成都市成华区2017年碘缺乏病防治 健康教育干预措施效果评价

目的 通过调查成都市成华区居民碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率情况,评估碘缺乏病健康教育效果,为今后的防治工作提供科学依据。方法 在成华区选择3个街道办,在每个街道办分别选择一所项目学校和一个代表社区,选择30名5年级小学生及15名家庭妇女。结合主题日宣传、社区、学校综合干预措施在全区开展健康教育,对比干预前后小学生及家庭妇女碘缺乏病防治相关知识知晓率。结果 干预前家庭妇女的知识知晓率低于小学生（67.41% vs 82.22%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。通过在社区、学校等场所开展系列健康教育活动,利用主题日开展宣传,干预后小学生碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率为98.15%,家庭妇女知晓率为95.56%,均较干预前有所提高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。健康教育前碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率较低的辖区学生及家庭妇女知识知晓率的提升更为明显。结论 健康教育干预措施能够有效提高小学生、家庭妇女人群碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率,增强群众的健康意识。     

从玉溪市2009～2010年多类人群艾滋病知识知晓透析健康教育效果

目的 2009～2010年对玉溪市11类人群艾滋病知识知晓情况进行调查,旨在透析健康教育、干预工作效果.方法 两年均采用统一制定的调查问卷整群抽取11类人群进行现场调查,分析软件为SPSS15.0.结果 11类人群之间艾滋病知识知晓率不同(P<0.05),高危人群最高,一般人群其次,流动人群最低.人群知识知晓差异大、同类人群对同项知识知晓差异大、高危人群知识干预初显效果、农村及流动人群社区为健康教育的薄弱点.结论 艾滋病防治资源应向农村、流动人群社区等薄弱点倾斜,扩大、拓宽大众人群知识获取途径,发现及缩小健康教育开展误区,健全艾滋病健康教育评估体系.     

护理干预前后高血压前状态人群分析

目的 探讨护理干预对高血压前状态人群的影响因素,提高高血压前状态人群对高血压病认知及预防的效果.方法 选择高血压前状态人群为对象,实施健康宣教、饮食控制、运动指导及放松训练,对护理干预前后状况进行比较.结果 实施护理干预使高血压前状态人群的血压、血脂、体重明显降低.结论 护理干预对高血压前状态人群高血压病的预防有重要意义.     

社区糖尿病的防治及健康教育

探讨社区糖尿病患者及高危人群的防治模式及健康教育需求,积极干预,从而能有效地防治及控制糖尿病。对本社区80例糖尿病患者及20例高危人群为对象进行规范化的健康教育,宣传糖尿病相关知识,进行生活方式的干预,了解预防糖尿病,早期发现,早期治疗的重要性。健康教育及积极防治措施对糖尿病的早期诊断,早期治疗及预防并发症的出现尤为重要,需加强健康教育的力度。     

北京市朝阳区居民乙肝知信行调查分析

目的 了解北京重大传染病防控示范区即北京市朝阳区居民乙型肝炎的相关知识、态度、行为等情况,为制定有效干预措施和评估干预实施效果提供依据.方法 根据朝阳区的地区特点进行分层分阶段整群随机抽样,采用自编调查表对抽取对象进行调查.结果 乙肝三大传播途径(血液传播、母婴传播、性传播)知识正确知晓率分别为:69.7％、53％、42.3％,乙肝预防措施乙肝疫苗、安全套的知晓率分别为71.3％、26.6％,且不同特征人群认知情况存在差异；49.5％调查对象介意与乙肝感染者一起生活工作,仅26.3％的调查者接种过乙肝疫苗.结论 朝阳区居民乙肝正确防护知识与行为有待加强与提高:需分层次、有重点的针对不同需求实施健康教育,提高乙肝疫苗接种率,提高居民乙肝知识正确认知、转变态度,从而改善相关行为.     

护理干预前后高血压前状态人群分析

目的探讨护理干预对高血压前状态人群的影响因素,提高高血压前状态人群对高血压病认知及预防的效果。方法选择高血压前状态人群为对象,实施健康宣教、饮食控制、运动指导及放松训练,对护理干预前后状况进行比较。结果实施护理干预使高血压前状态人群的血压、血脂、体重明显降低。结论护理干预对高血压前状态人群高血压病的预防有重要意义。     

高血压患者的社区药学服务效果分析

目的探讨高血压患者的社区药学服务效果。方法随机抽取我院60例高血压患者，并进行定期的药学咨询服务及随访，不断的对患者进行药学干预，在对高血压患者进行社区药学服务前，对高血压患者进行相关的高血压知识的防治认知知识的调查统计，在对患者进行社区药学服务后，对患者的服药依从性、血压控制率、血压知识的认知及患者全年指标变化的情况进行分析了解，并与药学服务前的进行对比。结果通过社区药学服务后，高血压患者对于高血压防治认知的水平，血压的控制率有显著的提高。结论在高血压患者中，采用社区的药学服务方式，有利于提高高血压患者在高血压防治的认知，患者对高血压控制的有效途径。     

社区医生干预对2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗认知及接种率效果评估

目的评估社区医生干预对2型糖尿病患者流感疫苗认知及流感疫苗接种率的效果。方法选取2 815例2型糖尿病患者, 由社区医生开展接种流感疫苗能保护糖尿病患者的健康教育干预, 将干预后患者群的流感疫苗认知及接种情况和干预前进行对比。结果干预后糖尿病患者流感疫苗相关知识知晓情况好于干预前, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。干预后糖尿病患者有接种流感疫苗意愿比例为60.89%, 与干预前56.20%相比, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。干预后糖尿病患者接种流感疫苗比例为41.99%, 与干预前27.99%相比, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论社区医生干预能够有效提高糖尿病患者对流感疫苗的认知、意愿并提高接种率。     

包头市居民乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎知识、态度、行为调查

目的 了解包头居民对乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的防治知识知晓率、态度和行为(Knowledge-attitude-practice,KAP)现况,为居民乙肝、丙肝健康教育措施调整提供依据.方法 采取分层随机抽样的方法,在包头市城区、城乡结合部和农村各随机抽取市民300人,采用面对面调查的方式,开展乙肝、丙肝防治KAP及信息获取情况的调查.结果 市民对乙肝和丙肝防治知识的总体知晓率分别为35.11％和28.22％,城市居民知晓率高于城乡结合部和农村(x2=10.753,P=0.005),城乡结合部和农村居民知晓率无统计学差异(x2 =0.415,P＞0.05).女性知晓率高于男性(x2=5.511,P＜0.05).非医护人员中,33.66％的居民因害怕被感染而选择避免与乙肝、丙肝患者交往.居民对乙肝防治知识知晓率高于丙肝.无业人员、农民和民工知晓率最低.年龄、性别、职业、受教育程度与是否掌握乙肝、丙肝防控知识知晓率有关.结论 包头市居民乙肝和丙肝防治知识知晓率水平较低,应加强对市民(尤其是高危人群)的健康教育,采取有效宣教措施提高居民防治知识的知晓率.     

高血压病患者社区健康系统管理的效果评价

目的探讨社区系统管理对高血压病患者的效果。方法 2007年4月至2009年4月对广州市站前社区6个居委会中参与社区高血压系统管理的435例高血压患者,采取饮食、用药、生活行为、运动、心理健康指导以及健康宣传等措施进行健康干预,比较社区健康系统管理前后高血压患者的疾病相关知识知晓率、接受治疗率、规律服药率、血压控制率,不良生活方式的改变情况、血压控制情况及实验室指标控制情况。结果健康干预后高血压患者的疾病相关知识知晓率、接受治疗率、服药依从性、血压控制率、系统管理满意率均有明显提高,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;实验室指标及生活方式均有明显改善,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;血压变化明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;并发症控制低于干预前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论实施社区健康系统管理对社区高血压患者自身防治切实有效,此方法在社区中可广泛应用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.