杨树溃疡病生防菌株N6-34抗菌活性物质的分离纯化与结构鉴定

【背景】杨树溃疡病是一种主要由葡萄座腔菌引起的杨树枝干病害,危害严重。前期从杨树中分离到一株内生拮抗细菌N6-34,研究表明该菌株拮抗效果好,对多种植物病原菌均有较强的拮抗作用。【目的】对拮抗细菌N6-34产生的抗菌活性物质进行分离纯化,并鉴定了活性物质组分的结构。【方法】通过硫酸铵盐析、甲醇抽提、分子筛、高效液相色谱等方法分离纯化N6-34菌株的抗菌活性物质,并对其进行结构鉴定。【结果】N6-34菌株发酵液经多步分离纯化,共获得14个组分,其中有13个组分具有抗菌活性,经一级质谱分析,获得了13种抗菌活性组分的分子量;经二级质谱分析,将13种抗菌活性物质鉴定为Fengycin A或Fengycin B的同系物或同分异构体。【结论】从N6-34菌株发酵液中分离获得了13种抗菌成分,为杨树溃疡病的生物防治提供了理论依据。     

咸鸭蛋清胃蛋白酶水解产物的抗菌性及抗氧化性

【目的】提高对咸鸭蛋清的综合利用,制备具有生物活性的蛋白水解产物。【方法】采用超滤对咸鸭蛋清进行脱盐及分级,利用胃蛋白酶对不同分子量范围的咸鸭蛋清蛋白组分进行酶解,并对不同组分的水解产物进行体外抑菌试验,测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)、细菌细胞膜完整性及抗氧化活性。【结果】超滤后得到3种不同分子量的组分,组分A (Mw>50 kDa)、组分B (50 kDa>Mw>20 kDa)和组分C (20 kDa>Mw>5 kDa)。其中,组分A和组分B的水解产物对大肠杆菌的生长有抑制作用。2种组分的MIC分别为1 024 μg/mL和2 048 μg/mL,MBC均为2 048 μg/mL。大肠杆菌进入稳定期OD₆₀₀值约为1.15,添加2种水解产物浓度达1×MIC时,OD₆₀₀值降至0.79和0.86,浓度达2×MIC时,OD₆₀₀值降至0.50和0.68。2种水解产物可破坏大肠杆菌细胞膜,达到较好的抑菌效果。而金黄色葡萄球菌对3种水解产物均不敏感,抑菌效果较差。另外,3种水解产物均具有抗氧化活性,它们对DPPH自由基清除能力分别达0.5倍Trolox (水溶性维生素E)、0.67倍Trolox、0.38倍Trolox。【结论】超滤可同时实现咸蛋清脱盐及富集不同目标蛋白的目的。目标蛋白酶解组分具备抗菌活性和抗氧化活性,同时可作为一种营养添加剂,提高了咸鸭蛋清的附加价值和利用率。     

青春型双歧杆菌的抗菌作用及其成分分析

目的探讨青春型双歧杆菌的抗菌作用及其成分.方法利用自己筛选的青春双歧杆菌,经培养取其上清液,用Sevage法提取蛋白,无水乙醇提取多糖,制备蛋白及多糖水溶液,采用管碟法测定培养物上清液、蛋白及多糖水溶液的抗细菌和真菌能力.结果培养物上清液及多糖水溶液有一定的抗菌能力,且对革兰阳性菌作用较强;经比较分析,多糖是抗菌作用的主要组分.结论青春型双歧杆菌能分泌抗菌物质,具有一定的开发价值.     

地木耳中脂溶性物质抑菌活性研究

采用索氏提取法从地木耳中提取脂溶性物质,经硅胶柱层析将脂溶性物质分离成石油醚洗脱组分(非极性脂)、苯洗脱组分(弱极性脂)和乙醇洗脱组分(强极性脂),并对脂溶性物质和3种洗脱组分进行抑菌活性研究,以促进地木耳的综合应用。结果表明,地木耳中脂溶性物质含量为2.62%。其中,非极性石油醚洗脱组分含量最高,占总脂的54%,但无抑菌活性;强极性的乙醇洗脱组分含量其次,占总脂的32%,其抑菌活性最强;弱极性苯洗脱组分含量最低,占总脂的14%,有弱抑菌活性。地木耳脂溶性物质对6种菌有较好的抑制作用,其抑制能力大小为:大肠杆菌金黄色葡萄球菌枯草芽孢杆菌黑曲霉酿酒酵母假单胞杆菌。     

抗菌肽BuforinⅡ衍生物抑制大肠杆菌大分子合成的研究

【目的】研究抗菌肽BuforinⅡ的衍生物BF2-A/B作用大肠杆菌后对胞内生物大分子合成的影响。【方法】紫外分光光度法检测抗菌肽对细胞DNA、RNA合成能力的影响, 考马斯亮蓝法检测抗菌肽对细胞总蛋白合成能力的影响, 分别用邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷法和对硝基苯磷酸二钠法检测抗菌肽对β-半乳糖苷酶及碱性磷酸酶表达活性的影响。【结果】BF2-A/B不优先抑制DNA合成, 而是优先抑制RNA和蛋白的合成。在相同浓度下, BF2-B抑制RNA合成的能力比BF2-A强, BF2-A抑制蛋白合成的能力比BF2-B强。胞内酶β-半乳糖苷酶和碱性磷酸酶的表达活性都在下降。【结论】BF2-A/B结合胞内核酸后, 没有首先影响DNA的复制功能, 而是优先抑制基因转录功能, 主要在转译水平上抑制蛋白的合成。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26抗菌物质分离及对灰葡萄孢抑菌作用研究

分析解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)BA-26发酵液中抑菌物质存在情况,明确活性物质的抑菌效果,初步探索其抗植物病原真菌的作用机制。通过硫酸铵沉淀、大孔树脂吸附及反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),从菌株BA-26的发酵液中分离纯化抗菌物质;采用平板对峙法检测抗菌物质抑菌活性;用二倍稀释法测定各活性组分的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并研究其对菌丝和孢子萌发的影响。从菌株BA-26发酵液中获得抗菌粗提物抑菌谱广,对立枯丝核菌等多种植物病原真菌有强抑制作用;分离纯化得到11个具有抑制真菌作用的活性组分;其中A6-19和A6-20组分对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)抑菌活性最强,最小抑菌浓度为7.81μg/mL;菌株BA-26产生的抗真菌活性物质能使灰葡萄孢菌丝生长受阻、膨大变粗、细胞膜破坏并能抑制其孢子萌发。明确了解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26菌株产抗菌物质情况,初步探究其抑菌作用机制,为抗菌物质在防治病原真菌等方面的应用奠定基础。     

美国肉参胶原蛋白肽对H_2O_2损伤PC12细胞的保护作用

采用风味蛋白酶对美国肉参体壁进行酶解,经超滤制备不同分子量的美国肉参胶原蛋白肽I1(6 k DMr10 k D)和I2(Mr6 k D)。利用H_2O_2诱导PC12细胞建立氧化损伤模型,比较I1和I2对氧化应激损伤的神经细胞的保护作用及机制。结果显示:不同浓度的I1、I2均能显著提高H_2O_2损伤的PC12细胞的增殖活性(P0.05,P0.01),降低细胞内ROS水平,减少LDH释放量和MDA含量(P0.05,P0.01),提高细胞的SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力(P0.05,P0.01),抑制caspase-3酶活性的升高。表明美国肉参胶原蛋白肽具有良好的抗氧化活性,可以保护H_2O_2诱导的神经细胞损伤。其中,低分子量段的胶原蛋白肽组分保护效果更好。     

利用陶瓷膜技术精制丹酚酸B及其降糖活性的研究

为进一步优化制备丹参总酚酸的节能降耗工艺,本研究利用陶瓷膜技术,提高丹参中总酚酸和丹酚酸B的产率、并研究了丹酚酸B的降糖活性。通过考察水提醇沉法、30%乙醇提取法及陶瓷膜超滤法对丹参总酚酸提取的产率,利用不同陶瓷膜孔径对其水提液进行超滤,对该过程工艺参数进行研究,并采用HepG2细胞评价其降糖活性。本研究发现陶瓷膜技术能够显著提升丹参总酚酸的产率及其丹酚酸B的含量,且效率明显优于其它两种现有工艺,对丹酚酸B的降糖研究发现胰岛素抵抗模型成功,降糖活性显著。因此,本研究所采用陶瓷膜技术,能够显著提高丹参总酚酸的产率及其丹酚酸B的含量,且工艺步骤简单,上样量大,为丹参总酚酸的提取制备提供了一条节能降耗的工艺技术,以及开发丹酚酸B为降糖药物奠定工艺及前期实验基础。     

福寿螺不同生长发育阶段的抗菌活性物质及化学成分分析

福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)不同生长发育阶段(螺苗、仔螺、中螺、成螺)的软体匀浆物用乙酸乙酯进行提取.提取物分别用硅胶柱进行柱层析,并分别用不同极性的有机溶剂进行洗脱,分离出不同极性组分:非极性组分(石油醚洗脱组分)、弱极性组分(苯洗脱组分)、强极性组分(乙醇洗脱组分).然后用11种细菌对不同极性组分进行抗菌活性检测.结果表明,不同生长发育阶段组分抗菌作用的共同点是:强极性组分的抗菌活性最强,弱极性组分次之,非极性组分无抑菌作用.将不同生长发育阶段抗菌活性最强的乙醇洗脱组分分别进行薄层层析(TLC)分析并进行抗菌实验.薄层层析所用的展层剂不同,分离出条带数不同,各条带抗菌活性也存在差异.将抗菌活性最强的条带用气相色谱.质谱法进行化学成分鉴定,结果表明,各不同生长发育阶段抗菌物质的化学成分大部分是酸类物质,相同的化学成分在不同生长发育阶段的含量及相似度都不一样.     

苹果果实细胞质中依赖活体组织的ABA高亲和力特异结合蛋白

将苹果（Malus pumila L.cv.Starkrimon)果肉微粒体和细胞可溶组分在含有^3H-ABA的缓冲介质中分别温育,仅在细胞可溶组分中测到微弱的^3H-ABA结合活性。但是,如何将果肉组织圆片在^3H-ABA缓冲介质中直接温育,经制备亚细胞组分后直接测定,在细胞可溶组分中测到很高的^3H-ABA特异结合活性。果肉圆片用沸水预先热处理使细胞可溶组分中的^3H-ABA结合活性完全丧失,说明ABA结合依赖于组织的活体状态。药理实验证明了ABA结合位点的蛋白质性质,同时证明该蛋白的活性中心具有－SH和丝氨酸基因。ABA结合蛋白对ABA的结合具有可饱和性、可逆性和高亲和力。Scatchard作图证明存在2种ABA结合蛋白,一种具有较高的亲和力,其解离常数（Kd)为2.9mmol/L,另一种亲和力相对较低,其Kd值为71.4nmol/L。用ABA结构相似物进行的竞争实验证明了ABA结合蛋白对配体结合的立体特异性。分析了ABA结合蛋白与ABA结合的时间曲线、pH和温度依赖性。本研究检测到的依赖活体组织的ABA结合蛋白可能是果实发育过程中介导ABA信号的受体。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.