Clinical evaluation of target controlled infusion system for sufentanil administration

Background Sufentanil target controlled infusion （TCI） provides stable analgesia, better hemodynamic control than a bolus injection of intravenous anesthetics, anticipated recovery and improved quality of anesthesia during perioperative period. This study evaluated the accuracy and feasibility of TCI system for sufentanil at high concentrations in Chinese surgical patients. Methods Twelve low risk adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included in this study. Sufentanil was administered with a specific TCI system incorporating the population pharmacokinetic data of sufentanil previously reported, using a target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Sufentanil TCI duration was 30 minutes. Frequent arterial blood samples were taken during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI for determination of plasma sufentanil concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The changes of circulatory system function during the procedure, recovery profile and adverse effects were recorded. Measured plasma sufentanil concentrations were compared with the values predicted by the TCI system. The bias （median performance error, MDPE）, precision （median absolute performance error, MDAPE） and wobble （variability of performance error） of the sufentanil TCI system were determined. Results All patients had stable cardiovascular variables during induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Time to eye opening and extubation were （5.6±1.7） minutes when TCI set to 4 ng/ml and （7.2±2.3） minutes when set to 6 ng/ml. There was no episode of agitation, muscle rigidity or intraoperative awareness. The bias （MDPE）, precision （MDAPE） and wobble of the sufentanil TCI system were -3.7%, 18.9% and 19.6% respectively during TCI, and the MDPE, MDAPE and wobble were -29.1%, 31.7% and 15.0% respectively after TCI （up to 8 hours）. Conclusions The TCI system programmed for sufentanil at 4 or 6 ng/ml was considered acceptable for clinical use in low risk Chinese surgical patients. But the relatively larger MDPE and MDAPE after TCI suggest improvements of the Dharmacokinetic model are needed.     

Population pharmacokinetics of rocuronium delivered by target-controlled infusion in adult patients

Background Target-controlled infusion （TCI） has been recently developed and successfully implemented in clinical practice. The current study was to estimate the population pharmacokinetics of rocuronium TCI in adult patients using nonlinear mixed-effects model （NONMEM）, and to investigate the influence of relevant factors in adult patients. Methods Fourteen ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients undergoing elective laparoscopy operation with general anesthesia were included. After induction, all patients received rocuronium by TCI system. The beginning target plasma concentration （Cpt） was 2.0 μg/ml, then increased Cpt according to the neuromuscular transmission monitoring. The endpoint of Cpt was determined when the T1 scale was blocked by 90%-95%. TCI rocuronium was stopped 30 minutes before the end of the operation. Arterial blood was drawn before anesthesia at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes after the infusion of rocuronium was stopped for the analysis of plasma concentrations of rocuronium by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. The population pharmacokinetics analysis was performed using NONMEM program. Results The pharmacokinetics of TCI rocuronium in adult patients was best described by a three-comparment model. Pharmacokintic parameters were clearance （CL）1=0.205 L/min, CL2=0.324 L/min, CL3=0.0292 L/min, volumes of distribution （V）1=4.00 L, V2=2.28 L, V3=4.26 L, Vdss=10.54 L. Both age and weight as covariates affected the pharmacokinetic parameters. V1 and CL1 were negatively correlated with patient age. CL1 was positively correlated with weight. Conclusions No pharmacokinetic change was noted when rocuronium was administered via TCI. Both age and weight as covariates affected the pharmacokinetic parameters.     

不同靶控浓度舒芬太尼复合依托咪酯对高龄患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响

目的比较靶控输注(TCI)不同效应室质量浓度舒芬太尼复合依托咪酯对高龄患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响。方法拟行全身麻醉气管插管的高龄患者49例,年龄75～90岁,美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,根据舒芬太尼的不同效应室质量浓度随机分为3组:Ⅰ组0.30μg.L-1,Ⅱ组0.35μg.L-1,Ⅲ组0.40μg.L-1,首先TCI舒芬太尼,待效应室和血浆质量浓度达平衡时,以0.50 mg.L-1的血浆质量浓度TCI依托咪酯,意识消失后静脉推注顺阿曲库铵,待依托咪酯血浆和效应室质量浓度达平衡时行气管插管,观察并记录诱导前(T0)、舒芬太尼达平衡时(T1)、依托咪酯达平衡时(T2)、插管即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)、插管后3 min(T5)、插管后5 min(T6)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脑电双频指数(BIS)、心排出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏输出量(SV)的变化。结果 T1和T2时点Ⅲ组HR显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),CO和SV显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);T3、T4和T5时点Ⅰ组MAP、HR、CO、CI和SV均显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05);T6时点Ⅲ组MAP、HR、CO、CI、SV显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);T3和T4时点Ⅰ组MAP、HR、CO、CI、SV显著高于T0时点,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组CO和CI高于T0时点(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼效应室质量浓度为0.35μg.L-1复合依托咪酯血浆质量浓度为0.50 mg.L-1TCI时,对高龄患者全身麻醉诱导时的血流动力学影响最小,较适宜高龄患者气管插管。     

Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation

Backgroud Little is known about the influence of liver transplantation on the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs. The goal of this study was to study the population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in the different phases of orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT） and the influence of relevant factors.
Methods Thirteen adult patients undergoing OLT were enrolled. A single bolus infusion of remifentanil 5 IJg/kg was administered during the preanhepatic, anhepatic and neohepatic phases of OLT. Arterial blood samples of 1.5 ml were collected at 0 （baseline）, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after drug administration. Remifentanil concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry （HPLC/MS/MS）. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling （NONMEM）.
Results The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing OLT was best described by a two-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were not influenced by age, gender, operative phase, blood temperature, rehydration volume, or blood loss volume during sampling. The volume of distribution in the central compartment （V1） and the volume of distribution in the peripheral compartment （V2） were influenced by body weight.
Conclusions The population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing OLT can be well described by a two-compartment open model. The functional status of the liver does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil, but the body weight is an influential factor of V1 and V2.     

小儿依托咪酯短期输注后的群体药代动力学特点及影响因素

目的 探索短期输注依托咪酯后的药代动力学特点及影响因素,并建立群体药代动力学模型。方法 11例拟在全身麻醉下行择期手术的ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患儿,静脉持续输注依托咪酯60 μg·kg-1·min-1直至双频谱指数（BIS）值降低到50以下。按照预先设定的时间点抽取动脉血标本并测定依托咪酯血浆浓度。采用非线性混合效应模型建立依托咪酯群体药代动力学模型,分析年龄、身高、体质量等协变量对药代动力学参数的影响。结果 起始分析提示一室、二室和三室模型的目标函数值分别为61、-63和-77,小儿依托咪酯药代动力学最适合用三室模型描述,基于体质量的异速生长模型拟合后目标函数进一步减少,未发现有显著影响药代动力学的其他协变量。群体药代动力学参数典型值为：V1=6.53×（体质量/70）（L）, V2=12.4×（体质量/70）（L）,V3=27.3×（体质量/70）（L）, Cl1=1.23×（体质量/70）0.75（L/min）, Cl2=1.42×（体质量/70）0.75 （L/min）和Cl3=0.35×（体质量/70）0.75。结论 年龄不影响依托咪酯的药代动力学,提示其代谢途径出生后即已成熟;体质量以异速生长方式影响依托咪酯的药代动力学,提示较小体质量的儿童单位体质量需要更高的输注剂量和速度。     

Relationship between depth of anesthesia and effect-site concentration of propofol during induction with the target-controlled infusion technique in elderly patients

Background There are few studies to assess whether the effect-site concentration of propofol can predict anesthetic depth during the target-controlled infusion （TCI） induction in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between effect-site concentration of propofol and depth of anesthesia during the TCI induction in elderly patients. Methods Ninety patients （60-80 years） with an American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status of 1-3, undergoing scheduled abdominal and thoracic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into one of three groups, Group S1, S2 and S3 （30 patients in each group）. The patients in Group S1 received propofol with a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml; patients in Group S2 received propofol with an initial target plasma concentrations of 2.0 IJg/ml that was raised to 4.0 pg/ml 3 minutes later; patients in Group S3 received an infused scheme of 3 steps; starting from a target plasma concentration of 2.0 pg/ml that was increased stepwised by 1 pg/ml until a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml was achieved, the interval between the two steps was 3 minutes. When an Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation （OANS） score of 1 was achieved, remifentanil （effect-site concentration （Ce） of 4.0 ng/ml） and rocuronium 0.9 mg/kg were administered. Tracheal intubation was started 2 minutes after rocuronium injection. Changes of propofol Ce, blood pressure （BP）, heart rate （HR）, and bispectral index （BIS） were recorded. Results When an OAA/S score of 1 was achieved, Ce of propofol were （1.7±0.4） pg/ml, （1.9±0.3） pg/ml, （1.9±0.4） pg/ml and the BIS values were 64±5, 65±8, and 62±8 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. Before intubation, Ce of propofol was （2.8±0.2） pg/ml, （2.8±0.3） pg/ml, （2.7±0.3） pg/ml, and the BIS values were 48±7, 51±7, and 47±5 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. By linear regression analysis, a significant correlation between Ce of propofol and BIS values was found （r=-0.580, P 〈0.01）. Systolic blood pressure （SBP） before intubation was significantly lower in Group S1 than in Groups S2 and S3. SBP and HR after intubation in the three groups were significantly increased when compared with pre-intubation values, but they did not exceed baseline values Conclusions During the TCI induction, Ce of propofol with （1.9±0.3） pg/ml may make the elderly patients unconscious. When remifentanil with a Ce of 4.0 ng/ml is added a Ce of propofol with （2.8±0.3） pg/ml is suitable for intubation. The Ce of propofol has a close correlation with the BIS values. Also, a two-step TCI technique seems to be a more suitable method of anesthesia induction in elderly patients compared with the no-stepwise TCI technique and three-step TCI technique.     

Concentrations of propofol in cerebral spinal fluid: target-controlled infusion

Background Although the performance of target-controlled infusion (TCI) have been studied extensively, the accuracy and safety of a TCI system that targets the effect site remains to be demonstrated. This study was to investigate the relations of TCI of propofol to its concentrations in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), the effect-site concentrations and bispectral index (BIS).Methods Twelve mongrel dogs were used for investigations. The target effect-site concentration was set at 3 μg/ml and the infusion was lasted for 15 minutes. CSF and blood samples were then collected and propofol concentrations were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. BIS and hemodynamic data were monitored continuously.Results The predicted plasma concentrations were generally overestimated. Median performance error (MDPE) and absolute median performance error (MDAPE) were -10.0% and 29. 9% respectively. Propofol CSF concentrations were much lower than its effect-site concentrations.Changes in BIS were consistent with propofol concentrations in CSF, both of which changed direction at 5 minutes while the effect-site concentrations relatively lagged behind. Better correlation (r^2 =0. 9195) was found between BIS and CSF concentrations, when compared with that between BIS and effect-site concentrations ( r^2 =0. 554).Conclusion With 1% enflurane inhaled, the inconsistency of drug effect to the effect-site concentrations may result from inaccuracy of pharmacokinetic parameters. CSF may show effect-site concentrations more accurately than plasma when using target effect-site concentration infusion.     

Two-stage analysis of pharmacokinetics of sufentanil administered by target-controlled infusion in Chinese patients

Background Sufentanil is a suitable choice for target-controlled infusion （TCI） because of its shorter context-sensitive half-time. The current study was to estimate the pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients using the two-stage analysis. Methods Twelve adult patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status I or II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, rocuronium and sufentanil administered by TCI lasting for 30 minutes, with target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Frequent arterial blood samples （1.5 ml） were taken during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI. Before the end of surgery, another arterial blood sample （1.0 ml） was drawn for the blood-gas analysis. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （limit of quantitation was 5 pg/ml）. The data were analyzed with the two-stage approach, linear regression and correlation analysis. Results The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI were adequately described by a three-compartment model. The variables were derived as follows： the volume of central compartment （V1） was 5.4 L, volume of distribution at steady-state （Vdss） was 222.6 L, metabolic clearance （CI1） was 0.84 L/min and elimination half-life （t~/2y） was 389 minutes. Patients＇ age, gender and PaCO2 correlated significantly with the pharmacokinetic parameters. The Vdss, volume of slowly equilibrating compartment （V3） and t1/2 y increased, and rapid distribution clearance （012） decreased with increasing patient age. Male patients had larger values of Vdss, volume of rapidly equilibrating compartment （V2） and V3 than female patients. The Vdss and V3 increased with higher PaCO2 values. There were no significant correlations between the pharmacokinetic variables and body weight, height, lean body mass, plasma albumin, sufentanil dose, duration of surgery, pH or base excess of blood （BE-B）. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients can be optimally described by a three-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic analysis technique may affect the pharmacokinetic parameters and correlations.     

舒芬太尼减轻气管内插管引起心血管反应的效果

目的：探讨丙泊酚-舒芬太尼静脉靶控输注（TcI）诱导时，减轻气管插管心血管反应的舒芬太尼的合理剂量和给药方法。方法：选择拟行气管插管的全麻手术患者75例，随机分5组，每组15例。麻醉诱导丙泊酚效应室靶浓度为2．0μg／mL，按舒芬太尼不同效应室靶浓度分为4组：Ⅰ组0.3ng／mL，Ⅱ组0．4ng／mL，111组O．5ng／mL，Ⅳ组0．6n∥mL，静脉注射维库溴铵0．1mg／kg，待舒芬太尼达效应室浓度后行气管内插管。记录麻醉前、气管插管前、插管后即刻、插管后2min和5min的收缩压（SBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、SpO2、脑电双频指数（BIS）、心率变异性（HRV）、高频段（HF）和低频段（LF）值以及低频和高频段比值（LF／HF）。V组选择靶控4组中观察指标最稳定的一组，将舒芬太尼的诱导用量换算成每公斤体重平均用量，在TCI丙泊酚的同时，30s徒手匀速将计算剂量静脉推注完毕后插管，并观察上述指标的变化。结果：插管后即刻，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的HR和MAP高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组，也高于基础值（P〈0.05或P〈0.01），但Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的HR、MAP与基础值比较差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组气管插管引起的SBP和HR升高20％的发生率比Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组高（P〈0．01）。诱导期Ⅳ组有2例发生呛咳，4例发生胸壁僵硬．Ⅲ组诱导过程中各项观察指标最稳定。V组插管引起MAP、HR的升幅及SBP升高20％的发生率高于Ⅲ组（P〈0.05）插管前Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组BIS值明显低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组，插管后即刻Ⅲ组的BIS值低于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）．诱导和插管期间各组HRV、LF和HF测定均值均无明显变化．插管后即刻测定的LF／HF，Ⅰ组比基础值增加93．5％（P〈0.01）；Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组的变化均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：丙泊酚2．0μg／mL复合舒芬太尼0．5ng／mLTCI诱导行气管插管可以明显减轻气管插?     

颅脑损伤患者丙泊酚靶控浓度与脑电双频指数变化的关系

目的观察丙泊酚诱导过程中,轻中度颅脑损伤患者的效应室浓度与脑电双频指数(BIS)变化的关系。方法选择颅脑损伤后GCS评分为9～15分,拟行急诊开颅手术的患者19例。所有患者入室后行BIS及心电图、上臂血压、血氧饱和度(SpO2)监测,以丙泊酚靶控输注进行诱导,靶控效应室浓度从0.5μg/ml开始,当效应室达到设定浓度后增加0.5μg/ml,直到3.5μg/ml,记录基础值及每个浓度稳定时的BIS值、心率(HR)及平均动脉压(MAP)。结果效应室靶控浓度与BIS呈直线负相关(r=-0.63,P<0.01),回归方程:BIS值=81.2-11.47×丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度。效应室靶控浓度达到3.5μg/ml时,MAP降幅达到基础值的34.7%。结论丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度与BIS呈负相关,可用于评估镇静深度。当效应室靶控浓度>3μg/ml,对轻中度颅脑损伤的MAP影响较大。     

靶控异丙酚诱导时芬太尼对大脑状态指数和异丙酚的效应室靶浓度的影响

目的使用大脑状态指数（CSI）和改良警觉镇静评分（MOAA/S）观察靶控（TCI）异丙酚麻醉时芬太尼的影响。方法40例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级全麻患者随机分为对照组和芬太尼组（各20例）。芬太尼组靶控芬太尼1.5ng/ml,效应室浓度稳定10min后给予靶控异丙酚（维持靶控芬太尼）;对照组则只靶控异丙酚,靶浓度从0.5μg/ml开始,每5min递增0.5μg/ml,试验开始后每20s行改良警觉镇静评分（MOAA/S）并记录实时靶浓度值、CSI值和血流动力学各参数值,至MOAA/S为0分后调整以原靶浓度继续5min停止。结果与对照组比较,芬太尼组丧失语言反应（LVC）和意识消失（LOC）出现在更高的CSI值和更低的异丙酚的效应室靶浓度（EC）值。研究计算得出了两组患者出现LVC、LOC时相应的CSI和异丙酚的EC（μg/ml）及其它们的95%可信区间。结论芬太尼明显增强异丙酚的临床镇静效果。研究得出的相应的各CSI值和异丙酚的各EC值为CSI麻醉深度监测和靶控异丙酚提供了临床应用参考。     

靶控输注不同浓度舒芬太尼对丙泊酚TCI镇静催眠的影响

目的在麻醉诱导期观察靶控输注（TCI）不同浓度舒芬太尼对丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响。方法 60例择期手术全麻患者,年龄25～60岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。随机分为4组,每组15例。A组为单纯丙泊酚组;B、C、D组为丙泊酚＋舒芬太尼组,舒芬太尼的靶效应浓度分别为0.1、0.2、0.3ng/ml。B、C、D组在TCI舒芬太尼达平衡后,TCI丙泊酚。记录舒芬太尼达平衡后1min和丙泊酚效应浓度达1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0μg/ml时的脑电双频谱指数（BIS）和OAA/S评分。结果在单纯输注舒芬太尼期间,BIS和OAA/S评分无明显变化;随丙泊酚浓度升高,患者BIS和OAA/S评分逐渐下降;相同丙泊酚浓度时,各组间的BIS值无明显差别;丙泊酚浓度为1.0、1.5、2.0μg/ml时,D组的OAA/S评分（4.1±0.3、4.3±0.7、3.1±1.1）明显低于A组（4.1±0.7、3.1±1.3、2.1±1.0,P〈0.05）。结论麻醉诱导期间输注0.1ng/ml和0.2ng/ml浓度的舒芬太尼不增强丙泊酚的镇静催眠效应,0.3ng/ml的舒芬太尼可以增加丙泊酚的镇静催眠效应。     

Narcotrend与Ramsay在机械通气患者镇静中的相关性研究

目的 探讨Narcotrend麻醉/脑电意识深度监测系统在丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)下对ICU机械通气患者镇静深度数字化监测的可行性.方法 选取20例ICU呼吸机机械通气同时进行丙泊酚靶控输注镇静患者,应用Narcotrend进行监测.靶控浓度(Ct)从0.5 ug/ml开始递增,达到满意镇静深度为止,观察NTI、Ramsay评分.结果 丙泊酚滴定法靶控输注镇静时NTI随着Ct递增而递减,Ramsay评分随着Ct递增而递增,NTI与Ramsay呈负相关,相关系数r为-0.887;NTI与Ct呈负相关,相关系数r为-0.756; Ramsay评分与Ct呈正相关,相关系数r为0.735 (P＜0.01).结论 Narcotrend在机械通气患者丙泊酚TCI镇静深度评估中具有较好的相关性和可控性,可以对丙泊酚TCI镇静实现数字化监测.     

腰段硬膜外阻滞对静脉靶控输注麻醉的影响

目的观察腰段硬膜外阻滞对丙泊酚-舒芬太尼靶控输注（TCI）全凭静脉麻醉的影响。方法将40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行全子宫切除术及要求术后硬膜外镇痛患者分为硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉组（GE组）及单纯全身麻醉组（GS组）,各20例。L1～L2或L2～L3硬膜外穿刺置管后,GE组硬膜外腔注入2％利多卡因8～10mL,GS组注入等量0．9％氯化钠注射液。全身麻醉深度通过调节内泊酚和舒芳太尼效应室浓度（Ce）维持脑电双频指数（BIS）在40～60范围及血流动力学的稳定。记录麻醉诱导、维持及恢复期相应时间点BIS和Ce值,并计算各药用量。结果丙泊酚Ce及用量两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与GS组相比,GE组麻醉维持和恢复期舒芬太尼Ce均低（P〈0．05）。GE组舒芬太尼用量少于GS组（P〈0．01）。结论腰段硬膜外阻滞复合静脉麻醉时,对全身麻醉镇静成分影响较轻,但明显减少对镇痛成分的需要。     

两个血浆-效应室平衡速率常数值用于靶控丙泊酚效应位浓度对血流动力学的影响

目的 比较听觉诱发电位指数和双频指数监测计算的血浆-效应室平衡速率常数(keO)应用于控制效应位浓度输注系统对血流动力学的影响,以评价其临床应用的安全性.方法 85例不用术前药的患者分为TP组(39例)、TE1组(23例)和TE2组(23例),TP组靶控血浆浓度,TE1组和TE2组分别应用keO=0.62/min和1.83/min的靶控效应室浓度,记录血压、心率和患者意识消失的时间.结果 TP组的意识消失的时间为75 s,显著长于TE1和TE2组的40 s(P值均＜0.05).3组间收缩压降低的最大幅度、达到最大降幅的时间以及心率变化的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 相对于靶控血浆浓度,靶控效应室浓度缩短了达到意识消失的时间.同时不会增加血压降低的幅度.     

NarcoTrend反馈调控丙泊酚靶控输注联合舒芬太尼靶控输注静脉麻醉的临床效果

目的:探讨Narcotrend反馈调控丙泊酚靶控输注静脉麻醉联合舒芬太尼靶控输注在妇科腹腔镜手术中应用的临床效果。方法:择期腹腔镜下子宫次全切除术的患者100例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为4组(n=25):Narcotrend反馈丙泊酚麻醉联合舒芬太尼靶控组(NS组);舒芬太尼靶控组(S组);Narcotrend反馈丙泊酚麻醉组(N组);对照组(C组)。Narcotrend反馈控制变量定在35。丙泊酚效应室靶浓度设定为3μg/ml,舒芬太尼效应室靶浓度设定为0.4 ng/ml,麻醉期维持靶浓度不变。记录诱导前患者清醒状态下(T0)、MOAA/S评分≤1时(T1)、气管插管后(T2)、切皮时(T3)、切皮后5 min(T4)、术毕停药(T5)、拔管时(T6)各时间点的HR、MAP;记录丙泊酚的使用剂量、计算丙泊酚单位标准化剂量、患者苏醒时间及定向力恢复时间。结果:Narcotrend反馈调控丙泊酚麻醉与舒芬太尼靶控可产生协同作用,可使MAP更稳定(P=0.028 6);降低丙泊酚总量(P=0.037 9)和丙泊酚单位标准化量(P=0.025 0);缩短苏醒时间(P=0.012 2)与定向力恢复时间(P=0.018 3);但对HR不存在交互效应(P=0.5703)。结论:Narcotrend作为丙泊酚靶控反馈调控变量应用于妇科腹腔镜手术全身麻醉是可行的,与舒芬太尼靶控输注可使术中血压更平稳,减少丙泊酚使用量,苏醒快,提高麻醉复苏质量。     

舒芬太尼两种注射方式预防老年患者瑞芬太尼复合麻醉后早期疼痛的比较

目的 比较手术结束前靶控输注或单次静脉注射舒芬太尼预防行腹部手术的老年患者瑞芬太尼复合麻醉后早期疼痛的效果.方法 将70例行腹部手术的老年患者随机分为靶控输注组(T组)和单次静脉注射组(S组),每组35例.两组均予丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉.术毕前30 min,T组靶控输注舒芬太尼,效应室浓度保持在0.2 μg/L直至术毕;S组单次静脉注射舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg.记录两组舒芬太尼注射前及注射后3、5、10 min的心率和平均动脉压,术后睁眼时间、拔管时间、首次出现疼痛时间,患者拔管后15、30、45 min的Ramsay镇静评分(RSS评分)和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分),以及术后并发症的情况.结果 S组舒芬太尼注射后3、5、10 min的心率较注射前显著减慢,平均动脉压较注射前显著降低(P值均＜0.01);T组各时间点心率和平均动脉压的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).T组术中舒芬太尼总使用量显著少于S组(P＜0.01).两组间开始输注舒芬太尼的时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间、首次疼痛时间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).T组患者拔管后15、30 min的RSS评分显著低于S组(P＜0.05);拔管后45 min,两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组间各时间点VAS评分的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).两组间术后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、瘙痒等并发症发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼复合麻醉下老年腹部手术患者术毕前30 min靶控输注舒芬太尼,效应室浓度0.2 μg/L至术毕,可获得与单次静脉注射0.4 μg/kg相似的疼痛预防效果,且注射前后血流动力学波动更小,术后苏醒质量更高.     

神经外科手术患者靶控瑞芬太尼气管插管和切皮有效浓度的临床观察

目的：观察神经外科手术病人异丙酚麻醉期间靶控瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管和切皮时心血管反应的效应室靶浓度（EC50和EC95）。方法：择期神经外科手术病人60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄2065岁,体重4075 kg,随机分为6组（n=10）：瑞芬太尼靶控输注（TCI）,血浆靶浓度分别为1、2、3、4、56、ng/ml;异丙酚TCI,效应室靶浓度均为4.0μg/ml。病人意识消失后静脉注射维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,气管插管。插管后2 min暂停瑞芬太尼TCI,切皮前10 min再以诱导时相同浓度瑞芬太尼TCI。记录入室安静时（基础值）、诱导后最低、插管后2 min内最高、切皮前1 min、切皮后2 min内最高的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）。MAP和HR诱导后最低值与插管后2 min内最高、切皮前1 min与切皮后2 min内最高值比较升高〉15%为心血管阳性反应。采用Probit法计算瑞芬太尼EC50和EC95。结果：瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管时心血管反应的EC50为4.41 ng/ml,95%可信区间（95%CI）为3.975.05 ng/ml;相应的EC95为6.42 ng/ml,95%CI为5.548.09 ng/ml。瑞芬太尼抑制切皮时心血管反应的EC50为2.05 ng/ml,95%CI为1.362.59ng/ml;相应的EC95为3.89 ng/ml,95%CI为3.205.71 ng/ml。结论：异丙酚效应室靶浓度为4.0μg/ml时,靶控输注瑞芬太尼抑制病人对气管插管和切皮诱发的心血管反应呈剂量依赖性,其效应室EC50分别为4.41 ng/ml和2.05 ng/ml。     

老年肺癌患者行肺叶切除术采用不同浓度舒芬尼、丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉与传统静脉麻醉比较

目的：比较不同浓度舒芬尼和丙泊酚联合靶控输注麻醉（TCI）与传统全凭静脉麻醉（TIVA）对老年患者行开胸肺叶切除时血流动力学、意识和苏醒的影响。方法：60例全身麻醉下行肺叶切除术的病人,随机分为3组（n=20）,舒芬尼初始靶浓度为0．2ng／ml TCI（Ⅰ组）、舒芬尼初始靶浓度为0．3ng／ml TCI（Ⅱ组）、舒芬尼＋丙泊酚单次输注、连续输注（Ⅲ组）。在麻醉的不同阶段分别设定不同的舒芬尼靶浓度,同时根据病人意识情况和脑电双频谱指数（BIS）的变化调整丙泊酚靶浓度,记录入室时（基础值base）、气管插管前即刻（T1）、双腔管调整到位时（T2）、气管插管后3min时（T3）、手术切皮时（T4）、手术后15min（T5）和拔管即刻（T6）,记录MAP、HR、BIS、丙泊酚、舒芬尼用量及术毕睁眼时间和拔管时间。结果：3组间脑电双频谱指数（BIS）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。舒芬尼用量Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。丙泊酚用量Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬尼0．2～0．6ng／ml靶控输注既能保证充分的镇痛和足够意识水平深度,有利于术中控制性降压,又不影响中等长度手术患者的术后苏醒和拔管;而单次和持续输注30～40ml／h,亦能达到同样的效果,且舒芬尼和丙泊酚用量明显小于靶控输注组。     

右美托咪定对女性患者成功置入喉罩时瑞芬太尼效应室浓度的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定对女性患者成功置入喉罩时所需瑞芬太尼效应室浓度的影响,为右美托咪定用于保留自主呼吸的全麻提供临床依据。 方法 选取择期行妇科宫腔镜诊治术患者48例,分为实验组(D组)和对照组(P组)。麻醉诱导前2组分别恒速静脉泵注试验药物10 min,D组试验药物为右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg,P组则为相同容量的生理盐水,之后通过效应室靶控输注药物,首先输注丙泊酚,3 min后给予瑞芬太尼,2组瑞芬太尼均给予2 μg/ml的初始靶浓度。记录置入喉罩是否出现反应,根据Dixon序贯法原则决定下一病例的瑞芬太尼靶浓度(采用等比数据,等比比值1:0.85),由此计算瑞芬太尼EC₅₀值。记录输注试验药物前(T0)、试验药物输注完毕后3 min(T1)、瑞芬太尼TCI达靶浓度后喉罩置入前(T2)、成功置入喉罩后1 min(T3)、成功置入喉罩后5 min(T4)的呼吸循环参数。 结果 成功置入喉罩时,P组和D组的瑞芬太尼效应室浓度EC50分别为2.74 μg/ml(95%CI:2.30~3.36 μg/ml)和1.13 μg/ml(95%CI:0.91~1.38 μg/ml),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。靶控输注瑞芬太尼后,P组较D组血压显著下降(T2,P<0.001;T4,P=0.002);在应用右美托咪定后T1、T3、T4时点D组心率明显低于P组(P<0.001)。置入喉罩前后,D组呼吸暂停发生率均明显低于P组(置入前:36.36% vs. 76.92%,P=0.003;置入后:16.67% vs. 66.67%,P=0.018)。 结论 给予0.5 μg/kg的右美托咪定可有效减少瑞芬太尼成功置入喉罩时的EC₅₀值,对于全身麻醉应用喉罩后成功保留自主呼吸有积极意义,值得推广。