动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者低钠血症发生情况分析

目的 观察自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)中颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后低钠血症发生情况.方法 2000年1月-2007年8月收治动脉瘤性SAH患者 100例.按解剖部位分成大脑前及前交通(ACA及ACoA)组、后交通(PCoA)组和大脑中动脉(MCA)组,分析其低钠血症的发生率.结果 动脉瘤性SAH患者低钠血症总的发生率为29.0%.ACA及AcoA组、PcoA组、MCA组低钠血症发生率分别为47.5%、15.0%和20.0%.ACoA组中Fisher分级Ⅲ级～Ⅳ级和Ⅰ级～Ⅱ级低钠血症的发生率分别为72.0%和20.0%;有脑血管痉挛低钠血症的发生率明显高于无脑血管痉挛患者低钠血症的发生率(P<0.05).结论 ACoA动脉瘤破裂出血Fisher分级Ⅲ级～Ⅳ级或并发脑血管痉挛患者低钠血症发生率高,应注意观察并及时纠正.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血急诊脑血管造影

作者对该院最近20年收治的592例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者的临床特征和病因进行了分析和探讨.572例SAH患者脑血管造影结果显示,脑动静脉畸形是SAH的最常见病因(395/572例),其次为颅内动脉瘤(98/572例).脑动静脉畸形和颅内动脉瘤患者在脑血管造影后均行血管内栓塞治疗和动脉瘤夹闭术.其中绝大部分患者取得良好效果.因此,作者认为SAH急诊脑血管造影不仅可以迅速明确病因,而且可以采取及时有效的治疗措施,降低SAH的复发率和病死率;急诊脑血管造影的最佳时机在SAH发病后6～72h.     

高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂患者不同时机介入治疗的效果研究

目的探讨高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂患者不同时机介入治疗的效果。方法选取2014年1月～2018年6月符合入选标准的Hunt-HessⅣ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤破裂并接受介入栓塞术的患者115例,根据介入治疗时间分为早期治疗组(发病后72h进行栓塞治疗)60例和延期治疗组(发病≥72h后进行栓塞治疗)55例,术后观察并发症发生情况,采用巴塞尔指数(BI)评分、生活质量指标调查表(DLQI)评分、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)和格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)判断患者预后和疗效。结果早期治疗组并发症发生率低于延期治疗组(20.0%vs 36.4%,P 0.01);早期治疗组术后3个月BI评分明显高于延期治疗组[(25.4±1.7)分vs (6.5±1.9)分,P0.05],早期治疗组治疗后DLQI评分总分明显低于延期治疗组[(8.5±0.5)分vs (13.6±1.3)分,P0.05],术后GCS和出院时GOS高于延期治疗组[(6.5±1.5)分vs (5.8±1.4)分,(3.1±0.2)分vs (2.3±0.1)分,P0.05]。结论在8h内对高分级颅内动脉瘤破裂患者进行介入治疗效果理想,值得在临床上进一步推广应用。     

开颅手术、血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤疗效对比观察

目的比较开颅手术与血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效。方法 80例颅内动脉瘤患者,随机分为开颅手术组40例和血管内栓塞治疗组40例,分别采用开颅颅内动脉瘤夹闭术治疗,比较两组患者出院时格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)和术后并发症发生情况。结果根据GOS开颅手术组临床疗效良好28例、较差8例、死亡4例,血管内栓塞组良好37例、较差2例、死亡1例。开颅手术组术中出现血管痉挛19例、动脉瘤破裂6例、下视丘反应9例、癫痫发作3例,血管内栓塞组分别为10、0、2、1例。两组临床疗效和并发症发生情况比较P均<0.05。结论与传统开颅动脉瘤夹闭术相比,血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤疗效好,并发症少。     

动脉内注入罂粟碱治疗脑血管痉挛

尽管脑血管痉挛治疗已有了重大的进展,如高容性血液稀释疗法、钙离子通道阻滞剂、早期血肿清除术以及气囊血管成形术等。但是在脑动脉瘤患者,动脉瘤破裂蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)引起的动脉痉挛仍是发病和死亡的主要原因。作者应用动脉内注入罂粟碱治疗了12例脑血管痉挛患者,效果满意。患者中男2例、女10例,平均年龄56岁(40～75岁),均为脑动脉瘤破裂 SAH 引起脑血管痉挛患     

Enterprise支架辅助栓塞颅内动脉瘤并发症原因分析及处理

目的分析Enterprise支架辅助栓塞颅内动脉瘤术中、术后常见并发症及其原因和防治措施。方法回顾性分析皖南医学院第一附属医院弋矶山医院神经外科2012年1月至2014年3月经Enterprise支架辅助治疗的143例颅内动脉瘤患者术中、术后出现的常见并发症及其可能原因,以及采取的相应处理措施,并观察预后情况。结果共纳入143例(共205个动脉瘤)颅内动脉瘤患者,其中未破裂动脉瘤43例,复发动脉瘤12例,破裂动脉瘤88例,共使用Enterprise支架170枚。治疗过程中,共出现22例并发症,发生率为15.4%;其中,术中动脉瘤破裂出血2例,经积极救治后恢复良好出院;急性血栓形成13例,经替罗非班和(或)尿激酶,微导管、导丝接触溶栓,11例即刻血流完全恢复,1例溶栓失败,1例血流缓慢,术后6例患者出现不同程度脑梗死,1例死亡(术前Hunt-HessⅣ级);血管痉挛3例,经减少血管壁刺激及罂粟碱灌注后好转;术中支架导引导丝断裂,支架到位困难1例;术中最后1枚弹簧圈填塞困难,凸入载瘤动脉1例;术后非动脉瘤性出血2例,1例经保守治疗后遗留一侧肢体肌力下降,1例经开颅手术后病情稳定,遗留失语及一侧肢体偏瘫。结论应用Enterprise支架辅助栓塞颅内复杂动脉瘤时,需严格掌握适应证,加强围手术期管理及提高术中操作技巧,可减少或避免并发症的发生。     

支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤围手术期严重神经系统并发症的分析

目的探讨支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤在围手术期严重神经系统并发症的类型和转归。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年7月首都医科大学宣武医院支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤203例患者(其中破裂动脉瘤45例,未破裂动脉瘤158例)中发生围手术期严重神经系统并发症11例患者(13个动脉瘤)的临床资料。结果发生严重神经系统并发症的11例患者接受13枚支架置入治疗,并发症发生率为5.4%(11/203),破裂动脉瘤组严重神经系统并发症发生率为11.1%(5例);未破裂动脉瘤组严重神经系统并发症发生率为3.8%(6例)。破裂动脉瘤组术中动脉瘤破裂出血1例,术后支架内血栓形成1例,发生率均为2.2%;术后再出血2例,发生率为4.4%;麻醉诱导期出血1例,发生率为2.2%。未破裂动脉瘤组术中动脉瘤破裂和术后支架相关缺血各3例,发生率均为1.9%;无麻醉诱导期出血和术后再出血。随访3个月时,格拉斯哥预后评分2分2例,3分1例;8例患者死亡,总病死率为3.9%。结论支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤围手术期可发生支架相关缺血、动脉瘤术中及术后出血等严重神经系统并发症,导致重残甚至死亡,应加强围手术期管理。     

早期手术治疗老年人颅内动脉瘤破裂的疗效

目的探讨老年人颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的早期手术治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析62例60岁以上早期行开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤颈或经血管内栓塞治疗的老年颅内动脉瘤病人的疗效。结果开颅手术组(n=38)术后迟发性有症状性血管痉挛8例;术后脑积水行脑室腹腔分流术1例,死亡4例,其中2例因脑血管痉挛,2例因肺部感染;出院时格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分恢复良好28例,较差6例,死亡4例。血管内栓塞组(n=24)迟发性有症状性血管痉挛和脑梗死6例;脑积水行脑室.腹腔分流术2例,死亡患者2例,其中1例为脑梗死、脑水肿,另1例为肺部感染、多器官功能衰竭。出院时GOS评分恢复良好19例,较差3例,死亡2例。两组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论开颅手术与血管内栓塞治疗,应根据患者Hunt-Hess分级生理状况、动脉瘤的特征及患者和(或)病人意愿为依据,争取早期行开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤或介入栓塞手术治疗,均可取得满意的疗效。     

早期手术治疗颅内动脉瘤破裂出血并脑疝疗效观察

目的观察早期手术治疗颅内动脉瘤破裂出血并脑疝的疗效。方法颅内动脉瘤破裂出血并脑疝形成患者17例,14例急诊手术夹闭动脉瘤并清除颅内血肿（观察组）,3例保守治疗（对照组）。结果观察组恢复良好3例,中残4例,重残3例,植物生存5例,死亡2例;并发大面积脑梗死6例,肺部感染10例,大面积脑梗死合并肺部感染6例。对照组重残1例,死亡2例。结论对颅内动脉瘤破裂出血并脑疝患者早期手术有利于挽救患者生命和改善预后。     

外科手术与血管内栓塞治疗老年患者颅内动脉瘤的临床分析

目的观察开颅手术与血管内栓塞治疗老年患者颅内动脉瘤的疗效.方法选择65岁以上的破裂颅内动脉瘤患者74例,分为开颅手术组（26例）和血管内栓塞组（48例）.评价术后并发症及出院时格拉斯哥预后（GOS）评分结果,采用电话及门诊随访6个月至4年.结果开颅手术组术后有症状血管痉挛10例;脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术5例,因迟发性血管痉挛性脑梗死和脑水肿死亡2例;出院时GOS评分恢复良好19例,较差5例,死亡2例.血管内栓塞组有症状血管痉挛17例;脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术5例;死亡3例,其中2例死于迟发性血管痉挛性脑缺血和肺部感染,另1例死于弹簧圈脱出致大脑中动脉闭塞引起的大面积脑梗死;出院时GOS评分恢复良好33例,较差12例,死亡3例.两组比较GOS评分差异无显著性.结论开颅手术与血管内栓塞治疗临床疗效相似,但由于血管内栓塞是微侵袭治疗,应成为治疗老年动脉瘤的首选.老年动脉瘤患者两种治疗方式术后迟发性血管痉挛的发生率均较高,应予足够重视.     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.