片层Ti-6Al-4V合金的界面结构及性能

界面工程是提升工程合金强度和塑性等力学性能的重要途径.双相片层Ti-6Al-4V合金作为典型的工程合金,其原子尺度界面结构对材料变形行为和强塑性的调控作用尚不清晰.本文综述了传统片层Ti-6Al-4V合金中α/β界面和增材制造法制备的片层Ti-6Al-4V合金中α/界面层/β和α′/β界面对强塑性的影响.因为α/β界面...     

相变区等温处理对V-N钢轧后组织的影响

研究轧后等温处理工艺对微合金V—N钢γ→α相变组织的影响。对含氮量不同的两种低碳V钢进行了模拟轧制和控轧冷却，接着于650～700℃进行了等温处理，使发生γ-α相变。用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察和比较了钢中的显微组织转变特点。结果表明，随等温温度的降低及保温时间的延长，铁素体的转变量增加；增加钢中的氮含量，能明显促进轧后显微组织中铁素体的生成，有利于细化晶粒。     

初始组织对电脉冲处理逆变奥氏体晶粒细化效果的影响

通过金相组织观察、显微硬度测试,研究了电脉冲处理条件下,不同初始组织对逆变奥氏体晶粒细化效果的影响。结果表明:回火马氏体初始组织电脉冲奥氏体化过程为α+Fe_3C→γ扩散型逆相变,逆变奥氏体晶粒获得超细化(d_γ5μm),这证实了脉冲电流促进奥氏体形核率提高的理论分析;马氏体初始组织电脉冲奥氏体化过程为α′→γ位移型逆相变;初始马氏体的原奥氏体晶界在逆相变过程中未发生变化,形成晶粒粗大的位移型逆变奥氏体;从位移型逆变奥氏体淬火得到的马氏体获得再次强化;升高电脉冲处理峰值温度,位移型逆变奥氏体发生再结晶;再结晶形核始于位移型逆变奥氏体晶界这唯一具有大角度位相差的区域;再结晶完成后,奥氏体平均晶粒直径为11μm。     

电子束选区熔化气孔形成机理

电子束选区熔化(EBSM)是一种新兴的增材制造技术,钛合金Ti-6Al-4V是增材制造中最常用到的材料之一.对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V增材制造试样进行微观组织及拉伸性能分析,发现试样底部存在粗大块状平行a板条组织,顶部存在细小柱状β相及片层状α板条组织.拉伸试验结果显示,平行和垂直增材制造方向试样极限抗拉强度相差较小,说明在增材制造过程中存在气孔缺陷,导致材料强度发生变化.     

TC4钛合金冷却过程中组织变化分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和HV-50A维氏硬度分析仪研究了TC4钛合金自β相区冷却过程中相组成及微观组织变化。结果表明,TC4钛合金冷却过程中发生β→α相变。冷却速率越小,形成α相片层越厚。TC4钛合金经1 000℃固溶后,冷却到850~800℃水冷时,析出α相均匀细小,试样硬度出现峰值。随着冷却温度继续降低,试样硬度开始下降。TC4钛合金固溶后在冷却过程中的硬度变化,很可能还与Ti2AlV(O)相和Ti2AlV相的析出、长大有关。     

Al-3Ti-0.2C-5Sr铝合金细化剂制备工艺及凝固过程

研究了浇铸温度、冷却速度和保温时间对Al-3Ti-0.2C-5Sr铝合金细化剂显微组织的影响,并通过DSC分析及液淬实验研究了其凝固过程.结果表明:Al-3Ti-0.2C-5Sr铝合金细化剂主要由Ti Al_3相、Al-Ti-Sr相、Ti C颗粒及少量Al_4Sr相组成;随着浇铸温度的降低,合金中Ti Al_3相由长条状逐渐转变为块状,Al-Ti-Sr相由包覆状转变为包覆状和块状共同存在;随着冷却速度的降低,Ti Al_3相尺寸减小,包覆状Al-Ti-Sr相增厚;随着保温时间的延长,Ti Al_3相逐渐消失,包覆状Al-Ti-Sr相转变为大块状;Al-3Ti-0.2C-5Sr细化剂的液固区间为800~640℃,各相析出顺序为:Ti Al_3相、Al-Ti-Sr相、Al_4Sr相、α-Al相.     

Fe代替V制备低成本钛合金:相体积分数的计算

钛合金因其优异的综合性能,如比强度高、耐热性强、耐腐蚀性能优异、低温性能好等特点,而被应用在航天、航空、航海等诸多领域,然而钛合金的高成本严重制约了其大规模的使用。本文以综合性能最好、使用最广泛的Ti-6Al-4V合金为基础,在使用廉价合金元素代替昂贵合金元素的思路下,设计了几组V、Fe元素含量不同的Ti-Al-V-Fe合金。借助稳定系数K_β,分析钛合金中β相的稳定程度和β稳定元素的作用,通过理论推导的方法建立了合金淬火态和退火态的β元素临界晶胞系数的计算模型,并在此基础上确立了α相与β相的体积分数的计算方法,从而实现了对Ti-Al-V-Fe合金中相体积分数的理论计算。本文以Ti-6Al-3V-1Fe合金为例,首先对合金内α相与β相的体积分数分别做了理论计算,继而利用真空非自耗电弧熔炼炉制备了Ti-6Al-3V-1Fe合金的铸锭,取样并进行热处理,最终利用X射线衍射法测定了Ti-6Al-3V-1Fe合金淬火态和退火态α相与β相的实际体积分数。对比发现,实验测定的结果与理论计算的结果较为吻合,说明建立的模型用于预测α相与β相两相的体积分数是切实可行的。     

Al-5Ti-0.25C-8Sr对AM60B镁合金铸态显微组织及性能的影响

研究了Al-5Ti-0.25 C-8Sr对AM60B镁合金显微组织及性能的影响.结果表明:Al-5Ti-0.25 C-8Sr对AM60B具有良好的细化和变质效果.添加质量分数为0.1％的Al-5Ti-0.25C-8Sr时,α-Mg显著细化,β相由连续或半连续状转变为颗粒状,平均晶粒尺寸由265 μm降低到约78 μm;但当Al-5Ti-0.25C-8Sr加入量大于0.1％时,镁合金晶粒有粗化趋势;AM60B的抗拉强度和显微硬度随着Al-5Ti-0.25C-8Sr添加量的增加先升高后下降,当加入量为0.1％时具有最大值.     

Ca对Mg-6Al-1Nd合金显微组织和性能的影响

为了研究Ca元素对Mg-6Al-1Nd合金微观组织、力学性能和阻燃性能的影响规律,采用了金属型重力铸造方法制备了Mg-6Al-1Nd-x Ca合金.通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸试验机和热分析仪等分析测试手段对Mg-6Al-1Nd-x Ca合金的显微组织、力学性能和阻燃性能进行了表征.结果表明:Ca元素的加入可减少β-Mg17Al12含量,生成Al-Ca金属间相;随着Ca质量分数的增加,镁合金试样中的Al-Ca金属相增多,试样的室温抗拉强度和延伸率降低,阻燃性能升高;不含Ca元素的Mg-6Al-1Nd合金的抗拉强度为235 MPa,当Ca元素增加到2.5%时,Mg-6Al-1Nd-2.5Ca合金的抗拉强度仅为154 MPa,但该合金的着火点可达850℃.     

变质剂对AHS合金显微组织和性能的影响

通过调整合金成分分别配置了添加Sb,Re,Al-5Ti-B,P等变质剂的试验用AHS含量，在相同工艺条件下，将所配合金挤压成直径为8mm的圆棒试样，在相同条件下淬火时效后，运用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察和分析了合金在不同变质剂变擀处理后的显微组织和结构，运用电子拉伸设备测试了试样合金的力学性能。研究结果表明：锑对AHS合金有很强的变质作用；在AHS合金中添加微量Sb后，合金中板条状共晶硅相明显细化，呈短杆状，且元素Mg对Sb细化能起激化作用，使合金组织细密，从而使合金具有较均匀细密的显微组织和优良的力学性能。     

Effect of low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of TC4 alloy

The effects of low temperature thermo-mechanical treatment (LTTMT) on microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy were studied by optical microscopy (OM), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results confirm that the strength of TC4 alloy can be improved obviously by LTTMT processing, which combines strain strengthening with aging strengthening. The effect of LTTMT on the alloy depends on the microstructure of the refined and dispersed α+β phase on the basis of high dislocation density by pre-deformation below recrystallization temperature. The tensile strength decreases with the increase of pre-deformation reduction. The optimal processing parameters of LTTMT for TC4 alloy are as follows:solution treatment at 900 ℃ for 15 min, pre-deformation in the range of 600-700 ℃ with a reduction of 35%, finally aging at 540 ℃ for 4 h followed by air-cooling.     

Dry Friction Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy under High Sliding Velocity

Tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloy pins sliding against GCr15 steel discs over a range of contact pressures （0.33-1.33 MPa） and sliding velocities （30-70 m/s） were investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer under unlubricated conditions. The wear mechanisms and the wear transition were analyzed based on examinations of worn surfaces using SEM, EDS and XRD. When the velocity increases, the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy show typical transition features, namely, the critical values of sliding velocities for 0.33 and 0.67 MPa are 60 and 40 m/s, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloys are controlled by the thermal-mechanical effects, which connects with the friction heat and hard particles of the pairs. A tribolayer containing mainly Ti oxides and V oxides is formed on the worn surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in air

0　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｉｔａｎｉｕｍａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎａｅｒｏｓｐａｃｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｈｉｇｈｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ ｔｏ ｗｅｉｇｈｔｒａｔｉｏａｎｄｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｃｏｒｒｏｓｉｏｎｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ[1] .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｉｒｐｏｏｒｗｅａｒｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｓｔｈｅａｐ ｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＴｉｔａｎｉｕｍａｌｌｏｙａｓｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ[2 ] .Ｔｈｅｐｏｏｒｔｒｉｂｏｌｏｇｉ…     

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Treated by Plasma Zr-alloying and Plasma Nitriding

A duplex treatment of plasma Zr-alloying and plasma nitriding was used to improve the tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V. The microstructure of the Zr-N composite(alloyed) layer formed on Ti-6Al-4V and its hardness, friction and wear properties were investigated by using OM, SEM, GDOES, EDS, microhardness tester as well as ball-on-disk tribometer. The results of microstructural analysis show that the alloyed layer is compact and uniform and is mainly composed of ZrN, TiN_(0.3) and AlN. A very tiny adhesive and slight oxidation wear is the primary wear mechanism for the modified Ti-6Al-4V. The tribological property is improved significantly after the duplex treatment. The good combination of antifriction and wear resistance for modified Ti-6Al-4V is mainly attributed to the higher surface hardness of metal nitrides formed on the surface and enhanced supporting of the Zr-diffusing layer.     

Chip formation in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under nitrogen-oil-mist

High speed milling experiments using nitrogen-oil-mist as the cutting medium were carried out to investigate the characteristics of chip formation for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.Within the range of conditions employed（cutting speed,vc=190-300 m/min;cutting depth of axial,ap=5,7 mm）,saw-tooth chips were produced in these experiments.During the macro and micro analysis of the Ti-6Al-4V chips,an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope（SEM）were used to study the microstructure and the morphology of the chips,and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）was employed for chemical analysis.Comparisons were made to study the influence of different cutting media（nitrogen-oil-mist,air-oil-mist and dry cutting condition）on chip formation.Results indicate that cutting media have significant effects on chip formation.Nitrogen-oil-mist is more suitable for improving the contact condition at chip-tool interface and increasing the tool life in high speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy than air-oil-mist and dry cutting.     

TiA(l)-10Nb合金铸态组织演化规律的研究

研究Ti-(44～54)Al-10Nb合金铸态组织的演化规律,并确定全β凝固的TiAl-10Nb合金的成分范围.实验结果表明:Ti-(44～53)Al-10Nb合金的凝固组织为典型的柱状晶组织,Ti-54Al-10Nb合金的宏观组织为等轴组织;在其凝固组织(纵截面)上部存在较多的缩松,这主要是由于Nb元素的添加量加多,...     

Dynamic Fracture of Ti-5553 Alloy in Taylor Impact Test

The dynamic fracture behavior of a new near-beta Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr~(-1)Fe(Ti-5553)alloy under a high strain rate loading was investigated systemically using the Taylor impact test,over the impact velocity ranging from156 ms~(-1) to 256 ms~(-1).An optical microscope(OM)and a scanning electron microscope(SEM)were used to characterize the microstructure evolution.The experimental results have demonstrated that the velocity from deformation to fracture is 256 ms~(-1) for the alloy with anα+βduplex microstructure including more primaryαphase,while the velocity is 234 ms~(-1) for the alloy with a duplex microstructure including less primaryα phase.From the impact fracture morphologies,smooth and smeared surfaces and ductile dimple areas can be observed.The failure mode of the titanium alloy with both microstructures is adiabatic shear banding.According to the fracture analysis,the ductile fracture area with the dimple area in the alloy with much more primaryαphase were more than that with less primaryαphase.Compared to the duplex microstructure with less primaryα phase,Ti-5553 alloy with more primaryαphase exhibited a better capability to resist an adiabatic shear damage.     

Microstructure Evolution and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Laser Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Under High Strain Rate

The dynamic mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing (LAM-TC4) under the high strain rate (HSR) are proposed. The dynamic compression experiments of LAM-TC4 are conducted with the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment. The results show that as the strain rate increases, the widths of the adiabatic shear band (ASB), the micro-hardness, the degree of grain refinement near the ASB, and the dislocation density of grains grow gradually. Moreover, the increase of dislocation density of grains is the root factor in enhancing the yield strength of LAM-TC4. Meanwhile, the heat produced from the distortion and dislocations of grains promotes the heat softening effect favorable for the recrystallization of grains, resulting in the grain refinement of ASB. Furthermore, the contrastive analysis between LAM-TC4 and TC4 prepared by forging (F-TC4) indicates that under the HSR, the yield strength of LAM-TC4 is higher than that of F-TC4.     

Ti-6Al-4V基體上氮電弧熔化法制備TiN層的組織及性能

采用直流氮電弧熔化方法在鈦合金(Ti-6Al-4V)基體上原位制備了TiN表面層。采用掃描電子顯微鏡、X射線衍射和顯微硬度儀等分析測試手段對TiN表面層的組織、硬度及摩擦磨損性能等進行了分析。探討了電弧電流對TiN層組織及性能的影響。結果表明:通過氮電弧熔化法制備的TiN層組織為樹枝晶,氮化層中樹枝晶的含量隨著深度的增加而減少,表面層與基體為冶金結合;隨著電弧電流由60A增加到100A,所制備的TiN表面層中樹枝晶的含量增加,表面層的硬度及耐磨性能都提高;當電弧電流為100A時,所制備的TiN表面層的最高硬度可達到1885HV,約為基體硬度的5倍,抗磨損性能也顯著提高。