射线源平移扫描 CT 解析重建算法研究

微焦CT通过圆周扫描可对处于视场内的物体实现高分辨力成像。针对超出视场的大物体CT成像,一种射线源平移扫描CT(STCT)被提出。STCT采用射线源直线运动的方式采集投影数据,具有结构简单、应用灵活等特点。由于在STCT扫描过程中,每个位置的射线只能照射到部分物体,投影数据存在截断。为了提高重建效率和处理截断投影数据,提出了基于数据重组的滤波反投影重建算法(rFBP),该算法基于STCT扫描特性和X射线衰减性质,通过对置射线源采样点与探测器像元,将截断投影数据重组为全局投影数据,并在此基础上推导了rFBP算法表达式。仿真和实物实验结果验证了rFBP算法的有效性与实用性,重建时间综合缩短至SIRT算法的0.6%。rFBP算法能避免截断伪影,准确、高效地重建STCT图像。     

锥束CT圆轨迹半覆盖扫描的几何校正

研究了一种高精度的几何校正方法用于对锥束CT圆轨迹半覆盖成像进行几何校正.首先,使用Otsu算法分割体模投影中钢球所在的区域,并计算质心坐标.然后,采用最小二乘算法对质心进行椭圆拟合,并根据椭圆参数采用Cho的全覆盖几何校正算法计算探测器的旋转角度.最后,顺时针旋转质心,求得旋转的角度后,再次进行椭圆拟合,并根据得到的椭圆参数采用Noo的全覆盖几何校正算法计算除探测器倾斜角之外的所有几何参数.实验结果表明:探测器旋转角和偏转角的测量精度分别为0.02°和0.01°;射线源到探测器和到旋转轴的距离的测量精度分别为0.05 mm和0.01 mm;射线源在探测器上投影坐标的计算精度分别为0.07 mm和0.15 mm.由得到的结果可知,所提出的校正方法有效地去除了几何伪影的干扰,满足半覆盖成像图像重建的要求.     

基于标定量具的快速锥束CT几何校准方法

锥束CT的几何参数不准确会导致重建图像出现伪影,影响分析与判断。为快速可靠地获取锥束CT的几何参数,提出了一种基于标定量具的锥束CT几何参数校准方法。标定量具的基本结构为有机玻璃管内置金属细丝,外嵌金属球;通过获得量具一定幅数的单圆轨迹扫描投影,并将得到的投影图像进行叠加,根据叠加图像的对称特性,进行对称轴拟合,所得对称轴即为旋转轴投影,通过金属球轨迹与旋转轴交点的比例关系求得射束中心的坐标;最后,利用量具平移一定距离后的投影,结合量具外轮廓直径和投影的几何关系,计算出源到旋转中心及探测器的距离。实验结果表明,该方法可以获得可靠的锥束CT几何参数,具有校准速度快、鲁棒性强的特点。     

面向复杂金属卫浴产品的工业CT系统硬件设计

针对一套用于检测复杂金属卫浴产品的工业CT系统进行硬件设计：首先根据产品材料、尺寸和结构选用合适的X射线源，在此基础上设计合适的准直器；其次根据给定空间分辨率，设计系统几何参数和探测器；最后通过综合比较选择合适的扫描方式。     

基于PLC的微型CT自动扫描系统

为了实现微型CT扫描成像的自动化,提高生物实验的效率,采用了X射线扫描技术作为成像方法,以射线源和探测器建立透视成像系统,机械控制系统则采用四轴数控机构,主要由载物台位置调整机构、纵向进给滑台和主运动装置组成,使用以可编程控制器为控制核心、以伺服电机为执行机构的数控系统,并以计算机为上位机,协调控制透视成像系统与机械系统的动作,实现了微型CT扫描成像的自动化。将本系统应用于生物实验的结果表明,该系统能大大提高生物实验的效率和质量。     

基于投影图像特征匹配的微纳CT焦点漂移校正

微纳CT射线源焦点热漂移是影响图像清晰度的重要因素之一。通过理论和仿真实验分析了射线源焦点漂移对图像清晰度的影响。利用实际微纳CT系统,实验发现焦点漂移主要是缓慢热漂移,漂移量与X射线源功率正相关,且焦点漂移具有一定随机性。据此,提出一种基于投影图像特征匹配的焦点漂移校正方法。首先,在实际CT扫描后快速采集少量参考投影,根据实际CT投影和参考投影自适应特征匹配结果求取特定角度下的焦点漂移量;其次,采用样条插值获取CT扫描过程所有的焦点漂移量;最后,根据焦点漂移量修正实际投影数据,重建得到校正后的图像。实验表明,该方法定位精度高,可大幅度减少图像畸变,图像清晰度提高近10%。     

双侧远心线阵视觉系统的动态扫描成像标定

目前对于由双侧远心镜头和线阵相机组成的成像系统标定方法的研究较少,尤其是考虑动态扫描情况下的双侧远心线阵成像系统标定.文中首先对线阵相机扫描方向做类投影变换处理,进而结合仿射成像建立了双侧远心线阵成像系统的几何成像模型;之后,分析了影响成像效果的各类畸变因素,包括扫描方向速度波动导致的畸变以及成像镜头畸变;接着,给出了所提成像模型的内外参数求解方法及标定流程;最后,通过真实标定实验和仿真实验对所提方法的有效性进行了验证.结果表明该方法可有效实现双侧远心线阵成像系统行、列两个方向的标定,标定后的重投影误差小于1个像素.     

CBVCT系统中心标定方法

CBVCT（Cone Beam Volume CT）系统在无损检测和逆向工程等领域具有不可替代的优越性。而系统设计时射线源焦点投影不能枝准将严重影响其精度。采用实验的方法，利用标准钢丝样本和直尺样本，先采用DR成像的方法大致确定投影中心的位置，然后利用黄金分割点逼近准确位置。在计算钢丝位置时，则采用最小半径法确定钢丝的中心。系统标定后，时钢丝样本重新进行了重建实验，实验结果表明，标定后的系统精度提高5倍以上。在理论和实践上为CBVCT系统的研发提供了切实可行的中心标定方案。     

X射线CT系统投影旋转中心的测量

为了精确测量X射线CT成像系统的投影旋转中心坐标,校准投影几何坐标系,消除由其定位误差引起的CT图像伪影,在概述现有方法优缺点的基础上,分析推导了两个引理:"质点扫描一圈.其投影地址的积分为零"以及"任意两质点扫描投影正弦线的交点坐标之和为零".依据上述引理,设定合适阈值对扫描得到的正弦图进行二值化分割;根据分割结果得...     

基于线框模型的锥束CT几何参数校正方法

锥束CT几何参数偏差会导致重建图像畸变或图像模糊。针对工程实际中锥束CT系统初装和应用中的几何参数偏差与漂移,提出了一种改进的基于线框模型的几何参数测量与校正方法。通过对探测器两次不同径向位置的线框模型投影图像进行分析和处理,计算出源-探测器距离及源-旋转中心距离,并确定探测器纵向位置;通过对模型在两次互为180°的投影图像分析,确定探测器横向位置;在此基础上,根据模型参数及其投影图像的测量值求解其他几何参数;最后,用物体投影数据进行带参数重建,获得校正后的重建图像。实验结果表明,该方法能精确求解各几何参数偏差,通过校正可有效减少图像伪影,其主要参数探测器绕其法线旋转角的测量精度可达到0.03°,探测器沿其行和列方向的平移测量精度分别可达到0.03和0.06 pixel,其抗噪性好精度高。同时,该方法降低了对模型安装精度的严格要求,有较高工程实用价值。     

A physical phantom for the calibration of three-dimensional X-ray microtomography examination

X‐ray microtomography is rapidly gaining importance as a non‐destructive investigation technique, especially in the three‐dimensional examination of trabecular bone. Appropriate quantitative three‐dimensional parameters describing the investigated structure were introduced, such as the model‐independent thickness and the structure model index. The first parameter calculates a volume‐based thickness of the structure in three dimensions independent of an assumed structure type. The second parameter estimates the characteristic form of which the structure is composed, i.e. whether it is more plate‐like, rod‐like or even sphere‐like. These parameters are now experiencing a great diffusion and are rapidly growing in importance. To measure the accuracy of these three‐dimensional parameters, a physical three‐dimensional phantom containing different known geometries and thicknesses, resembling those of the examined structures, is needed. Unfortunately, such particular phantoms are not commonly available and neither does a consolidated standard exist. This work describes the realization of a calibration phantom for three‐dimensional X‐ray microtomography examination and reports an application example using an X‐ray microtomography system. The calibration phantom (external size 13 mm diameter, 23 mm height) was based on various aluminium inserts embedded in a cylinder of polymethylmethacrylate. The inserts had known geometries (wires, foils, meshes and spheres) and thicknesses (ranging from 20 µm to 1 mm). The phantom was successfully applied to an X‐ray microtomography device, providing imaging of the inserted structures and calculation of three‐dimensional parameters such as the model‐independent thickness and the structure model index. With the indications given in the present work it is possible to design a similar phantom in a histology laboratory and to adapt it to the requested applications.     

Linear computed tomography of two-phase distribution in a rectangular channel

Two-phase flow is closely linked with the efficiency and safety of industrial processes in many fields, and there are various instruments for measuring the two-phase distribution. Among them, γ-ray and ultrafast X-ray tomography systems are most promising to break the technical barrier of gas-liquid measurement in the flow channel of high-temperature and high-pressure (up to 15 MPa/342 °C) nuclear reactors. Hence, A CT measurement method has been developed for imaging a two-phase distribution of a central plane oriented in axial direction in a rectangular duct, which was tested theoretically using a numerical phantom and experimentally on a preliminary tomographic hardware with a mechanically traversed gamma source and a detector unit, as well as a static phantom simulating gas bubbles in the pipe. After completing experimental and numerical imaging of a multi-bubbles phantom, the two-phase contrast and locations of bubbles in the experimental and simulated reconstruction images showed a good agreement and supported the feasibility of applying the linear scanning technique to realize two-phase detection in rectangular channels. The sensitivity analyses of scanning range, photon-registering time and scanning step length conveyed the optimal experimental strategy for this system. Morphological operation has also been imposed on image processing achieving elimination of severe ringing artefacts.     

Attitude measurement based on imaging ray tracking model and orthographic projection with iteration algorithm

In the field of vision-based attitude estimation, camera model and attitude solving algorithm are the key technologies, which determine the measurement accuracy, effectiveness and applicability. Aiming at this issue, in this paper we probe into the generic imaging model and then develop a corresponding generic camera calibration method using two auxiliary calibration planes. The camera model is named as imaging ray tracking model. Based on the imaging ray tracking camera model and with the knowledge of the calibration parameters, an advanced attitude solving algorithm, imaging ray tracking model and attitude from orthographic projection with iterations algorithm, is deeply investigated, which is inspired by the classical POSIT algorithm. The initial attitude value is provided by the orthographic projection of the object on the two calibration planes and then refined by iteration to approximate the true object attitude. Experimental platform is setup to conduct the imaging ray tracking camera calibration procedure and further evaluate our attitude estimation algorithm. We show the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed attitude estimation algorithm by thorough testing on real-data and by comparison with the POSIT algorithm.     

珠线式模板在Freehand超声图像快速 标定中的应用*

为了精确标定freehand超声图像坐标系与固定于超声探头上的跟踪设备坐标系间坐标转换关系,提出一种“Z”形珠线模板,由双层“Z”形棉线与精确定位的圆珠构成。定位珠能够引导用户将探头准确定位,即将定位珠全部收入图像视野中。计算定位珠在超声图像中成像点间距的比例关系,根据其相应的模板空间间距比例制定优化算法,校准用户拾取的图像坐标。应用同源点匹配算法得到超声图像平面坐标系与磁跟踪设备坐标系间的空间转换关系,从而实现2-D超声图像向3-D空间坐标系的定位转换。标定结果显示此方法与以往的标定方法相比：加快了标定速度,且标定精度与重建精度有所提高。试验采用磁定位方式进行探头的跟踪定位,此方法同样适用于其他定位方式。     

基于相机阵列的三维集成成像记录系统

基于三维集成成像理论以及相机阵列和显示透镜阵列之间的对应关系,利用几何成像理论和光线追踪方法对不匹配全光学集成成像记录系统进行了理论分析,得到了主要记录参数(记录距离和相机间隔)和集成成像显示特性之间的关系。提出了一种非匹配系统中相机阵列记录系统参数的设计方法,并设计了相机阵列记录系统。计算得到了系统的关键参数为记录距离49.6cm,相机间隔25mm。对提出的方法进行了实验验证,结果表明,提出的相机阵列光学记录系统能够完整记录场景的三维信息,三维显示特性基本达到了设计指标,相机阵列的主要记录参数与集成成像三维显示特性的关系符合理论分析,验证了提出方法及系统设计的可行性。提出的系统可为不匹配全光学集成成像系统显示提供大场景、高分辨率微图像阵列。     

大视场相机最优投影模型识别及星光标定方法

针对在轨摄影测量中近距离大尺寸测量需求,提出利用星光约束的大视场角摄影测量相机最优投影模型识别及标定方法。首先,构建了具备调节系数的星光几何投影分段函数模型。随后,针对分段星光投影模型开发多站位自标定光束平差算法。通过将光束平差算法与北方苍鹰寻优策略相结合,对投影模型调节系数、相机内方位参数、相机外方位参数及镜头畸变系数同步优化,直到星点像面重投影均方根误差达到全局最小,得到最优投影模型及其参数。实测实验表明,大视场角相机星光标定后,星点像面坐标的重投影均方根误差为1/9 pixel。在连续帧星光标定实验中,通过卡尔曼滤波算法对相机参数随机误差进行了有效消除。该方法可在相机星光标定过程中识别最优投影模型并标定全部成像参数,具备连续帧标定及参数校准能力。     

Synchrotron nanoscopy imaging study of scalp hair in breast cancer patients and healthy individuals: Difference in medulla loss and cortical membrane enhancements

Nanoscopic synchrotron X‐ray imaging was performed on scalp hair samples of patients with breast cancer and healthy individuals to investigate any structural differences as diagnostic tool. Hair strands were divided into 2‐3 segments along the strands from root to tip, followed by imaging either in projection or in CT scanning with a monochromatic 6.78‐keV X‐ray using zone‐plate optics with a resolving power of 60 nm. All the examined cancer hairs exhibited medulla loss with cancer stage‐dependent pattern; complete loss, discontinuous or trace along the strands. In contrast, medullas were well retained without complete loss in the healthy hair. In the CT‐scanned axial images, the cortical spindle compartments had no contrast in the healthy hair, but appeared hypointense in contrast to the surrounding hyperintense cortical membrane complex in the cancer hair. In conclusion, observation of medulla loss and cortical membrane enhancements in the hair strands of breast cancer patients demonstrated structural variations in the cancer hair, providing a new platform for further synchrotron X‐ray imaging study of screening breast cancer patients. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:23–30, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于成像光线空间追踪的摄像机标定方法研究

摄像机测量模型和标定方法是视觉测量的关键,直接影响视觉测量系统的测量精度。针对这个问题,借鉴非成像模型的摄像机校准的思想,提出了基于成像光线追踪的摄像机标定方法。分析测量点经摄像机镜头成像的规律,通过空间直线确定摄像机图像坐标与测量空间的映射关系。使用像平面和两个空间平面的映射关系,建立空间直线表达方式,完成基于成像追踪方法的摄像机测量参数标定。通过噪声分析和精度测量实验对基于成像追踪的摄像机标定方法进行精度验证,实验结果表明该方法可以有效抑制标定数据噪声对测量结果的影响,提高摄像机标定精度。     

Study of beam width on reconstructed image contrast using the first generation gamma ray CT

Different factors may influence the image quality of the first generation computed tomography (CT) system single-source-single-detector. One of the factors in the improvement of the reconstructed image quality is the related characteristics of the beam width. These characteristics depend on the shape of collimator and dimension of collimation apertures. For studying the effect of beam width an industrial CT system was designed and developed. The CT scanner consists of a 5.08 cm NaI(Tl) detector in diameter and a ¹³⁷Cs (30 mCi) radioactive source. The position of phantom was defined by three motors. The CT scans were taken out by scanning 180° to collect attenuation beams. The images are reconstructed from the measured projections by the filtered back projection method to perform the inverse Radon transform. In this study we have investigated the beam width on reconstructed image contrast. To go through the process, several experiments were performed with different collimation apertures. Finally, the contrast of different images is compared by computing the RMS contrast of each image.