Influence factors of sparse microwave imaging radar system performance:approaches to waveform design and platform motion analysis

Sparse microwave imaging radar is a newly developed concept of microwave imaging system,which tries to combine the traditional radar imaging system with sparse signal processing theories,achieving the aim of reducing the complexity of microwave imaging systems and enhancing the system performance.In this paper,we introduce some basic concepts of sparse signal processing theory,and then apply it to the traditional radar imaging system to get the mathematical model of sparse microwave imaging system.We analyze the factors that determine the performance of sparse microwave imaging radar,including scene,waveform and platform.According to the radar model,we analyze how these factors influence the radar system and how to optimize them.Simulation results of the sparse microwave imaging radar system are also provided.     

新体制民用雷达与实时信息处理研究

随着天线制造技术、超宽带技术、合成孔径技术和信息处理技术的发展,雷达的体积不断减小,探测精度和成像分辨率大大提升,雷达开始在民用领域中活跃起来,尤其是应用于穿透成像、微波遥感成像、滑坡监测和机场异物检测等领域的民用雷达发展十分迅速。为了让民用雷达在复杂的自然环境中具有更高、更稳定的性能,雷达信息处理技术一直在不断创新。本文介绍了民用雷达的新趋势和新技术,以及探墙雷达、微型SAR、边坡雷达和异物检测（Foreign object debris,FOD)雷达实时信息处理的关键问题和解决方案。     

压缩感知在雷达目标探测与识别中的研究进展

压缩感知理论是针对采样率和计算复杂度的一种新的信号处理模式,它以远低于奈奎斯特频率对信号进行采样,并能准确重构出原始信号.随着宽带高分辨雷达技术发展,目标相对于背景的高度稀疏,与复杂的雷达系统、海量数据呈现极度的不平衡,压缩感知是有效地减弱这种不平衡的可能技术之一.以雷达稀疏信号的压缩测量及重构为主线,本文综述了压缩感知理论在雷达目标探测与识别中的研究进展,分析了压缩感知理论在PD雷达、穿墙雷达、MIMO雷达、雷达目标参数估计、雷达成像以及目标识别等领域的潜在应用,描述了国内外的相关研究进展.文中对研究中现存的难点问题进行了探讨,并展望了未来的研究方向.     

基于压缩感知的低数据率雷达采样与成像方法

传统的信号获取体制要求采样率大于两倍信号带宽,这使得高速率A/D转换成为经典超宽带高分辨雷达系统的瓶颈技术之一。压缩感知理论提供了一种低速率采样的信号精确采集和重构方式。本文基于压缩感知理论,提出一种新的雷达采样与成像方法。根据目标的散射特性,采用了基于小波变换的雷达目标稀疏表示方法;结合雷达成像原理,构造了基于Fourier束的最优测量矩阵。仿真实验表明,基于压缩感知的低数据率雷达采样与成像方法,能在数据率仅为传统系统数据率15%的条件下,获得良好的成像结果,尤其是能对弱小目标进行高分辨成像。本文所提的方法可为新体制高分辨率成像雷达系统的设计提供支持。     

基于TMS320C6701的机载SAR方位向处理的实时实现

机载合成孔径雷达可以在载机飞行的同时获得高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像。由于合成孔径雷达成像具有很多原理性优点,它在军事和民用领域都取得了广泛的应用。方位处理是合成孔径雷达成像算法中重要的一步,由于算法本身的复杂性和雷达数据的高速率,方位向处理的实时实现具有很大的挑战性。介绍了自主研发的、采用TI C67 DSP作为核心处理芯片实现方位向处理的高速信号处理系统。通过优化的结构设计和软件流程,有效保证了硬件资源的利用效率,成功实现了设计目标。     

实时SAR成像系统矩阵转置方法研究与实现

合成孔径雷达（SAR）是一种高分辨率成像雷达,而矩阵转置是实时SAR成像信号处理中一个很重要的操作,矩阵转置的效率高低将直接决定整个SAR成像信号处理系统的性能。对于矩阵转置,可采用行进列出或列进行出、两页式或三页式转置等方法进行处理,但这些方法处理时间较长,转置效率较低。在现有矩阵转置方法的基础上,提出了一种新的矩阵转置方法。在实际硬件平台上利用提出的矩阵转置方法进行了实时SAR成像处理,所得结果的矩阵转置效率为78%,整个SAR成像处理时间为10秒。测试结果表明,该方法对解决矩阵转置问题是行之有效的。     

基于稀疏重构框架下剪切波的SAR图像去噪

SAR图像很容易被乘性噪声多污染,进而影响SAR图像后序的分析与处理。本文中提出了一种基于剪切波稀疏编码的SAR图像移除乘性噪声的新模型。首先通过压缩感知理论建立SAR图像去噪模型;其次通过剪切波变换获得剪切波系数,每个尺度的系数视为一个单元;对于每个单元,通过剪切波域的贝叶斯估计对稀疏系数进行迭代估计。重现的单元最后结合起来构造去噪后的图像。SAR图像去噪效果显示了该算法有良好的表现性,对噪声具有鲁棒性;本文提出的算法不仅有较好的去噪效果,而且还保存了更多的边界信息。     

基于稀疏线性调频步进信号的ISAR成像

线性调频步进信号在简化雷达系统设计的同时,也存在对高速运动目标易出现Doppler模糊的问题,因此研究如何提高其等效的重复频率具有重要意义.由于ISAR目标的后向散射场具有较强的稀疏性,即大部分能量仅由少数散射中心贡献,所以本文基于稀疏信号表示理论,通过对目标回波模型的分析,提出了一种基于稀疏步进频率信号的逆合成孔径雷达成像方法.该方法通过随机地选择线性调频步进信号的部分子脉冲进行发射,然后使用稀疏信号分解的方法对目标图像进行重建以得到目标的二维高分辨图像.该方法以计算资源为代价,能够有效地去除方位Doppler模糊,同时还能够压低旁瓣并得到超分辨的图像.仿真和实测数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性.     

Performance improvement in multi-ship imaging for ScanSAR based on sparse representation

There is always a compromise between unambiguous wide-swath imaging and high cross-range resolution owing to the constraint of minimum antenna area for conventional single-channel spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imaging.To overcome the inherent systemic limitation,multi-channel SAR imaging has been developed.Nevertheless,this still suffers from various problems such as high system complexity.To simplify the system structure,a novel algorithm for high resolution multi-ship ScanSAR imaging based on sparse representation is proposed in this paper,where the SAR imaging model is established via maximum a posterior estimation by utilizing the sparsity prior of multi-ship targets.In the scheme,a wide swath is generated in the ScanSAR mode by continuously switching the radar footprint between subswaths.Meanwhile,high crossrange resolution is realized from sparse subapertures by exploiting the sparsity feature of multi-ship imaging.In particular,the SAR observation operator is constructed approximately as the inverse of conventional SAR imaging and then high resolution SAR imaging including range cell migration compensation is achieved by solving the optimization.Compared with multi-channel SAR imaging,the system complexity is effectively reduced in the ScanSAR mode.In addition,enhancement of the cross-range resolution is realized by incorporating the sparsity prior with sparse subapertures.As a result,the amount of data is effectively reduced.Experiments based on measured data have been carried out to confirm the effectiveness and validity of the proposed algorithm.     

压缩感知理论及其在成像技术中的应用

在传统的Shannon/Nyquist采样定理指导下,信号处理往往面临两大难题:A/D转换器技术的限制和海量采样数据的处理压力.压缩感知(CS)理论表明当信号具有稀疏性或可压缩性时,可以通过全局非自适应线性投影的方式,用远低于Shannon/Nyquist采样定理要求的频率获取信号的全部信息.以CS理论为基础的压缩成像(CI)技术在近年来得到了快速的发展.在概述CS理论的基础上,着重介绍了CI技术的原理及其发展状况,并从稀疏分解、观测矩阵的构造和重建算法3个方面对其关键问题进行了分析.CI系统可以显著节省感光器件的数量,避免了传统成像技术"先采样再压缩"方式带来的资源浪费.     

星载GMTI 雷达系统及其空时自适应信号处理

地面动目标检测( GMTI) 是脉冲多普勒雷达的重要应用领域之一。星载GMTI 雷达系统比传统的机载系统具有更强的适应性和能够获得更好的检测性能而受到广泛关注。主要就星载分布式稀疏孔径GMTI 雷达系统的系统特点及其空时自适应信号处理( STAP) 方法作了较为深入的分析, 基于星载分布式均匀线性阵列( ULA ) GMTI 雷达系统参数获得了典型的STAP 算法信杂噪比( SINR) 损失特性和性能比较。     

ISAR imaging via sparse frequency-stepped chirp signal

Frequency-stepped chirp signal can simplify the designation of radar system.However,it has a shortcoming of Doppler ambiguity for high-speed moving targets.Therefore,it is of great significance to study how to increase its equivalent pulse repeat frequency.The back scattering field of the ISAR target has strong sparsity;that is to say,most energy is contributed merely by a few scattering centers.Hence,based on the theory of the sparse signal representation,a novel method for ISAR imaging via sparse frequency-stepped chirp signals is proposed by analyzing the signal model of the target.In the proposed method,part of sub-pulses of the frequency-stepped chirp signal is randomly selected to transmit,and then the 2D high-resolution image of the target can be constructed by sparse signal decomposition.At the cost of computational resources,the method can effectively resolve the problem of Doppler ambiguity,decrease the sidelobes and obtain a super-resolution image.Furthermore,the validity of the proposed approach is confirmed by the results of numerical simulations and real data.     

基于压缩感知的自适应稀疏子脉冲成像方法

基于空中运动目标回波信号的稀疏特性,提出了一种基于压缩感知（CS）的线性调频步进信号（SFCS）稀疏子脉冲自适应高分辨雷达成像方法。在对目标进行稀疏成像时,根据目标回波稀疏特性与发射信号子脉冲数之间的关系,建立相应的稀疏子脉冲动态闭环反馈系统,实现发射信号子脉冲数量的自适应调整;结合各脉冲簇中子脉冲的稀疏情况,建立相应的部分逆傅里叶变换基矩阵,并利用正交匹配追踪（OMP）算法对目标高分辨距离像（HRRP）进行重构处理,进而实现对目标的高分辨成像。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

机载脉冲多普勒雷达DBS成像实验研究

脉冲多普勒雷达是现代战斗机普遍采用的一种典型雷达体制。多普勒波束锐化（DBS）已成为机载脉冲多普勒雷达在空／地工作模式中对地面进行高分辨成像的有效途径,因而受到了国内外广泛的重视。本文首先分析了DBS技术的基本原理及其实现步骤,针对载机惯导参数误差较大的实际情况,应用本文提出的新的多普勒质心估计算法－－“曲线拟合相位较正叠代算法”,对某型脉冲多普勒雷达的实测数据进行了成像处理实验研究,给出了实测数据的DBS成像结果,证明了处理过程的有效性。     

Waveform design and high-resolution imaging of cognitive radar based on compressive sensing

We introduce the compressive sensing(CS) theory for waveform design of cognitive radar,and then propose an algorithm for the high-resolution radar signal waveform and its corresponding imaging method based on the sparse orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-linear frequency modulation(OFDM-LFM) signal.We first present the principle of spectrum synthesis and high-resolution imaging based on OFDM-LFM signals.Then,we propose the spectrum-sparse waveform design criterion and the reconstruction algorithm for a highresolution range profile(HRRP) based on CS.Based on this,we analyze in detail the relationship between the scattering characteristics of the target and the parameters of the designed signal,and we construct the feedback of the target characteristics on the waveforms.Therefore,the "cognitive" function of radar can be achieved by adaptively adjusting the waveform with the target characteristics.Simulations are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Multi-channel SAR imaging based on distributed compressive sensing

The rapid development of compressive sensing(CS)shows that it is possible to recover a sparse signal from very limited measurements.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imaging based on CS can reconstruct the target scene with a reduced number of collected samples by solving an optimization problem.For multi-channel SAR imaging based on CS,each channel requires sufficient samples for separate imaging and the total number of samples could still be large.We propose an imaging algorithm based on distributed compressive sensing(DCS)that reconstructs scenes jointly under multiple channels.Multi-channel SAR imaging based on DCS not only exploits the sparsity of the target scene,but also exploits the correlation among channels.It requires significantly fewer samples than multi-channel SAR imaging based on CS.If multiple channels offer different sampling rates,DCS joint processing can reconstruct target scenes with a much more flexible allocation of the number of measurements offered by each channel than that used in separate CS processing.     

SAR图像处理的最新研究与应用

系统地阐述了SAR图像的特点、研究难点、处理过程、国内外最新研究方法及应用。结合国内外SAR图像最新研究动态对SAR图像消噪、纹理分割、线性特征的提取、多目标的识别、分数维方法的应用等几个热点问题作了论述。具体地论述了利用SAR图像进行目标探测与识别、目标变化评估;在民用上利用SAR图像进行矿藏资源的探测、洪涝灾害的趋势分析,并介绍了SAR信号处理算法在医学等领域取得的显著成绩。     

基于压缩感知的遥感成像稀疏重构性能分析

压缩感知是一种新型的信息论，打破了传统的Shannon-Nyquist采样定理，能够以少量数据完成信号采样。稀疏重构是压缩感知由理论到实际的关键环节，为了将压缩感知有效地应用于遥感成像领域，研究了稀疏重构对遥感成像过程的影响。针对稀疏重构理论模型，分析了重构误差的成因；同时，针对典型的凸优化类算法和贪婪类算法，利用峰值信噪比指标对遥感图像重构误差进行评价。在仿真实验中，定量考察遥感图像在不同压缩采样率、不同重构算法下的稀疏重构性能。结果表明，稀疏重构算法能够成功重构遥感图像，各算法在不同压缩采样率下均表现出了较好的重构质量，整体上能够满足遥感成像应用，验证了压缩感知稀疏重构方法在遥感成像中应用的可行性。     

动态压缩感知综述

动态压缩感(Dynamic compressed sensing, DCS)知由视频信号处理问题引出, 是压缩感知(Compressed sensing, CS)理论研究领域中新兴起的一个研究分支, 旨在处理信号支撑集随时间发生变化的时变稀疏信号, 较为成功的应用范例是动态核磁共振成像. 本文首先介绍动态系统模型, 给出时变稀疏信号支撑集缓慢变化的定义、 时变稀疏信号的稀疏表示和感知测量的方法; 其次, 建立一个统一的时变稀疏信号重构模型, 基于该模型对现有算法进行分类, 简要综述时变稀疏信号的重构算法, 并且对比分析算法的性能; 最后, 讨论动态压缩感知的应用, 并对其研究前景进行展望.     

基于压缩感知的SAR图像鲁棒编码传输

目的 尽管传统的联合信源信道编码方案可以获得高效的压缩性能,但当信道恶化超过信道编码的纠错能力时会导致解码端重构性能的急剧下降;为此利用压缩感知的民主性提出一种鲁棒的SAR图像编码传输方案,且采用了一系列方法提高该方案的率失真性能。方法 考虑到SAR图像丰富的边缘信息,采用具有更强方向表示能力的方向提升小波变换(DLWT)对SAR图像进行稀疏表示,且为消除压缩感知中恢复非稀疏信号时存在的混叠效应,采用了稀疏滤波方法保证大系数的精确恢复,在解码端采用了高效的Bayesian重建算法获得图像的高性能重建。结果 在同等码率下,与传统的联合信源信道编码方案CCSDS-RS相比,本文方案可以实现更加鲁棒的编码传输,当丢包率达到0.05时,本文方案DSFB-CS获得的重建性能明显要高于CCSDS-RS;与基于Bayesian重建算法TSW-CS的传统方案相比,本文方案可提高峰值信噪比(PSNR)3.9 dB。结论 本文方案DSFB-CS 实现了SAR图像的鲁棒传输,随着丢包率的上升,DSFB-CS获得的重建性能缓慢下降,保证了面对不稳定信道时,解码端可以获得相对稳定的重构图像。