烟雾病血运重建术后非感染性发热的发病率与危险因素分析

目的     探索烟雾病（moyamoya disease，MMD）患者血运重建术后非感染性发热的发病率、临床特点及其影响因素。     

急性轻型卒中相关前庭症状的临床特征及其持续存在的危险因素分析

目的     探讨急性轻型卒中患者出现卒中相关前庭症状的临床特征、演变规律，分析其持续存在的危险因素。     

护士对院内卒中识别和救治流程的知晓率及教学需求调查分析

目的     调查护士对院内卒中识别和救治的知晓率和教学需求,为针对性地制订培训内容和计划提供借鉴,以提高培训质量。     

超选动脉内溶栓治疗急性视网膜中央动脉闭塞的疗效探讨

目的     探讨超选动脉内溶栓（intra-arterial thrombolysis,IAT）治疗急性视网膜中央动脉闭塞（central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO）的疗效。     

不同引流静脉类型对支架治疗特发性颅内高压合并静脉窦狭窄疗效的影响

目的     评价不同引流静脉类型对支架治疗特发性颅内高压合并静脉窦狭窄疗效的影响。     

急性缺血性卒中患者住院期间照顾者焦虑抑郁的发生率及影响因素分析

目的     分析急性缺血性卒中患者的照顾者出现焦虑、抑郁情绪的影响因素,早期识别缺血性卒中照顾者的心理状态,为后续的干预措施提供参考。     

脑微出血与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的     探讨脑微出血（cerebral microbleeds,CMBs）患者认知功能损害的临床特征及相关因素。     

基于机器学习预测血糖异常急性缺血性卒中患者预后模型研究

目的     建立基于机器学习的血糖异常急性缺血性卒中患者的预后预测模型，比较传统logistic模型与机器学习模型的预测效能。     

妊娠相关卒中的诊疗研究进展

      妊娠相关卒中的发生率较低,但其母婴的致残率和致死率高。妊娠相关卒中病理机制复杂。计算机断层扫描或磁共振成像可以辅助其诊断,其中磁共振成像是妊娠相关卒中的首选检查方式。妊娠相关卒中的治疗遵循卒中治疗的基本原则,包括抗血小板、抗凝、溶栓和手术治疗等。     

直接取栓与桥接治疗对急性大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中疗效比较的荟萃分析

目的     比较急性大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中（acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion，AIS-LVO）患者直接取栓治疗（direct endovascular thrombectomy，DEVT）和桥接治疗（bridging therapy，BT）的疗效和安全性。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.     

Le surgissement de l'originaire et le « retrait hallucinatoire » dans les formes délirantes de l'éveil de coma

The clinical investigation of delirious and hallucinatory states during the awakening from a coma reveals hallucinated representations of a polymorphic nature. The diversity of their contents suggests the implication of differentiated etio-pathogenic processes. The assumption followed here, based on the conceptualizations of P. Aulagnier, is that the emergency care awakening traumatism causes a prevailing reinvestment of various operating modes, from the recovery of a “pictographic production” due to the abolition of conscience, to the fantastical scenario characterising primary education that remobilises and upsets the identity bearing layers in which the essential moments of the instinctual history were elaborated. These symptomatic constructions thus express this “in-more” generated by the psychotic processes which combine the double movement of a regression and of a “redeployment” of the traces of the Primal. This second period fulfils the paramount requirement of a primitive development of the coma awakening experience following the “postulate” of the dominance of the Primal according to which any psychic object is seen initially metabolized in a pictographic representation. The stratification noted within these dreamlike formations reveals: on the one hand modes of composition of images similar to those of the night dream; and on the other a deployment of various imagos of archaic states of the parcelled out body; and finally “psychic residues” that re-appear in the form of “parasitic” reminiscences, analysable as resurgences of psychic activities resulting from the coma phase. Thus a representation of the data of the Primal is then generated and although these data are psychic they remain forever heterogeneous and external to the Unconscious and to the I. The common clinical term which supports this analysis is “hallucinated feeling” which, according to Aulagnier, emerges sometimes within a schizophrenic patient which could be understood as equivalent to an autistic withdrawal which we suppose to be here at the heart of the deliriousness of the awakening from the coma. Thus the proposal that two etio-pathogenic logics are at work in these acute episodes: 1/ one that is initiated in a movement of decomposition of the I, due to the multiple traumatic effects of the primary affection and of the emergency care awakening process, balanced by the variations of the state of consciousness of the patient. At the time of this regression the projective mechanism, combined with other defences such as rejection or cleavage, reveals scenarios in the psychic space which mobilize images of the body and perceptive or mnemonic fragments. 2/ the other trajectory is comparable to this dynamics of the “withdrawal in the hallucination”. The re-establishment of the specific processes of the primary and secondary agencies imposes a requirement of specific psychic work consisting in metabolizing this resurgence of the pictographic representations that originate in the (quasi) nothing of the coma.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Approche épidémiologique de la toxicomanie en milieu universitaire à Marrakech (Maroc)

Introduction

Drug-addiction, an universal medico-social problem, starts to spread in Morocco. Even if it appeared a long time ago, one is unaware of the real characteristics of this plague in our country.

Objectives

The aim of our work is to study the prevalence of drug-addictions (tobacco, cannabis and alcohol) among students at the University Cadi Ayyad of Marrakech, trying to approach the epidemiological aspect and the impact of this consumption.

Patients and methods

Our study is an epidemiologic approach of drug-addiction in the University of Marrakesh. After having prepared a questionnaire allowing the study of toxic consumption (tobacco, cannabis and alcohol) and the evaluation of the depression among consumers; we carried out an investigation near 418 students from Caddi Ayyad University.

Results

The analysis of the results obtained makes it possible to establish the following characteristics: 24,6% of the students of our sample were consumers of tobacco, 9,8% were consumers of cannabis and 17,5% were alcohol consumers. Male consumption is prevalent, with 86.4% of smokers, 97.6% of hashish consumers and 86.3% of alcohol consumers. The age of the first consumption of drug coincides with adolescence. The mode of consumption was regular for 100% of smokers, 51.2% of hashish users and for 11% of alcohol consumers. 86.4% of smokers were dependent on tobacco, 76,6% on cannabis and 16,4% on alcohol. 28.1% of the dependent smokers on tobacco presented a moderated to severe depression. It was the same for 35.4% of the cannabis dependent and for 58.3% of those dependent on alcohol.

Conclusion

A plan fighting drug-addiction is essential; especially in its preventive shutter, so as to limit this phenomenon and to minimize its repercussions on young population.