考虑流固耦合效应的盾构隧道开挖面稳定性研究

文章采用PLAXIS有限元软件,建立流固耦合条件下盾构隧道开挖面数值计算模型,研究隧道管片安装时间内,流固耦合效应对隧道开挖面稳定性的影响。通过控制变量法,分析流固耦合条件下开挖面不同支护压力比(开挖面支护压力与前方水土压力之比)和不同隧道覆径比(隧道埋深与直径的比值)对隧道开挖面变形及地表沉降的影响规律,并探讨了流固耦合效应下开挖面失稳破坏模式。研究结果表明:(1)在隧道管片安装时间内,开挖面前方土体将在渗流作用下形成土拱效应,从而使开挖面支护压力比小于1。而未考虑流固耦合效应时,需要较大极限支护压力值才能保持隧道开挖面前方土体的稳定;(2)当考虑流固耦合效应时,隧道覆径比对开挖面稳定性影响有限,但对地表沉降有较大影响,且覆径比越大,地表沉降变大且影响范围较广;(3)在隧道管片安装时间内,开挖面前方虽在渗流影响下具有土拱效应,但随着支护压力减少及开挖面上部渗流场的共同作用,使得开挖面前方土拱效应减弱,继而使隧道开挖面上方与前方土体连通形成楔形土体滑动区。相比未考虑流固耦合的情况,其楔形体趋向于开口较大的漏斗状破坏形式。故在隧道施工过程中,应考虑流固耦合效应对开挖面变形及地表沉降的影响。     

大断面矩形顶管隧道开挖面土体稳定性研究

文章以采用土压平衡矩形顶管法施工的内蒙古科技大学地下通道为背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监控量测等手段,对砂砾石地层条件下矩形顶管开挖面的主动和被动破坏规律进行了研究,主要得到了以下结论:(1)考虑顶管隧道开挖面为矩形断面的特点,建立梯形楔体计算模型,推导出开挖面主动破坏时的极限支护应力计算公式并应用于实际工程,采用该公式计算得到的极限支护压力与数值模拟计算结果相差较小,两种研究方法得到了相互验证;(2)采用FLAC3D数值模拟得到的地表沉降槽与实测地表沉降槽形态基本相似,近似服从正态分布,且地表沉降值基本接近;(3)随着支护应力比的减小,开挖面塑性区逐渐由开挖面前方向斜上方发展,当支护应力比为0.165时,开挖面前方土体水平位移骤然增加,开挖面塑性区延伸至地表,土体丧失整体稳定性,发生主动破坏,且从开挖面失稳后地表塑性区扩展形态来看,基本接近梯形楔形体形状,从而验证了解析公式计算模型的合理性;(4)随着支护应力比的增大,开挖面前方土体塑性区自开挖面顶部向地表斜上方延伸,当支护应力比为3.0时,塑性区发展至地面,此时土体失稳,发生被动破坏,其塑性区范围远小于主动破坏时的塑性区。     

砂土地层盾构隧道开挖面支护压力与地表变形关系模型试验研究

为研究砂土地层盾构隧道开挖面支护压力和地表变形的关系,文章通过自制模型试验系统,测量了砂土土样地表变形和开挖面支护压力,分析研究了地表沉降、隆起与开挖面支护压力之间的关系。通过测量不同覆土厚度情况下的扰动区域范围,建立了开挖面前方土体沉降和隆起破坏模型;试验得到了开挖面支护压力和地表变形相关关系曲线,在此基础上,提出了以0.2%开挖洞径变形量作为实际支护压力设定的参考点,并结合朗肯土压力公式给出了维持开挖面稳定的极限支护压力上下限值。为便于应用,建议了维持地表特定变形量下的支护压力值。     

粘土中超大直径泥水平衡顶管被动极限支护压力计算方法

为维持顶管施工开挖面稳定,支护压力的设定必须小于被动极限支护压力。文章根据开挖面极限平衡,提出了超大直径泥水平衡顶管在粘性土中适用的开挖面被动极限支护压力计算方法。依照数值模拟计算方法,研究了超大直径顶管的被动破坏模式;再基于破坏模式,给出了被动极限支护压力的计算思路;对实际工程进行数值模拟并与所提方法进行对照,初步验证了所提方法的合理性;最后与其它理论方法进行了比较,并对提出方法的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:水平圆柱体破坏模式为超大直径泥水平衡顶管的被动破坏模式,该被动模式与埋深无关;提出的方法具有合理性,而且计算过程相对简单,在实际工程中适用;水平圆柱体模式计算方法能够用于层状、均质粘性土中,应用条件是顶管开挖面只处在一个土层内;其得到的计算结果合理地低于其它方法,且偏安全;得到的被动极限支护压力随埋深直径比增大而增大,随内摩擦角和粘聚力的增大而增大。     

盾构隧道施工引起周围土体超孔隙水压力的分析

盾构隧道施工在推进过程中将不可避免地对周围土层产生扰动,从而在土体中产生超孔隙水压力,导致后期固结沉降。文章基于修正剑桥模型,采用应力路径法,对盾构掘进产生的超孔隙水压力的大小、扰动范围以及分布规律等进行了计算分析,从而得出了盾构施工引起的周围土体超孔隙水压力峰值;同时,通过考虑开挖面土舱压力、隧道中心处土体的静止土压力及土体粘聚力等因素的影响,确定了盾构施工引起周围土体超孔隙水压力的影响范围;在不考虑纵向渗流的前提下,根据达西定律原理推导得出了隧道周围土体超孔隙水压力的分布规律。结合算例分析表明:采用应力路径法得到的隧道周围土体超孔隙水压力的峰值与隧道的埋深呈线性关系;随着隧道埋深的增加,盾构施工对土体的扰动范围及超孔隙水压力的峰值都在不断增加;但超孔隙水压力的变化趋势随隧道埋深的增加逐渐变缓,当H/D=1.5时超孔隙水压力的变化趋势近似为线性。     

超大断面隧道大倾角层状围岩力学特性研究

文章以重庆轨道交通环线莲花村车站隧道工程为依托,采用有限元数值模拟对超大断面隧道开挖时大倾角层状围岩的力学特性进行研究。通过建立大倾角岩层数值模型,对隧道进行不同工况的分步开挖计算,分析得到大倾角层状围岩的塑性区、应力和位移变化规律。结果表明:大倾角层状岩体塑性区位于层面内,层面塑性变形最大;围岩最大拉应力发生在上部中导洞围岩开挖支护过程中,上部左导洞以及中导洞外壁围岩产生最大拉应力;最大压应力发生在上部中导洞开挖支护过程中,大倾角岩层上部右导洞以及中部右导洞在各工况中产生最大压应力;隧道中、下部右导洞水平位移在二衬施加后达到最大,围岩最大下沉量位于上部左导洞处。     

楔形体模型的简化计算方法

目前用于求解盾构开挖面极限支护力的理论计算公式参数都较多且计算较为繁琐。文章基于目前使用较为普遍的楔形体理论计算模型对极限支护力的简化计算方法进行了研究。研究发现:当砂土的内摩擦角在20°~70°范围内时,其计算值的对数Inσ_T与砂土的内摩擦角ψ近似呈线性关系;而且在不考虑地面附加应力的影响下,当砂土的重度、盾构开挖面直径和盾构埋深不同时,lnσ_T与ψ的关系曲线近似平行。文章通过线性拟合的方法,在一定范围内通过引入砂土重度影响系数a、盾构开挖面直径影响系数6和埋深影响系数c得到了考虑砂土重度、盾构开挖面直径和埋深等因素影响的盾构开挖面极限支护力的简化计算公式,简化了盾构开挖面极限支护力的求解过程。     

吉隆坡地铁A标段盾构土舱压力的计算与分析

文章以吉隆坡新捷运工程地下北段A标工程为例,基于Horn的三维楔形体破坏理论,采用极限平衡分析法,推导出了在土压及全水头压力作用下满舱土、半舱土、无土三种状态下土舱压力的计算方法,并采用整体分析与局部分析相结合的方法进行了验证。从计算结果可以看出,影响土舱压力的因素主要有水位高度、覆土厚度、粘聚力、覆土及掌子面处的内摩擦角,并对这五个因素进行了敏感性分析。通过运用该方法计算的土舱压力进行掘进并对现场监控量测数据进行分析,地表沉降均满足相关设计要求。     

浅埋膨胀土隧道围岩抗剪强度与支护结构受力特征关系研究

膨胀土吸水后产生的膨胀问题,导致隧道支护结构承受复杂的膨压应力。为研究浅埋膨胀土强度衰减和膨胀效应对隧道支护结构的影响,文章以呈贡隧道工程为背景,首先利用室内直剪试验方法,探明膨胀土的抗剪强度与初始含水量的变化关系;然后基于室内试验结果,采用ABAQUS三维有限元分析模拟软件,研究膨胀土吸水膨胀对隧道支护结构的影响,揭示不同埋深下膨胀土膨胀效应对围岩变形和支护结构内力影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)摩擦角和粘聚力均随含水量的增大而下降,粘聚力受到的影响较大,膨胀土抗剪强度与含水量的关系可采用二次抛物线表征;(2)膨胀土围岩吸水后受到支护结构约束,产生较大的膨胀压力,导致围岩出现破坏,造成隧道仰拱隆起量和边墙水平收敛增大;(3)围岩膨胀后,初期支护结构轴力均匀增加,拱腰处弯矩增加较小,墙脚处弯矩增加较大,使支护结构处于不安全状态;(4)埋深对膨胀变形产生很大的影响,但达到某一极限埋深后将不发生膨胀变形。     

盾构通过矿山法隧道复合支护的管片内力解析解及应用

文章针对"矿山法+盾构法"施工形成的复合支护体系,提出了模型分析的基本假定,将初始地应力分解为静水应力作用和拉压偏应力作用,并通过围岩应力释放系数反映支护时机和开挖面空间效应,利用弹性力学理论推导出了两向不等地应力条件下管片弯矩和轴力的弹性解析解;进而结合深圳地铁某区间隧道的工程实践得出了围岩应力释放系数、侧压力系数、背填层厚度和背填层弹性模量等参数的影响特性,为此新型工法的推广及复合支护的管片设计提供了理论支持。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。