聚合物固体粒子在熔体中的流动和传热数值分析

对螺杆挤出机螺槽建立了准三维的流动和传热模型,模拟了聚合物固体粒子在熔体中的流动、受热、温升和熔融行为;采用横纵向截面研究了聚合物固体粒子的速度和温度随时间的变化情况;通过计算得出了固体粒子熔融所需要的时间以及流场总能量增量中外部传热和内部黏性耗散生热所占的百分比。结果表明,机筒传热和黏性耗散对系统能量增加的贡献为3.68∶1。     

矩形截面微模具通道中熔体的黏性耗散效应

基于对微注塑成型过程中聚合物熔体充模流动时黏性耗散效应的理论分析，以聚丙烯（PP）和高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）两种聚合物材料，在不同工艺参数作用下流经不同当量直径和长径比矩形截面微模具通道时，由黏性耗散效应引起的微通道中熔体温度变化进行了试验测量和数值模拟。结果显示，微通道出口熔体温度的试验测量和数值模拟值与理论计算值非常吻合，且其平均误差小于1℃。同时研究发现，增大微模具通道当量直径和长径比时，熔体流动时的黏性耗散热量增多，通道出口熔体温度升高；而当微通道几何尺寸一定时，其黏性耗散热量随注射速度和注射压力的升高而增加，随熔体温度和模具温度的升高而降低；但同样试验条件下，对剪切作用敏感性强的PP材料的黏性耗散热量明显高于对剪切敏感性弱的HDPE材料。     

振动剪切流场中聚合物熔体的动态黏度计算方法——黏性耗散法

基于剪切功率的耗散机理,提出了一种计算振动剪切流场中聚合物熔体动态黏度的黏性耗散法,并建立了理论模型。运用黏性耗散法,计算了简单振动剪切流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,得到了与传统方法相一致的结果,从而验证了理论模型的正确性。通过讨论振动叠加流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,分析了黏耗散法的应用局限性。最后,通过动态流变实验,发现黏性耗散法对于小振幅范围的振动剪切流具有较好的预测能力。     

矩形截面微模具通道中熔体的黏性耗散效应

基于对微注塑成型过程中聚合物熔体充模流动时黏性耗散效应的理论分析,以聚丙烯(PP)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)两种聚合物材料,在不同工艺参数作用下流经不同当量直径和长径比矩形截面微模具通道时,由黏性耗散效应引起的微通道中熔体温度变化进行了试验测量和数值模拟。结果显示,微通道出口熔体温度的试验测量和数值模拟值与理论计算值非常吻合,且其平均误差小于1℃。同时研究发现,增大微模具通道当量直径和长径比时,熔体流动时的黏性耗散热量增多,通道出口熔体温度升高;而当微通道几何尺寸一定时,其黏性耗散热量随注射速度和注射压力的升高而增加,随熔体温度和模具温度的升高而降低;但同样试验条件下,对剪切作用敏感性强的PP材料的黏性耗散热量明显高于对剪切敏感性弱的HDPE材料。     

ABS熔体在微尺度通道中粘性耗散效应的研究

针对微尺度通道中粘性耗散效应对非牛顿聚合物熔体流动特性的影响,采用毛细管流变仪、高精度温度传感器和微尺度口模等组成的粘性耗散测量装置,对非结晶型ABS(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene,ABS)聚合物材料,在不同入口温度和剪切速率下,流经直径分别为350μm和500μm,长径比不同的微通道时的粘性耗散效应,进行了实验测量和数值模拟。结果表明,微通道入口熔体温度一定时,粘性耗散效应引起的出口熔体温升,均随剪切速率的增大而近似线性增加;而剪切速率一定时,微通道的出口熔体温升则随其长径比的增大和入口熔体温度的降低而明显升高。     

微尺度通道中聚合物熔体的黏性耗散效应

以双料筒毛细管流变仪和自行研制的黏性耗散测量装置为实验平台,通过对聚甲醛(POM)和聚苯乙烯(PS)两种聚合物熔体在不同剪切速率下,流经长径比相同的直径/当量直径分别为350 μm和500 μm的圆形及矩形截面微通道出口熔体温升的测量,研究了微尺度通道中聚合物熔体流动时的黏性耗散效应及其对熔体流变行为的影响。结果表明,两种截面微通道中的熔体黏性耗散效应均随剪切速率和微道直径/当量直径的增大而明显增强,其中矩形截面微通道中熔体的黏性耗散作用尤为强烈;且在相同实验条件下,结晶性的POM熔体因黏性耗散效应引起的微通道出口熔体温升值,高于非晶性的PS熔体。     

基于广义原理的对流换热热阻计算方法及检验

使用积耗散与广义热阻原理分析对流换热中耗散与广义换热温差间的关系, 提出了控制体内三种广义热阻值计算方法的表达形式, 并在二维平行通道层流换热中进行检验, 与传统热阻计算方法作比较后发现传统的表面传热系数不能准确体现研究区域内的热导（阻）能力, 三种广义热阻计算方法的表达形式相互吻合, 结果一致, 且对流换热退化为热传导时与定义式和热传导计算结果统一, 表明是可靠的对流热阻计算方法; 使用该方法研究二维平行通道内入口段的对流换热, 发现广义热阻值的普遍趋势是随流动发展热阻增大, 符合对流换热的基本理念, 定义式热阻则表现变化很大, 受温差与壁面热流量影响明显; 检验中发现了广义式热阻与定义式热阻的差异是由于定义式热阻为简化表达导致。     

Haake密炼机三维流场的非等温数值模拟研究

本文利用流体力学计算软件FLUENT对69cm3哈克密炼机内的聚合物熔体进行了三维非等温非稳态数值模拟,得到了三维流场的瞬时温度分布,并对熔体与密炼室之间的热量传递过程进行了分析。当粘性耗散生热量等于向外传热量时,达到热平衡状态,熔体平均温度不再变化。由于聚合物熔体具有较高的粘性生热,仅靠自然对流不足以使密炼室壁保持初始的设定温度,壁温会有所增加。流场的混合指数分布说明混合流场中剪切流动占主导地位,还包括一小部分拉伸流动和收敛流动。     

基于广义原理的对流换热热阻计算方法及检验

使用积耗散与广义热阻原理分析对流换热中耗散与广义换热温差间的关系,提出了控制体内三种广义热阻值计算方法的表达形式,并在二维平行通道层流换热中进行检验,与传统热阻计算方法作比较后发现传统的表面传热系数不能准确体现研究区域内的热导(阻)能力,三种广义热阻计算方法的表达形式相互吻合,结果一致,且对流换热退化为热传导时与定义式和热传导计算结果统一,表明是可靠的对流热阻计算方法;使用该方法研究二维平行通道内入口段的对流换热,发现广义热阻值的普遍趋势是随流动发展热阻增大,符合对流换热的基本理念,定义式热阻则表现变化很大,受温差与壁面热流量影响明显;检验中发现了广义式热阻与定义式热阻的差异是由于定义式热阻为简化表达导致。     

《化工学报》2007年第58卷第1期目次

综述与专论温室气体CO2矿物碳酸化固定研究进展传递现象基于Simha-Somcynsky状态方程的高分子-溶剂体系扩散系数模型圆管聚合物热流中黏性耗散分析的无网格模拟旋流片支撑管束的传热与流阻性能水力空化强度与空化自由基产量的关系低温手术过程组织瞬态热应力有限元分析传输过程     

Heat transfer to molten polymer flow in tubes

This article presents the results of a numerical study (finite differences) of the heat transfer problem in flowing polymer melts. The tube wall is assumed to be at a constant temperature. The rheological behavior of the melt is described by a power law temperature-dependent model. A convective and a viscous dissipation term are included in the energy equation. Temperature profiles, bulk temperatures, and Nusselt numbers are presented for a variety of flow entry temperatures.     

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER TO LAMINAR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN ANNULUS

An analytical study is made of the problem of laminar flow heat transfer to pseudoplastic fluids in a concentric circular tube annulus. The solution is obtained for simultaneously developing velocity and temperature profiles and constant wall heat flux. Constant property results are presented for different values of flow behavior index, n, and several inner to outer tube radius ratios and Prandtl numbers. Variable property solutions, with strongly temperature-dependent consistency index are obtained. The effect of viscous dissipation on the results of heat transfer is also presented.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer including viscous dissipation in a scraped surface heat exchanger

Viscous dissipation plays an important role in the dynamics of fluids with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity because of the coupling between the energy and momentum equations. The heat generated by viscous friction causes a local temperature increase in the high shearing zone with a consequent decrease of the viscosity which may dramatically change the temperature and velocity distribution. These processes are mainly controlled by the Brinkman number, the rotating velocity and the thermal boundary conditions. This work analyses forced convection heat transfer including the viscous dissipation in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). In this study the increase of the temperature due to the viscous dissipation is analysed both experimentally and numerically for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Heat transfer simulations including viscous dissipation were carried out by means of the CFD code of the software Fluent, version 6.3, with solving momentum and energy equations. Two thermal boundary conditions were considered: pseudo-adiabatic wall and constant temperature on the stator wall exchange. In the case of Newtonian fluid (pure HV45), for both considered thermal boundary conditions, an important increase of the temperature was obtained. In the case of non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid (2 wt% CMC solution), viscous dissipation is neglected. The developed numerical model agrees well with experimental results. The validated numerical model was then used to study the effect of index and consistency behaviour of shear thinning fluid using power-law rheological behaviour on the viscous dissipation, and correlation using dimensionless analysis expressed with different dimensionless process numbers is proposed for Newtonian and non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid.     

Effect of viscous dissipation on the temperature of the polymer during injection molding filling

During injection molding, viscous dissipation changes the temperature distribution by playing the role of an energy source, which affects heat transfer rates. Understanding the effect of the viscous dissipation assists the designing of the cooling system in injection molding process. In this article, the effect of the viscous dissipation on the temperature distribution throughout a rectangular channel for different polymers at different inlet velocities and temperatures is studied. A cross type rheological model depending on the temperature and pressure is assumed for polymer materials polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP). The evolution of the flow velocity inside the channel is presented. The quantity of heat added due to viscous dissipation to the polymer is also calculated up to different positions through the channel. A numerical finite volume code for the simulation of polymer melt flow in a channel is used and a validation of this numerical code is presented. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Non-isothermal laminar pipe flow — II. Experimental

In a previous article [1] theoretical predictions of velocity distributions, pressure drops and mean Nusselt-numbers are given for non-isothermal pipe flow of power-law fluids having a temperature dependent consistency-index. In the present investigation these solutions are checked for Newtonian fluids with extensive experimental data.A flow visualization technique was used for measuring the non-isothermal, laminar velocity profiles of glycerol in a round tube. Furthermore, accurate pressure drop measurements were carried out for non-isothermal tube flow of a viscous. Newtonian liquid. Finally logarithmic mean heat transfer coefficients were measured in laminar flow heat transfer.The experimental velocity profiles, pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients show a good agreement with those predicted theoretically.     

Three-dimensional solidification and flow of polymers in curved square ducts

Steady three-dimensional laminar flow with and without partial solidification of an initially molten polymer in square ducts, both straight and with a 90-degree curve, was numerically studied with a version of the SIMPLE algorithm. The non-Newtonian characteristics of the fluid polymer were represented by a power-law model. The temperature variation of fluid properties was taken into account. Viscous dissipation, being significant for all flow regimes studied, provided thermal energy input which was balanced by heat transfer outward across duct boundaries. For the non-Newtonian fluid with solidification and variable viscosity, it was found that the effective heat transfer coefficient in the curved section of the square duct is larger than in a straight section; in the curved section, this coefficient is larger at the outside of the bend than at the inside. These findings are in agreement with measurements reported in the literature for similar situations. The combined mechanisms of solidification on the wall and viscous dissipation result in the possibility of two different flow rates for a specified pressure gradient. The flow channel that remains unfrozen in a curved square duct meanders within the confines of the duct much as a river meanders in its valley; the wave length of the meander is sensitive to the fluid flow rate and radius of curvature.     

Viscous dissipation in capillary flow of rigid PVC and PVC degradation

The steady state, non-isothermal behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride melt, flowing in capillaries of circular cross-section, was investigated by solving, with the aid of a digital computer, the momentum and energy balance equations. It was assumed that the polymer melt can be described by the “Power Law” constitutive equation. The shear rate, temperature and pressure dependent properties of the fluid were obtained experimentally. The effects of the thermal degradation of PVC on its viscosity, were also introduced in the equations of momentum and energy. The velocity, temperature and pressure profiles, obtained for both adiabatic flow and flow through a tube of constant wall temperature, indicate that considerable heating of the melt, due to viscous dissipation, can be achieved at moderate flow rates. Thermal degradation occurs in the capillary under certain conditions of temperature history and residence time of the fluid. The results of this work are in fair agreement with experimental results in this area.     

聚合物两圆筒环槽切向流传热的简化计算

本文应用有限差分法对聚合物在两圆筒环槽间具有粘滞耗散热的切向流,简化为两平行平板拖动流而进行传热计算.首先得出熔融体拖动流顺流方向的温度分布,并导出两壁面处温度梯度的近似计算式,从而求出两壁面处的努塞尔准数Nu和换热系数α值.本文可供聚合物螺杆机械、剪切机头、以及模腔流道等具有耗散热传热计算时参考.