野生反刍动物心水病研究进展

心水病是由反刍动物埃立克体引起的一种急性、致死性的蜱传反刍动物传染病。该病不但可以使家养反刍动物发病,还可以使野生反刍动物发病,对野生动物及野生环境造成极大的危害和污染。论文从心水病的历史及地理分布、病原学、流行病学、临床症状、检测方法、发病机制、疫苗,进口野生动物传入心水病的风险分析及口岸防控措施等方面进行了综述,旨在为野生反刍动物心水病的检测与防控研究提供参考。     

多头带绦虫Tm7基因的表达及间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以多头带绦虫Tm7重组蛋白为抗原,建立动物多头蚴病早期诊断方法.本研究从羊脑多头蚴原头节提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术首次扩增出Tm7基因的全序列,该基因的开放阅读框为207 bp,编码68个氨基酸.将此基因克隆到pET-32a(+)载体,构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-Tm7,经转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后IPTG诱导表达,用SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测表达产物.以纯化后的表达蛋白作为抗原,建立检测羊脑多头蚴病抗体的重组蛋白间接ELISA方法.研究结果表明,Tm7基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达产物为约27 ku的融合表达蛋白,该蛋白能识别羊脑多头蚴病阳性血清.建立的间接ELISA方法,检测敏感性可达93.3％,特异性达94.1％,研究结果表明Tm7重组蛋白可作为脑多头蚴病的诊断抗原.     

基于重组猪囊虫18 ku抗原的间接ELISA方法的建立

利用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)从猪囊尾蚴中克隆到18 ku蛋白基因,将扩增产物与pGEM-T Easy载体连接后测序分析.将目的基因亚克隆至表达载体,构建重组质粒pGEX-CE18,经转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)后诱导表达,用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot分析表达产物.表达的目的蛋白纯化后作抗原建立检测猪囊虫抗体的重组蛋白间接ELISA方法.结果表明,18 ku蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达产物约为35 ku的融合蛋白,并能被猪囊虫感染血清识别.经薄层扫描分析,表达量占菌体蛋白总量的28%.与商品化ELISA试剂盒平行检测178份阳性血清样品,二者的符合率为98.83%,说明建立的重组蛋白ELISA方法可用于猪囊虫病的诊断.     

大肠杆菌acrA基因的重组表达及其抗体的制备

以大肠杆菌E．coli ATCC25922株的染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增AcrA蛋白部分基因,获得约691bp的DNA片段。将PCR产物克隆至pMD18-T载体中测序,并进一步将acrA亚克隆于pET28a原核表达载体中,进行该基因的诱导表达。表达的产物经SDS-聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳分析,可见一条约33ku的特异性蛋白条带。用纯化的acrA基因原核表达产物免疫獭兔,ELISA法检测不同时期獭兔抗体效价。蛋白质印迹结果表明,用表达的AcrA蛋白制备的acrA抗体能够用于检测大肠杆菌AcrA蛋白的表达水平。     

伪狂犬病病毒Bartha株gC膜外区部分基因的原核表达及纯化

构建伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gC膜外区部分基因的重组质粒,原核表达并纯化目的蛋白.根据GenBank已发表的伪狂犬病病毒Bartha(PRV Ba)株gC基因的序列(NC EU719641),设计并合成了1对引物,以PRV Ba株为模板,PCR扩增出PRV gC膜外区部分基因片段;将该基因片段克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a上,转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,获得大小为35 ku的重组蛋白,命名为pET-gCN813.按照His-Bind纯化试剂盒说明书纯化表达产物,获得融合蛋白的纯化产物.     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白基因的克隆表达及免疫活性的研究

从口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)细胞培养物中提取总RNA,设计简并引物通过RT-PCR获得了完整的3ABC基因片段,将3AB基因和部分3ABC基因分别克隆到原核表达载体上构建重组表达质粒pET-3AB和pET-3ABC,然后转化BL21(DE3)plysS进行诱导表达,将表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析和Western blot鉴定.结果表明,3AB基因和3ABC基因可以在大肠埃希菌中高效表达,且表达产物能够与FMDV阳性血清产生免疫反应.进一步摸索重组蛋白的纯化条件,制备纯化蛋白,以纯化的表达产物为包被抗原进行间接ELISA检测,结果表明,重组蛋白具有特异的免疫学活性,能够用于鉴别FMDV感染动物血清和免疫动物血清.     

表达H5N1亚型禽流感HA、NA、 M1基因的重组杆状病毒的鉴定

为证实插入了禽流感HA、NA、M1、M2、NP基因的重组杆状病毒的表达物为具有禽流感形态的病毒样颗粒,对表达产物进行电镜、Western Blot、ELISA检测。蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化表达产物,电镜观察,可见禽流感病毒样颗粒;以Western Blot方法用HA、NA、M1抗体检测表达产物和纯化产物,可见特异性条带;NA多抗为捕获抗体、HA单抗为检测抗体建立夹心ELISA方法,检测表达产物,结果为阳性。结果显示,插入了禽流感HA、NA、M1、M2、NP的重组杆状病毒能够表达禽流感病毒样颗粒。     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白原核表达载体的构建、表达及蛋白纯化

为了表达并纯化猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus 2,PCV-2)Cap蛋白,试验将ORF2基因的密码子改造为大肠杆菌嗜好的密码子,但编码的氨基酸序列不变。合成优化后将ORF2基因全部基因序列,克隆于pET-30a原核表达载体并转化至大肠杆菌BL21中,经PCR和测序鉴定阳性克隆后,采用IPTG诱导表达目的蛋白。优化蛋白表达条件,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析胶纯化目的蛋白。结果表明:基因序列合成正确,无点突变。重组质粒成功转化入大肠杆菌BL21中,经诱导表达出现约37 ku的蛋白条带,与预期分子量大小一致。优化表达条件后,加入终浓度为1.2 mmol/L IPTG诱导6 h,表达产物含量最高。经Western-blot检测,能被PCV-2抗体阳性血清结合。说明成功构建了PCV-2 Cap蛋白的原核表达质粒pET-30a-ORF2,优化了表达条件并纯化出目的蛋白。     

猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒ORF2截短基因的表达纯化及动物免疫试验

在最佳诱导条件下获得猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV2）重组Cap蛋白,表达产物经可溶性分析表明该重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在。大量诱导表达重组Cap蛋白,利用His Bind蛋白质纯化试剂盒对表达产物进行纯化,通过Western blotting检测证明表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。用该纯化的重组蛋白作为亚单位疫苗,与本实验室所构建保存的pcDNA3.1-ORF2分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,对亚单位疫苗和基因疫苗做了对比试验,为进一步研制PCV2基因工程苗奠定良好的基础。     

猪链球菌2型38 000蛋白主要功能区基因的克隆与表达

根据GenBank中已发表的猪链球菌2型38000蛋白基因核苷酸序列,设计合成1对特异性引物,采用PCR方法,以四川分离株猪链球菌2型基因组DNA为模板扩增38000蛋白主要功能区基因。将PCR产物纯化后与pMD18-T连接转化宿主菌DH5α,提取阳性质粒,进行PCR和酶切鉴定。将目的片段定向克隆到表达载体pET32a中,经测序正确后,重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),于37℃、0.8mmol/LIPTG条件下进行诱导表达,结果重组菌菌体裂解物经SDS-PAGE电泳可检测到相对分子质量约为35000的重组蛋白,表达产物经纯化后,免疫印迹法(Western blotting)证实该重组蛋白可以与猪链球菌2型阳性血清发生特异性反应。     

单增李斯特氏菌溶血素基因的克隆及原核表达

参考GenBank收录的单增李斯特菌Hly基因序列,设计1对引物,采用PCR技术扩增出单增李斯特氏菌的溶血素基因Hly(不含有信号肽部分),得到一条1590bp的条带。将其连入pMD18-T载体,经酶切、PCR鉴定和序列测定法进行鉴定。测序正确后,将该基因插入到pET-28a中构建原核表达载体pET-28a-sHly,将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,将诱导产物用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定。结果显示,Hly基因可以在大肠杆菌中获得表达,表达产物分子质量约为65kU,与预期蛋白质分子质量大小一致。经Western-blotting鉴定可知,诱导表达产物以可溶形式存在,可被兔抗LM阳性血清特异识别,具有较好的抗原活性,为进一步研制基于溶解素蛋白的诊断抗原和特异性单克隆抗体,开展LM的致病与免疫机理研究奠定基础。     

旋毛虫肌幼虫分泌性蛋白P49基因的克隆与表达

通过设计、合成引物，以旋毛虫RNA为模板，用RT—PCR法扩增出旋毛虫P49序列，并进行了序列测定。将P49基因亚克隆至表达载体pET—28b中，转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞，经IPTG诱导表达，作SDS—PAGE及Western blot分析。结果表明，PCR法扩增出P49序列，其大小约为960bp，将构建的重组质粒pGEM—P49进行序列测定表明其与Genbank中的P49序列具有高度的同源性。成功构建了重组表达载体pET—P49；SDS—PAGR及Western blot分析表明，表达产物分子量约为38kDa，约占菌体总蛋白的7％左右，且能被感染旋毛虫猪阳性血清所识别。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌外膜脂蛋白的原核表达及免疫原性分析

以猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)血清1型SC-A株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR扩增外膜脂蛋白(OML)基因特异片段,并克隆于pMD18-T中,经酶切及核苷酸序列分析鉴定后,亚克隆于原核表达载体pET-32 a(+),成功构建了重组表达载体pET-mOML。以此转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE鉴定,表达的融合蛋白(TRX-mOML)分子质量约为60 ku,表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,采取非变性电泳方法对蛋白进行纯化,经ELISA检测,重组OML免疫小鼠可产生较高水平的抗OML抗体,这表明重组OML有较好的免疫原性。     

中国斗鸡DJ-1基因克隆与原核、真核表达研究

本研究以中国斗鸡λ噬菌体cDNA文库为模板,克隆了DJ-1基因,并构建了pGEX-4T-1-DJ-1原核表达载体和pEGFP-N3-DJ-1真核表达载体,前者用来研究DJ-1蛋白在大肠杆菌表达系统中的优化表达;后者用来转染成纤维细胞系,研究DJ-1蛋白的亚细胞定位和建立转DJ-1基因的细胞模型。试验成功克隆了DJ-1基因的CDS区,并将其定向插入到pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体和pEGFP-N3真核表达载体中。IPTG浓度梯度诱导原核表达结果显示,在0.8 mmol/L时DJ-1蛋白表达量最高;时间梯度结果显示,在8 h时DJ-1蛋白表达量最高;真核表达载体转染脂尾羊成纤维细胞后48 h阳性率最高,DJ-1蛋白在细胞核和胞质中均有表达,但胞质中居多。上述结果表明,本试验已经建立了稳定的DJ-1蛋白的真核、原核优化的表达系统,为进一步研究DJ-1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Veterinary extension on sampling techniques related to heartwater research

Heartwater, a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium, is considered to be a significant cause of mortality amongst domestic and wild ruminants in South Africa. The main vector is Amblyomma hebraeum and although previous epidemiological studies have outlined endemic areas based on mortalities, these have been limited by diagnostic methods which relied mainly on positive brain smears. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) has a low specificity for heartwater organisms as it cross-reacts with some other species. Since the advent of biotechnology and genomics, molecular epidemiology has evolved using the methodology of traditional epidemiology coupled with the new molecular techniques. A new quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test has been developed for rapid and accurate diagnosis of heartwater in the live animal. This method can also be used to survey populations of A. hebraeum ticks for heartwater. Sampling whole blood and ticks for this qPCR differs from routine serum sampling, which is used for many serological tests. Veterinary field staff, particularly animal health technicians, are involved in surveillance and monitoring of controlled and other diseases of animals in South Africa. However, it was found that the sampling of whole blood was not done correctly, probably because it is a new sampling technique specific for new technology, where the heartwater organism is much more labile than the serum antibodies required for other tests. This qPCR technique is highly sensitive and can diagnose heartwater in the living animal within 2 hours, in time to treat it. Poor sampling techniques that decrease the sensitivity of the test will, however, result in a false negative diagnosis. This paper describes the development of a skills training programme for para-veterinary field staff, to facilitate research into the molecular epidemiology of heartwater in ruminants and eliminate any sampling bias due to collection errors. Humane handling techniques were also included in the training, in line with the current focus on improved livestock welfare.     

Models for heartwater epidemiology: practical implications and suggestions for future research

We present a simple model of the dynamics of heartwater that we use to explore and better understand various aspects of this disease. We adapted the Ross-Macdonald model for malaria epidemiology so that we could consider both host and vector populations, and evaluate the interactions between the two. We then use two more biologically detailed models to examine heartwater epidemiology. The first includes a carrier state and host mortality, and the second includes density dependence. The results from all three models indicate that a stable equilibrium with high disease levels is probably the standard situation for heartwater (R0 between 5.7 and 22.4). More than 80% of cattle become infected with heartwater if only 12% of infected tick bites produce an infection in cattle, if tick burdens are as low as only five ticks per host per day, or if tick lifespans are as short as 7 d. A host recovery rate of 30 d results in over 50% of the cattle becoming infected with heartwater. Our analyses indicate that it is quite difficult to prevent the establishment and maintenance of high levels of heartwater in a herd, thereby supporting previous suggestions that any attempts at controlling this disease through stringent tick control regimens are not warranted.     

An assessment of the economic impact of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) and its control in Zimbabwe.

Heartwater, caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria ruminantium, is a serious constraint to livestock development in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, the disease has been controlled by the use of chemical acaricides to control the vector tick. The University of Florida/USAID-supported heartwater research project (based in Zimbabwe) is developing a new inactivated vaccine to control the disease. In order that the vaccine is used effectively, the project has been studying the epidemiology of the disease in different livestock production systems of Zimbabwe, and evaluating the economic impact of the disease and of its future control using a vaccine such as the one under development. Initially, field studies were conducted to characterise the communal and commercial livestock-productions systems at risk from heartwater and to understand the epidemiology of the disease. The data from these studies were then applied to an infection-dynamics model of heartwater, which was used to provide estimates of disease incidence and impact under various scenarios over a period of 10 yr. Two principal outputs of the epidemiological model (cumulative annual heartwater incidence and infection-fatality proportion) were key inputs into an economics model. The estimated total annual national losses amount to Z$ 61.3 million (US$ 5.6 million) in discounted value terms over 10 yr. Annual economic losses per animal in the commercial production system (Z$ 56 discounted values) are 25 times greater than the losses in the communal system (Z$ 2.2). The greatest component of economic loss is acaricide cost (76%), followed by milk loss (18%) and treatment cost (5%). Losses in outputs other than milk (beef, traction and manure) appear to be minimal. A new vaccine has the promise of a benefit: cost ratio of about 2.4:1 in the communal and 7.6:1 in the commercial system. A control strategy based on a new vaccine would yield additional non-financial benefits to farmers and the government resulting from reductions in the use of chemical acaricides.     

瑶山亚种树鼩ISG15蛋白表达及其多克隆抗体制备

[目的] 克隆瑶山亚种树鼩干扰素刺激基因15（interferon stimulating gene 15,ISG15）基因,在大肠杆菌中高效表达并纯化、制备多克隆抗体,为其生物学应用及检测方法的建立奠定基础。[方法] 提取瑶山亚种树鼩外周淋巴细胞总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增出ISG15基因,亚克隆到真核表达载体构建重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-ISG15,并瞬时转染仓鼠肾细胞（baby hamster syrian kidney,BHK-21）;同时亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a（+）构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-ISG15,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达树鼩ISG15蛋白;重组蛋白经镍离子亲和层析法纯化并免疫小鼠,获得鼠抗树鼩ISG15多克隆抗体,利用Western blotting和间接免疫荧光技术（IFA）检测其反应性。[结果] 成功克隆瑶山亚种树鼩ISG15基因,并构建了其真核和原核表达载体,真核表达载体在BHK-21细胞中能高效表达;原核表达载体在大肠杆菌中30 ℃、0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导6 h获得重组蛋白（分子质量22 ku）,蛋白以包涵体形式表达,经镍离子亲和层析法得到纯化。乳化后的重组蛋白免疫小鼠,获得抗瑶山亚种树鼩ISG15的多克隆抗体,经Western blotting检测,制备的鼠抗树鼩ISG15多克隆抗体稀释度在1：8 000时仍能够与0.01 μg ISG15重组蛋白结合。IFA检测发现,多克隆抗体能与真核细胞过表达的蛋白反应,抗体反应性良好。[结论] 构建的原核表达载体在大肠杆菌中高效表达瑶山亚种树鼩ISG15蛋白,重组蛋白纯化复性后具有良好免疫原性,获得的多克隆抗体为进一步研究树鼩抗病毒感染免疫奠定了良好基础。     

Asia1型FMDV非结构蛋白3A基因的克隆、表达与抗原性鉴定

为了研究Asia1型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)非结构蛋白3A的抗原性,试验对Asia1型口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3A基因进行扩增、亚克隆及测序,将3A克隆至表达载体pET-32a(+)中,选取阳性克隆转化Rosetta(DE3)pLysS大肠杆菌感受态细胞,用IPTG诱导表达和纯化3A蛋白,并进行SDS-PAGE鉴定与Western-blot分析。结果表明:在大肠杆菌中成功地表达了3A蛋白,表达的目的蛋白能与Asia1型FMDV阳性血清发生特异性反应。说明非结构蛋白3A具有较好的抗原活性。     

鸭源新城疫病毒F基因在昆虫细胞中的表达和鉴定

为在昆虫细胞中表达鸭源新城疫病毒(NDV) F蛋白,本试验首先根据鸭源NDV F基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增出F基因,将其克隆至杆状病毒表达载体pFastBac1,获得重组转座载体pFastBac-F,将其转化到大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞中,经抗性和蓝白斑筛选,获得重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒rBacmid-F,在脂质体介导下转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBac-F。Western blotting、间接免疫荧光试验结果均显示表达的重组蛋白能与鸭抗NDV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应原性。结果表明鸭源NDV F蛋白在昆虫细胞中获得了成功表达,为鸭新城疫的预防控制奠定了基础。