多孔泡沫内纳米流体非平衡传热及体积分数分布

研究了纳米流体在金属泡沫内的对流换热,建立了局部非热平衡数学模型,得到了金属泡沫内纳米流体速度、温度和纳米颗粒体积分数分布,分析了纳米流体和金属泡沫的强化换热效果。当使用纳米流体或在通道内填充金属泡沫时,截面速度和温度变得更均匀。随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增大,努塞尔数先增大然后又逐渐减小,即存在一个合适的体积分数能使换热效果达到最好;当金属泡沫孔隙率增加时努塞尔数也会减小,有利于换热的进行。纳米流体和金属泡沫对换热具有明显强化作用,但压降随纳米颗粒体积分数增大而急剧增大。此外,还考虑了布朗扩散和热泳扩散等因素的影响。     

泡沫铝通道内瞬态流动的平均换热系数

针对泡沫铝金属填充矩形通道内的对流换热开展了瞬态实验研究,分析了泡沫铝孔径(孔隙率)、流体流量(流速)等关键参数的影响。为了有效地处理实验数据,重新定义并推导了平均换热系数的计算公式,得到了泡沫铝通道内流动的平均换热系数,并引入了基于渗透率的雷诺数和达西数,确定了相关换热、流动准则数关系。实验研究表明,流速的增大有利于对流换热的强化:而平均换热系数对泡沫金属孔径较敏感;对于低孔隙率泡沫金属,渗透率成为影响换热强度的主要因素,相同或接近的孔隙率下,孔径越大,渗透率和达西数越大,越有利于换热,且压损减小。     

纳米流体在泡沫金属管内强化换热的数值模拟

本研究通过在流体流过的管内核心区插入不同半径的泡沫金属、在基液中添加纳米粒子的方法达到强化换热的目的。通过泡沫金属管与光管内温度场及速度场的比较来分析泡沫金属对强化换热的作用,研究了泡沫金属填充比和纳米流体对流动及换热性能的影响。研究表明:模拟结果与文献实验结果吻合良好,将泡沫金属填充在管内核心区可以提升换热特性,而纳米流体的加入可以使换热效果增强。在低流速的条件下,换热效果随填充比和纳米流体浓度增大而增强,但泡沫金属填充比和纳米流体体积分数之间存在最佳搭配。研究可知,在填充厚度为6 mm、纳米流体体积分数为0.3%时综合换热性能最佳;流速和填充比的增大有利于强化换热,但压降也随之增大。     

多孔泡沫金属散热模型数值模拟与分析

多孔泡沫金属在紧凑型换热器领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文对具有随机结构的多孔介质中的流动和传热进行了耦合分析。采用有限元法研究了不同孔隙率(30%、50%、70%和90%)泡沫多孔材料的传热特性和阻力特性。利用 作为性能评价指标,即h越大,Δp越小,换热性能越好。通过改变孔隙度和入口流速从而分析整体的换热性能。结果表明,对于换热特性,泡沫金属的对流换热在高度方向上存在明显的温度梯度,边界层沿流动方向可以很好地发展,在高流速下具有更好地换热能力。随着孔隙率的增大,流体扰动变少从而局部速度将会减小,因此换热量也会降低。对于阻力特性,随着孔隙率的减小,内部压力显著增大,压力损失也显著变大。孔隙率为70%时,多孔泡沫金属具有更高的均匀性,同时通过实验验证了模型具有一定的有效性。     

高瑞利数条件下竖排管束对原油的换热特性研究

采用标准k-ε湍流模型、基于有限体积法,对Ra数1.12×106-1.02×108,Pr数101-127范围内竖排等温管束对原油的自然对流换热特性进行了数值研究。结果表明,随相邻加热管中心距增加,管束整体依次经历了换热恶化、强化、稳定和衰退的不同阶段。底部加热管自然对流诱发的流体流动增大了上层管周围流体的速度,对上层管换热具有强化作用,但同时也改变了上层管周围流体的温度分布,导致上层管换热恶化和Nu数随时间产生波动。此外,存在换热强化和最高换热强度的临界中心距都随Ra数增大而减小,换热强化作用随Pr数增大而减弱,增加上层管数在一定程度上可提高管束的平均换热强度。     

形貌对通孔金属泡沫辐射性能的影响

本文借助PerkinElmer 光学测试系统实验研究了不同形貌通孔金属泡沫的漫反射率和漫透射率。实验结果表明,材质对金属泡沫的漫反射率有重要的影响。铜泡沫的漫反射率随着孔密度的增大而减小,而镍泡沫的漫反射率变化趋势则相反。无论是铜泡沫还是镍泡沫,吸收率皆随着孔密度的增大而增大,消光系数随着孔密度的增大而增大。对于烧结有铜板的铜泡沫,吸收率随着孔隙率的增大而增大。     

水平光滑细管内R32的冷凝换热特性

对流体R32在内径2 mm的水平光滑圆管内的冷凝换热特性进行实验研究。实验设定的流体饱和温度为35、40和45℃,质量流量为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度7~28 k W/m2。实验获得R32在不同工况下的冷凝换热系数和摩擦压降梯度。发现其换热系数随质量流量增加而增大,随饱和温度提高而减小。入口干度和热流密度对其影响不大。摩擦压降梯度随质量流量增加而增加,相同质量流量下,随饱和温度升高而降低。并将该次实验值与其他经典换热模型和压降模型进行对比分析,发现Baird模型对该次实验的换热系数预测较好,Müller-Heck模型和Chisholm模型对R32的摩擦压降预测较好。     

泡沫金属平板式太阳能集热器传热性能的研究

主要研究泡沫金属对平板式太阳能集热器内传热情况的影响。考虑固体骨架与流体之间的传热温差,建立二维瞬态局部热不平衡的能量双方程模型,运用数值分析的方法求解控制方程。分别研究不同泡沫金属块高度与孔隙率对太阳能集热器排管内传热的影响,并分析不同情况下的Nu数、压降和综合节能性能。结果表明:与传统的平板式太阳能集热器相比,在集热器排管内填充泡沫金属能显著增强管内传热;随着泡沫金属块高度的增加和孔隙率的减小,Nu数增大的同时压降也随之增大。在应用中,以节能性能因子对泡沫金属结构进行优化。     

A numerical investigation into the charge behaviour of a spherical phase change material particle for high temperature thermal energy storage in packed beds

基于高温相变材料,对填充床储热系统中储热单元球体的储热性能进行了模拟研究.研究了不同传热流体温度和球体直径对球体储热性能的影响规律,对导热为主的相变储热过程与导热和自然对流共同作用的相变储热过程进行了比较分析,同时还探讨了高温辐射换热的影响.结果表明,相变时间随球体直径的增大而增大,随传热流体温度的增大而减小.当考虑相变区域自然对流时,总的相变时间显著减少,和单纯导热相比,完全相变时间缩短了近16%.在导热和自然对流的基础上加上辐射传热后可以看出,辐射换热强化了球体内的传热过程,加快了相变材料的熔化速度,强化了自然对流的作用.     

梯度孔密度金属泡沫的池沸腾传热性能研究

实验研究了梯度孔密度通孔金属泡沫的池沸腾传热性能。工质为去离子水,梯度孔密度金属泡沫材质为铜和镍, 孔隙率为0.98,泡沫厚度为4-14 mm。实验结果表明：相比于单层泡沫,梯度孔密度金属泡沫显著的增强了沸腾传热能力,但增强程度受孔密度变化梯度、泡沫厚度和材料的影响;梯度孔密度泡沫的池沸腾传热性能随着表面活性剂SDS浓度的增大而减小,而且SDS降低了梯度孔密度金属泡沫的临界热流密度; 添加Al2O3纳米颗粒严重的削弱了梯度孔密度铜泡沫的池沸腾传热能力。     

A numerical investigation of heat transfer in phase change materials (PCMs) embedded in porous metals

The effects of metal foams on heat transfer enhancement in Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are investigated. The numerical investigation is based on the two-equation non-equilibrium heat transfer model, in which the coupled heat conduction and natural convection are considered at phase transition and liquid zones. The numerical results are validated by experimental data. The main findings of the investigation are that heat conduction rate is increased significantly by using metal foams, due to their high thermal conductivities, and that natural convection is suppressed owing to the large flow resistance in metal foams. In spite of this suppression caused by metal foams, the overall heat transfer performance is improved when metal foams are embedded into PCM; this implies that the enhancement of heat conduction offsets or exceeds the natural convection loss. The results indicate that for different metal foam samples, heat transfer rate can be further increased by using metal foams with smaller porosities and bigger pore densities.     

Numerical study of conjugated heat transfer in metal foam filled double-pipe

The two equation numerical model has been applied for parallel flow double-pipe heat exchanger filled with open cell metal foams. The model fully considered solid–fluid conjugated heat transfer process coupling heat conduction and convection in open cell metal foam solid matrix, interface wall and fluid in both inner and annular space in heat exchanger. The non-Darcy effect and the wall thickness are also taken into account. The interface wall heat flux distribution along the axial direction is predicted. The numerical model is firstly verified and then the influences of solid heat conductivity, metal foam porosity, pore density, relative heat conductivity and inner tube radius of the heat exchanger on dimensionless temperature distribution and heat transfer performance of heat exchanger are numerically studied. It is revealed that the proposed numerical model can effectively display the real physical heat transfer process in the double pipe heat exchanger. It is expected to provide useful information for the design of metal foam filled heat exchanger.     

Numerical and experimental study of forced convection in graphite foams of different configurations

Forced convection heat transfer in a channel with different configurations of graphite foams is experimentally and numerically studied in this paper. The physical properties of graphite foams such as the porosity, pore diameter, density, permeability and Forchheimer coefficient are determined experimentally. The local temperatures at the surface of the heat source and the pressure drops across different configurations of graphite foams are measured. In the numerical simulations, the Navier–Stokes and Brinkman–Forchheimer equations are used to model the fluid flow in the open and porous regions, respectively. The local thermal non-equilibrium model is adopted in the energy equations to evaluate the solid and fluid temperatures. Comparisons are made between the experimental and simulation results. The results showed that the solid block foam has the best heat transfer performance at the expense of high pressure drop. However, the proposed configurations can achieve relatively good enhancement of heat transfer at moderate pressure drop.     

管内填充多孔介质强化换热的数值研究

管内填充多孔介质强化换热的基本原理是构造热边界层,增大壁面附近流体的温度梯度,并且流动阻力增幅不大。本文运用数值模拟的方法,模拟填充多孔介质管内的流场和温度场,探讨填充比例φ、渗透率Da以及空隙率ε对管内对流换热的影响规律。研究表明,提高填充比例φ和减小渗透率Da都能明显提高换热效果,但也增加了管内流动阻力。空隙率ε对强化换热作用不大,但高空隙率可以明显降低管内流动阻力,在实际中应选用空隙率较大的多孔介质。     

Investigation of the effect of metal foam characteristics on the PCM melting performance in a latent heat thermal energy storage unit by pore-scale lattice Boltzmann modeling

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has many advantages such as high energy density and phase change at a nearly constant temperature compared with sensible thermal energy storage or chemical energy storage techniques. However, one of its major drawbacks is the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) which impedes the heat transfer efficiency. High thermal conductivity metal foams could be added into the LHTES to enhance the heat transfer speed. Under this case, the investigation of the effects of metal foam porosity and pore size on the melting process is essential for improving the heat storage capability of LHTES. In this article, a pore-scale modeling of melting process in a LHTES unit filled with metal foams is carried out by enthalpy-based multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method. The quartet structure generation set is used to generate the morphology of metal foams. In addition, a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) Fortran code is developed in this work for executing highly parallel computation through graphics processing units. The melting process in the PCMs is investigated in terms of porosity, pore size, nonuniform metal foam, hot wall temperature, and initial subcooled temperature to optimize the design of LHTES filled with metal foams.     

Heat Transfer in a Lid-Driven Enclosure Filled with Water-Saturated Aluminum Foams

Mixed convection in a lid-driven square enclosure filled with water-saturated aluminum foams is investigated numerically. The driving forces of fluid flow in such a system include the buoyancy force due to temperature gradient and the shear force due to lid movement, while the interaction of these forces results in various heat transfer modes. This work uses the Brinkman-Forchheimer model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for heat transfer. The top moving wall and the bottom heated wall are maintained at different constant temperatures, while the other walls are thermally insulated. The relevant parameters are the porosity of aluminum foams (ε = 0.91, 0.97), the Grashof number (Gr = 10⁴–3 × 10⁶) and the Reynolds number (Re = 10^?2–10⁴). The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the present porous system are identified. Parametric study indicates that the average Nusselt number (Nu) generally increases with Gr and Re. The higher porosity promotes much more enhancement of convective heat transfer, but the lower porosity is desired for higher total heat transfer due to the higher value of effective thermal conductivity. Finally, the Nu correlation is established based on the numerical results.