigue life is therefore suggested to be based on the component with the shortest life, being the blade root. Furthermore, yaw conditions significantly shorten fatigue life and should not be ignored. Fatigue life is also rather sensitive to mean wind speed.     

分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁-列车-风屏障系统气动效应风洞试验研究

为探究侧风作用下分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁上、下桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应的影响,在无风屏障和设置风屏障两种情况下,分别针对单独铁路桥和标准间隔高度下的公铁双层桥面桥梁,通过大比例尺节段模型风洞试验测试了列车的气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。为了进一步探究公铁双层桥面间隔高度对列车气动效应的影响,测试了多种间隔高度下列车气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。结果表明,公铁双层桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应有一定的影响,间隔高度的改变会引起铁路桥面风速剖面以及列车气动力系数的变化,对比分析可知,无风屏障时间隔高度仅需满足铁路桥梁基本建筑限界即可,设置风屏障后,当间隔高度≥15m时,铁路桥面风速剖面以及迎风侧轨道处列车气动力变化趋于平缓。     

桥梁抗风与风洞试验

介绍了风工程的三种研究方法,从静力三分力试验、弹簧悬挂刚体节段模型试验、全桥气动弹性模型试验三方面详细地探讨了风洞试验,以对风致振动响应机理作科学分析,从而促进桥梁的抗风研究。     

Numerical study on suppression of vortex-induced vibrations of box girder bridge section by aerodynamic countermeasures

This paper investigates the mechanism of reduction in the amplitude of vortex-induced vibrations for a box girder bridge section in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures using 3D LES turbulence model. Being the basic configuration for the bridge section, the aeroelastic instability of rectangular section with an aspect ratio of 4 is investigated in heaving mode under smooth flow conditions and the wake characteristics are examined. Thereafter flow around box girder section having width to depth ratio of 3.81 in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures is analyzed and the effect of these countermeasures on the unsteady lift forces is evaluated using forced oscillation simulations. Then response of the box girder section in the presence of such aerodynamic countermeasures is investigated by conducting the free oscillation simulations, and the predicted amplitudes of vibration are compared with the experimental results. Flow visualization is employed to clarify and understand the modified flow characteristics around bridge section in the presence of aerodynamic countermeasures resulting in a reduced amplitude of vibration. Further a method based on forced oscillations to identify the reduced velocity corresponding to the maximum amplitude of vibration is proposed.     

Effects of grid curtains on the wind loads of a high‐rise building

The effects of grid curtains on the local and overall wind loads of a high‐rise building are investigated in detail according to a series of wind pressure and wind force tests on rigid model in a wind tunnel. The effects of grid curtains on the mean and fluctuating wind pressures on windward and sideward walls when the wind direction is parallel to the geometrical axes are investigated, along with the effects of the most unfavorable wind pressures for all wind directions. Furthermore, the effects of grid curtains on the mean and fluctuating aerodynamic forces on the entire building are also analyzed for various wind directions, along with the effects of grid curtains on the aerodynamic force spectra when the wind direction is parallel to the geometric axes. The test results indicate that grid curtains affect the mean and fluctuating windward pressure slightly but greatly influence the large sideward negative pressures. Grid curtains increase the mean and fluctuating windward aerodynamic forces and reduce the fluctuating aerodynamic torsions. According to the aerodynamic force spectra, grid curtains can mainly affect the wind forces in the low‐frequency range. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非圆截面斜拉索气动性能风洞试验研究

大跨度斜拉桥斜拉索上的风荷载对于主梁位移和内力的贡献占整个风荷载的60%~70%,斜拉索的气动力是静力和稳定性检算的基础,准确掌握斜拉索的气动力具有重要意义。通过天平测力风洞试验,在雷诺数为10×104~42×104,对直径为120mm的圆形截面斜拉索模型和3种非圆截面模型进行测力试验,得到各个工况下阻力系数随雷诺数的变化规律,分析截面变形、风向角对阻力系数的影响。结果表明：斜拉索截面变化能够增强雷诺数效应,风向角在0°~30°情况下,阻力系数随斜拉索截面变形的程度呈单调减小的趋势;风向角在40°~90°情况下,阻力系数随斜拉索截面变形的程度呈单调增大的趋势。将气动力系数和风向角度按照亚临界、临界和超临界雷诺数区域进行分区,得到各个区域内阻力系数的数值和拟合公式,通过拟合公式,可以方便地为类似截面结构的风荷载设计提供依据。