基于遗传算法的多QoS约束服务选择

为了实时提供满足客户QoS需求的组合Web服务,提出了一种快速稳定的基于遗传算法的多QoS约束服务选择算法.首先根据基于QoS约束的组合服务选择问题的数学模型,提出了一个较为合理的数据预处理过滤方法以缩小搜索空间,然后使用遗传算法的思想构造算法,并在实验的基础上确定各项参数,最后使用新的算法完成可行解搜索.实验结果表明,与传统的整数规划算法相比,新算法具有运算速度较快、可满足实时性要求,并且在问题规模扩大时具有良好的可扩展性等特点.     

一种基于杂草优化的全局Web服务选择算法

随着网络中的Web服务数量的暴增,基于QoS的服务选择成为保证组合服务质量和可靠性的关键环节。针对当前服务选择算法全局优化能力弱的问题,将服务选择建模为带约束的非线性最优化问题,并提出一种基于杂草优化的服务选择算法。首先随机产生一组服务选择可行解并将其编码为杂草个体,进而根据个体的QoS效用值确定个体的繁殖数,最后以高斯分布方式指导种群的扩散完成对解空间的快速搜索。理论分析与实验结果表明,该算法有效性和鲁棒性强,可获得相较于已有文献更优的全局解。     

动态Web服务合成中的服务选择算法研究

为了提高服务合成效率并更好的适应动态变化的应用环境,提出了基于流程修改的服务合成方案,使得复合服务的执行与服务发现过程并行化。提出了基于QoS属性的服务选择算法,该算法能够实现服务执行时选择服务,在考虑综合QoS信息及时间因素的基础上,通过不断更新用户需求来进行服务选择,提高了服务合成效率。实验结果表明,该选择算法可以获得满足用户需求且最优的服务,很好的保证了服务的可靠执行。     

适应模糊QoS约束优化的Web服务选择技术研究

基于QoS优化的全局Web服务选择涉及多目标和多阶段的服务合成,以及各种QoS属性的折衷,如可信性、可用性和声望等,因此提出了适当的基因算法来处理服务选择问题。由于发现质量驱动的Web服务选择是一个NP-hard问题,实际的多目标或QoS标准并不总是明确的,常常包含模糊元素。着重研究多目标Web服务选择过程中模糊QoS属性和适应进化函数之间的关系,以及如何调节个体模糊QoS属性以实现整个种群进化的问题。     

A novel QoS model and computation framework in web service selection

With the rapid development of e-commerce over Internet, web services have attracted much attention in recent years. Nowadays, enterprises are able to outsource their internal business processes as services and make them accessible via the Web. Then they can dynamically combine individual services to provide new value-added services. With the increasing number of web services having equivalent functionality, the binding procedure is driven by some non-functional, Quality of Service (QoS) criteria, such as the money cost, response time, reputation, reliability or a trade-off between them. Thus, an important problem is, given QoS constraints, how to aggregate and leverage individual service??s QoS information to derive the optimal QoS of the composite service. In this paper, we propose a novel QoS model for performing flexible service selection. The key idea of the model is to relax users?? QoS constraints and try to find the most possible services satisfying users?? QoS requirements. Based on the proposed QoS framework, we develop various algorithms for making service selection on individual and composite services. We also introduce a top-k ranking strategy to reflect a user??s personalized requirements. Experimental evaluation shows the proposed QoS model is efficient and practical.     

基于遗传算法的组合服务选择方法

针对组合Web服务选择问题,提出了基于遗传算法的组合服务选择方法。从服务组合流程的层面,兼顾子服务间的接口语义匹配、控制逻辑关联和Qos因素,建立了结合全局语义匹配的组合服务Qos模型,将服务选择问题转化为多约束多目标的优化问题,并通过引入遗传算法予以实现。与单纯考虑Qos属性的方法相比,该方法能够同时满足用户的功能性和非功能性要求。实验结果表明,该方法对于组合服务选择是可行且有效的。     

QoS-aware web service selection with negative selection algorithm

Web service selection, as an important part of web service composition, has direct influence on the quality of composite service. Many works have been carried out to find the efficient algorithms for quality of service (QoS)-aware service selection problem in recent years. In this paper, a negative selection immune algorithm (NSA) is proposed, and as far as we know, this is the first time that NSA is introduced into web service selection problem. Domain terms and operations of NSA are firstly redefined in this paper aiming at QoS-aware service selection problem. NSA is then constructed to demonstrate how to use negative selection principle to solve this question. Thirdly, an inconsistent analysis between local exploitation and global planning is presented, through which a local alteration of a composite service scheme can transfer to the global exploration correctly. It is a general adjusting method and independent to algorithms. Finally, extensive experimental results illustrate that NSA, especially for NSA with consistency weights adjusting strategy (NSA+), significantly outperforms particle swarm optimization and clonal selection algorithm for QoS-aware service selection problem. The superiority of NSA+ over others is more and more evident with the increase of component tasks and related candidate services.     

On optimal decision for QoS-aware composite service selection

The increasing popularity of employing web services for distributed systems contributes to the significance of service discovery. However, duplicated and similar functional features existing among services require service consumers to include additional aspects to evaluate the services. Generally, the service consumers would have different view on the quality of service (QoS) of service attributes. How to select the best composite service in theory among available service (WS) candidates for consumers is an interesting practical issue. This work proposes a QoS-aware service selection model based on fuzzy linear programming (FLP) technologies, in order to identify their dissimilarity on service alternatives, assist service consumers in selecting most suitable services with consideration of their expectations and preferences. This approach can obtain the optimal solution of consensual weight of QoS attribute and fuzzy positive ideal solution (FPIS) by extending LINMAP method, developed by Srinivasan and Shocker. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the process of QoS-aware web service selection. The experimental results demonstrated that it is a feasible and supplementary manner in selecting the of web services.     

Probabilistic approach for QoS-aware recommender system for trustworthy web service selection

We present a QoS-aware recommender approach based on probabilistic models to assist the selection of web services in open, distributed, and service-oriented environments. This approach allows consumers to maintain a trust model for each service provider they interact with, leading to the prediction of the most trustworthy service a consumer can interact with among a plethora of similar services. In this paper, we associate the trust in a service to its performance denoted by QoS ratings instigated by the amalgamation of various QoS metrics. Since the quality of a service is contingent, which renders its trustworthiness uncertain, we adopt a probabilistic approach for the prediction of the quality of a service based on the evaluation of past experiences (ratings) of each of its consumers. We represent the QoS ratings of services using different statistical distributions, namely multinomial Dirichlet, multinomial generalized Dirichlet, and multinomial Beta-Liouville. We leverage various machine learning techniques to compute the probabilities of each web service to belong to different quality classes. For instance, we use the Bayesian inference method to estimate the parameters of the aforementioned distributions, which presents a multidimensional probabilistic embodiment of the quality of the corresponding web services. We also employ a Bayesian network classifier with a Beta-Liouville prior to enable the classification of the QoS of composite services given the QoS of its constituents. We extend our approach to function in an online setting using the Voting EM algorithm that enables the estimation of the probabilities of the QoS after each interaction with a web service. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches in modeling, classifying and incrementally learning the QoS ratings.     

GACRM: A dynamic multi-Attribute decision making approach to large-Scale Web service composition

The problem of QoS-aware Web service composition (QWSC), i.e., how to select from a pool of candidate services to construct a composite service with the best overall QoS performance, is an NP-hard problem. To address a large-scale QWSC problem, a novel method is proposed based on information theory, multi-attribute decision making (MADM) and genetic algorithm. To capture complex judgments, the QWSC problem is formulated into a MADM representation which aims to find acceptable solutions assessed by multiple QoS attributes with varying distributions. To solve the MADM problem for QWSC, each QoS attribute is weighted in both a priori, subjective perspective and a posteriori, information-based perspective based on the discriminative capability of QoS attributes for a dynamic pool of candidate services. Furthermore, to solve the large-scale QWSC problem that conventional MADM methods cannot navigate, we develop a GACRM algorithm by integrating genetic algorithm (GA) with Compromise Ratio Method (CRM). Experiments demonstrate that GACRM obtains nearly the same solution ranking by the CRM but scales much better in terms of computation time for large-scale QWSC problems.     

Resource virtualization and service selection in cloud logistics

Cloud computing and Internet of Things have promoted a new logistics service mode, i.e., the cloud logistics mode. This work studies the resource virtualization and service encapsulation of a logistics center, and focuses on the technologies of resource expression and service encapsulation. After the resources of a logistics center are encapsulated in web services, how to find the “best” concrete web service among many is a critically important issue. This work considers service selection as an optimization problem and establishes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based web service selection model with quality of service (QoS) constraints. It can be used to address the horizontal adaptation issues from the composite web services. The feasibility and effectiveness of the model are verified by several experiments.     

基于QoS的Web服务选择方法研究新进展*

随着服务计算、云计算技术的迅速发展,具有相同或相似功能但服务质量（QoS）不同的可用服务已大规模部署在互联网上。如何从这些海量Web服务中为服务组合选择令人满意的服务成了一个重要的研究问题,其选择方法是影响组合服务的QoS 和服务组合性能高低的关键因素。为了解决该问题,研究者们已开发了许多服务选择方法以帮助用户选择合适的服务。针对近五年基于QoS的Web服务选择方法的新进展进行了综述。归纳了包括运用Skyline计算、协同过滤、优化算法、多属性决策支持理论和混合方法等一些典型的服务选择方法,讨论了各方法的优势和局限性,并根据当前研究现状,探讨了该领域的发展趋势和未来研究方向和挑战。     

基于SPEA2+算法的Web服务选择研究

服务选择算法是影响组合服务的QoS和服务组合性能高低的关键因素。针对将多维QoS属性加权聚合为一个目标函数进行优化的选择算法不能实质性地解决基于QoS的Web服务选择问题,采用改进的强度Pareto进化算法（SPEA2+）多目标优化求解该问题,设计了一种Web服务选择算法。该算法在满足声誉、可靠性和可利用性属性的约束下,同时最小化服务时间T和服务费用C,以产生Pareto最优解集。通过与运用SPEA2算法求解该问题的实验对比,表明了两算法所获取的Pareto最优解集中QoS属性T和C各均值各有优劣,用户可依据对T或C的偏好择优选择。     

基于可信QoS的路径查找及负载均衡策略研究

Web服务是云计算中资源调用的有效方式。单一Web服务功能往往有限,只能完成特定任务。服务组合则可以将多种Web服务形成有效的调用序列,实现更为强大的功能。服务发布量以及服务请求量的迅速激增带来了新的安全问题。首先,现有的服务组合方案均以服务质量(QoS)为依据进行Web服务选择,但服务质量通常由服务发布者提供,存在服务发布者发布虚假QoS值诱骗用户的欺诈现象;其次,传统的服务组合方案只生成一条最优路径,当恶意请求持续访问时,会造成某服务节点瘫痪,甚至整个服务组合系统失效。因此,针对服务质量恶意欺诈的问题,文章提出一种可信的QoS计算模型,根据Web服务发布者的信用综合评估服务质量;针对单一最优路径无法满足大量请求的问题,文章提出一种路径发现和负载均衡的多路径方法。仿真结果表明,文章提出的方法不仅能提高服务组合的成功率,满足用户的需求,而且能找到更多的服务组合方案执行。     

QoS-aware web services composition using GRASP with Path Relinking

In service oriented scenarios, applications are created by composing atomic services and exposing the resulting added value logic as a service. When several alternative service providers are available for composition, quality of service (QoS) properties such as execution time, cost, or availability are taken into account to make the choice, leading to the creation of QoS-aware composite web services. Finding the set of service providers that result in the best QoS is a NP-hard optimization problem. This paper presents QoS-Gasp, a metaheuristic algorithm for performing QoS-aware web service composition at runtime. QoS-Gasp is an hybrid approach that combines GRASP with Path Relinking. For the evaluation of our approach we compared it with related metaheuristic algorithms found in the literature. Experiments show that when results must be available in seconds, QoS-Gasp improves the results of previous proposals up to 40%. Beside this, QoS-Gasp found better solutions than any of the compared techniques in a 92% of the runs when results must be available in 100 ms; i.e., it provides compositions with a better QoS, implying cost savings, increased availability and reduced execution times for the end-user.     

Hybrid Metaheuristics Web Service Composition Model for QoS Aware Services

Recent advancements in cloud computing (CC) technologies signified that several distinct web services are presently developed and exist at the cloud data centre. Currently, web service composition gains maximum attention among researchers due to its significance in real-time applications. Quality of Service (QoS) aware service composition concerned regarding the election of candidate services with the maximization of the whole QoS. But these models have failed to handle the uncertainties of QoS. The resulting QoS of composite service identified by the clients become unstable and subject to risks of failing composition by end-users. On the other hand, trip planning is an essential technique in supporting digital map services. It aims to determine a set of location based services (LBS) which cover all client intended activities quantified in the query. But the available web service composition solutions do not consider the complicated spatio-temporal features. For resolving this issue, this study develops a new hybridization of the firefly optimization algorithm with fuzzy logic based web service composition model (F3L-WSCM) in a cloud environment for location awareness. The presented F3L-WSCM model involves a discovery module which enables the client to provide a query related to trip planning such as flight booking, hotels, car rentals, etc. At the next stage, the firefly algorithm is applied to generate composition plans to minimize the number of composition plans. Followed by, the fuzzy subtractive clustering (FSC) will select the best composition plan from the available composite plans. Besides, the presented F3L-WSCM model involves four input QoS parameters namely service cost, service availability, service response time, and user rating. An extensive experimental analysis takes place on CloudSim tool and exhibit the superior performance of the presented F3L-WSCM model in terms of accuracy, execution time, and efficiency.     

基于QoS和多级索引的Web服务发布订阅

发布订阅机制有利于实现对大规模Web服务的主动管理,提出了基于QoS的Web服务发布订阅模型和系统架构,设计了基于QoS和多级索引的Web服务匹配算法。Web服务的QoS属性和订阅的属性约束所形成相应的匹配关系构成模型的关键;将发布的Web服务及其QoS和服务订阅一起生成过滤矩阵,通过属性约束覆盖可以减少重复匹配;按QoS属性类型对发布的Web服务建立多级索引,生成属性到服务的映射,可以实现服务订阅的快速匹配。实验结果表明,该Web服务发布订阅系统比传统方法有较大提升,能够适应于大规模分布式Web服务管理。     

一种支持服务关联的Web服务选择方法

目前存在的大多数基于QoS(quality of service)的Web服务选择方案都忽略了服务之间的关联关系, 认为服务之间是相互独立的, 使得组合服务的结果与实际有所偏差。为了提高组合Web服务QoS的精确性, 考虑到服务之间的关联关系对组合服务质量的影响, 分别对服务之间的接口关联、业务关联和统计关联三种关联关系进行研究, 提出了一种基于关联度的关联服务集合发现方法, 将支持服务关联的选择问题转换为混合整数规划模型进行求解。实验结果表明, 考虑服务之间的关联关系会提高组合Web服务的质量。     

GOS: a global optimal selection strategies for QoS-aware web services composition

Services composition technology provides a promising way to create new services in services-oriented architecture. However, some challenges are hindering the application of services composition. One of the major challenges encountered by composite services developer is how to effectively select a set of services across different autonomous regions (e.g., organization or business) to instantiate a composite service which can satisfy user’s QoS constraints. To solve QoS-aware Web service composition problem, this paper proposes a global optimization selection (GOS) approach based on prediction mechanism for QoS values of local services. The GOS includes two parts. First, the local preprocessing service selection algorithm can be used to increase composite services performance in run-time by predicting the change of service quality parameters. Second, GOS aims at enhancing the run-time performance of global selection by reducing QoS aggregation operations. The simulation results show that the GOS has excellent selection and lower execution cost than existing approaches.