刑事推定及其在司法实践中的运用

刑事推定是一种证明方法,即在刑事诉讼之中,裁判者以法律的规定为依据,在反驳不成立的情况下,由基础事实认定推定事实的一种事实认定方式。目前我国解决刑事司法实践中的一些问题时,在使用刑事推定的过程中往往存在标准不一,容易出现错误认定,造成错案,不利于准确打击犯罪和保护社会法益,给社会带来诸多负面影响。因此,刑事推定的立法规范极其必要,并且应该尽快研究确立刑事推定所遵循的原则和适用规则。     

试析我国合同法中关于推定的规定及其在实践中的运用

推定，是指根据法律规定或经验规则，以已知的事实存在为基础，对另一不明事实存在与否作推测的认定。推定与诉讼中举证责任的确定与分担紧密相关，因而推定理论是诉讼法中证据理论的一个……     

论推定规则适用中的证明责任和证明标准

<正>推定是由法律规定并由司法人员作出的具有推断性质的事实认定。由于"推定"一般都是以法律规定为依据的,所以在司法活动中运用推定方法认定案件事实或争议事实就表现为对"推定规则"的适用。推定规则的表现形式可以是立法机关制定并颁布的法律,也可以是司法机关依法制定的证据规则或者作出的司法解释和具有约束力的判例。在本文中,笔者将主     

试论婚姻关系相关公证的重要性——以婚姻法司法解释（三）为视角

2011年8月13日,最高人民法院颁布实施了《关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释（三）》（以下简称婚姻法司法解释（三））。该司法解释重点对结婚登记程序瑕疵的救济手段、亲子关系诉讼中当事人拒绝鉴定的法律后果、夫妻一方个人财产婚后产生收益的认定、父母为子女结婚购买不动产的认定、离婚案件中一方婚前贷款购买不动产的处理、附协议离婚条件的财产分割协议效力的认定等婚姻家庭纠纷中常见的疑难法律问题作出了具体规定。     

论推定规则的适用

推定是以推理为桥梁的由事实 A 到事实 B 的认识活动。在法律领域内所说的推定,一般都是以法律规定为依据的,因此在司法活动中运用推定方法认定案件事实或争议事实就表现为对推定规则的适用。这种规则的形式可以是立法机关制定并颁布的法律,也可以是司法机关依法制定的证据规则或者作出的司法解释和具有     

论推定的根据

在我国司法实践中推定在许多情况下被误用了,因为人们忽视了它的根据.密切结合我国司法实践,就"推定的根据"之性质、种类和功能;两种以上"推定的根据"之间的冲突;同一案件中两个推定之合理顺序;医疗事故诉讼中过错推定的根据;以及在亲子关系中的推定等问题进行详细分析,提出相应的处理规则和方法,对我国司法实践具有重要指导意义.     

论推定规则在审理毒品犯罪中的适用

推定,是指由法律规定或者由司法机关按照经验法则,从已知的前提事实推断结果事实(又称待证事实、推定事实),并允许当事人举证推翻的一种证明规则。在刑事诉讼中,运用推定规则,通过已知事实断定未知事实,对于降低证明难度,提高诉讼效率,准确打击犯罪等,具有显著效果。正因为如此,近年来,我国司法机关运用推定方法审理毒品犯罪有增多趋势。毋庸讳言,推定毕竟是一种间接证明规则,运用不当,容易发生错判或不当判决。因此,笔者想就推定规则在审理毒品犯罪中的适用问题谈点粗浅认识。     

推定研究中的认识误区

当前有关推定的研究存在三个误区:在基础观念层面,将推定混同于个案性的事实推定或法律拟制;在效果界定层面,无视推定类型的多元性,而对其效果做单一的甚至错误的界定;在价值评价层面,对刑事推定的适用持毫无保留的肯定态度,轻率地认定刑事推定与无罪推定原则之间并无冲突.文章认为,推定与推理在约束力的来源与是否具有普遍的强制性上存在本质区别;不应以单一的标准抽象地区分推定与拟制;推定的法律效果具有多样性,界定其效果须考虑五个因素;刑事推定在威胁无罪推定所代表的基本内容与价值的同时,又侵犯到被告人的权利,还可能涉及立法权的实质合理性问题.     

“推定”和“视为”之语词解读?——以我国现行民事法律规范为样本

立法层面观察,"推定"和"视为"语词频繁适用于我国法律规范中。学界和实务界普遍认为两语词表达的分别是法律推定和法律拟制制度。然而,以我国现行民事法律规范为样本进行分析,却发现"推定"和"视为"语词并非与法律推定和法律拟制相对应:"推定"大多表达法律推定,但也表达法律拟制和注意规定;"视为"大多表达法律拟制,但也表达推定制度和注意规定。立法层面法律推定、法律拟制和注意规定语词适用的混乱状态必将导致司法层面对于"推定"和"视为"语词的解读困境。因此,应当在厘清法律推定、法律拟制和注意规定本质的基础上,用统一、明确的语词进行相应的制度表达。     

从逻辑到法律:推定改变了什么

推定是根据法律规定,在基础事实被确定为真(或不需要基础事实)的条件下,确定推定事实为真的法律规则。推定基于经验法则或社会政策对证明强度作了人工强化。区分推理、推论和推定有重要意义,推理只关注形式的有效性,推论同时关注内容真实性和形式有效性,所谓事实推定本质上属于推论。推定对裁判者的自由心证构成了局部侵蚀,同时推定具有转移或倒置证明责任的重要功能。推定的强度可以从其相反推论所需强度来解释。在关注推定的积极功能时还应关注推定的消极功能,在推定设定和适用中实现权利(权力)、价值的综合平衡。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.