微通道换热器结霜特性研究现状与展望

微通道换热器在低温工况下用作蒸发器时存在结霜速度较快的问题,制约了其在制冷系统的应用。针对微通道换热器的结霜现象,本文归纳了影响微通道换热器结霜特性的因素、改善微通道换热器结霜特性的方案和微通道换热器结霜的相关仿真研究,介绍了微通道换热器结霜特性的研究现状和方向,发现目前影响微通道换热器结霜特性的因素主要分为:外部因素(环 境参数、表面温度、凝水),结构因素(换热器布置方向、翅片结构、翅片密度、涂层、结垢)和内部因素(制冷剂分布)。改善微通道换热器结霜特性的研究集中在调整翅片的结构以实现更好的排水性能和更均匀的霜层分布,未来研究的重点在于开发抑霜性能 更好的微通道换热器和建立更高精度的仿真模型。     

微通道平行流换热器分配特性及优化研究

微通道平行流换热器内制冷剂分配不均是限制其进一步推广应用的原因之一,当微通道平行流换热器做蒸发器时,制冷剂在换热器入口为气液两相状态,会加剧其分布不均匀性。本文以气液两相R134a制冷剂为工质,提出一种数值仿真模型,并利用前人实验数据验证了模型可靠性。提出通过改变不同扁管在集管内突出深度以改善制冷剂分配特性的4种方案,利用数值仿真模型进行计算,当质量流速为100 kg/(m2?s),制冷剂干度为0.4时,发现通过改变不同扁管在集管内的突出深度可以使液相制冷剂分配特性改善29.4%~52.4%。     

结霜工况下微通道蒸发器制冷剂分布特性

为研究结霜对微通道蒸发器内制冷剂分布特性的影响,本文提出了一种制冷剂分布参数(RDP)的评定方法。采用红外热成像及数字图像处理技术,测量结霜工况下微通道蒸发器内制冷剂分布。结果表明:随着蒸发器表面霜层厚度的增加,蒸发器内过热区逐渐缩小,两相区制冷剂分布更加均匀。实验180 min时比实验60 min时制冷剂过热区缩小22.7%,RDP提高17.2%,换热量降低2.34%。研究结果为结霜工况下微通道蒸发器制冷剂分布特性提供了定量测量方法。     

微通道换热器两相分配特性对空调系统性能的影响

微通道换热器作为新一代换热器逐渐被使用在家电领域,其结霜、除尘、排水、分液等都是目前亟待解决的问题。通过R22家用空调系统的标准性能实验台,对三种流程数不同的微通道换热器用作冷凝器和蒸发器时,温度分布均匀性和其对系统性能的影响进行实验,研究发现,微通道换热器在用作冷凝器和蒸发器时,温度分布不均对系统性能的影响分别达到7.3%和3.5%,并且流程数对于温度分布均匀性的影响在作为冷凝器和蒸发器时是不同的。     

双层树型微通道热流耦合场数值研究

建立了双层树型微通道换热器三维模型,模拟分析了其热流耦合场。对比单、双层树型微通道换热器的最高温度及双层树型微通道在顺流、逆流、交叉流三种情况下的冷却效果及底面温度分布所占比例。底部热流密度qw=50 W·cm-2时,单层树型微通道底面最高温度为102.5℃,双层树型微通道底面最高温度低于63.38℃,底面温度低于60℃部分所占比例均高于60%。双层树型微通道冷却效果明显优于单层,在逆流方式下,双层树型微通道底面温度分布均匀,中心部分具有较低温度,有效改善了一般换热器散热不均而造成的中心部分温度过高的问题。     

树型微通道换热特性数值研究

建立了三维树型微通道换热器模型,模拟并分析了其热流耦合场。对比了单、双层微通道换热器的最高温度及双层树型微通道在顺流、逆流、交叉流三种情况下的冷却效果。底部热流密度qw=50W·cm-2时,单层微通道底面最高温度为102.5℃,双层微通道底面最高温度均低于63.38℃,且底面低于60℃部分所占比例均高于60%。双层微通道冷却效果明显优于单层微通道,且在逆流方式下,双层微通道底面温度分布均匀,中心部分具有较低温度,有效改善了一般换热器散热不均而造成的中心部分温度过高的问题。     

微通道内气液两相流型的数值模拟

为了解微通道内气液两相流型对换热器热质传递的影响,建立了微通道内气液两相流型的数值模型。本文对微通道内气液两相波纹流、环状流和弹状流进行模拟,采用VOF界面追踪方法来描述气液相界面,并考虑了表面张力和重力的影响,并建立了预测微通道内气液两相流型的数值模型。通过与已有文献中的实验数据对比,验证了模型的可靠性。     

平行流换热器中热流体分布均匀性的研究进展

由于带有一定倾斜角度的百叶窗式翅片、多流程和多管并列的独特结构,平行流换热器会产生两侧流体分布的问题,尤其是有相变的制冷剂流量在多个平行扁管中分配的均匀性变得异常重要,是影响换热器性能的关键,同时现有相关理论预测与实验结果有较大的差距,因此如何改进结构以促进制冷剂、空气更加低耗高效的换热是现在国内外相关研究机构的研究热点。这里回顾了近年来国内外相关理论和实验研究成果,研究表明空气气流分布和单相、两相制冷剂流量在集管中分配的均匀性受工况、结构和流体流动特性影响很大,同时换热器传热是制冷剂和空气相互耦合的结果,任一流体分布不均都会导致部分管段低效甚至失效进而使换热器整体性能衰减。     

集流管结构对微通道蒸发器流量分配均匀性影响

微通道蒸发器内制冷剂流量分配均匀性对换热器性能有着较大影响。本文在理想工况运行情况前提下,以水为流动工质,数值模拟了微通道蒸发器内流量分配特性,探讨了4种集流管形式(A型、B型、C型、D型)、不同入口速度(0.08 m/s~0.42 m/s)对换热器各扁管流量分配的影响。研究结果表明,集流管入口流速对换热器内各扁管流量分配具有较大影响,当速度从0.08 m/s增大到0.42 m/s时,换热器内流量分布从两侧高,中间低的分布转变为入口侧低,出口侧高的分布特性,且流量分配不均匀度随流速增加而显著增大;通过改变集流管结构能够在一定程度上改善流量分配特性。各扁管进口静压力分布与各扁管内流量分配具有相关性,可通过改进集流管结构保证静压力分布一致,使各扁管流量分配均匀,从而获得较好的换热性能。     

微通道换热器中制冷剂分流均匀性的研究进展

全铝微通道换热器因其高效、低成本等优势而逐渐应用到制冷空调产品上,目前常采用集管竖直扁管水平和集管水平扁管竖直两种布置形式,不同布置形式的换热器中制冷剂分流现象有所不同,各影响因素对分流均匀性的影响程度也有所变化。本文对近年来国内外关于微通道换热器中制冷剂分流均匀性的研究文献进行总结,概述了集管竖直扁管水平和集管水平扁管竖直两种不同布置形式时的制冷剂分流特点及各影响因素对分流均匀性影响。本文能够为微通道换热器的分流优化提供设计参考,有助于分流不均问题的解决并进一步提高换热性能。     

Refrigerant distribution in the vertical header of the microchannel heat exchanger – Measurement and visualization of R410A flow

This paper presents the R410A adiabatic upward flow in three vertical headers of microchannel heat exchangers. All microchannel tubes are inserted into the half depth. The objectives are to explore what affects R410A distribution and attempt to predict the distribution. R410A is circulated into the header through the (5 or 10) tubes in the bottom pass and exits through the (5 or 10) tubes in the top pass. It represents the flow in the outdoor heat exchanger (usually used as the condenser) when it is used as the evaporator in the heat pump mode of reversible systems. The quality was typically varied from 0.2 to 0.8 and the mass flow rate from 1.5 to 4.5 kg h^?1 per tube. The best distribution was observed at high mass flux and low quality. The experiment and visualization reveals the flow pattern effects in terms of homogeneity and momentum. The churn flow had better distribution since the two-phase mixture was more homogenous and the distribution was better at high mass flux in the header because the higher momentum liquid was able to reach the top exit tube.     

倾斜状态下板翅式换热器封头物流分配特性的实验

海上平台受到海浪的作用会发生晃动和倾斜,从而影响板翅式换热器的入口物流分配特性。通过空气—水两相物流分配实验系统,分别进行封头结构水平状态和倾斜状态下的单相以及气液两相实验,获得不同实验工况下的封头物流分配特性,研究倾斜对封头物流分配的影响,从而为换热器的安装及工艺的改进提供依据。结果表明：水平状态下物流分配受惯性力的影响,不均匀度随雷诺数和气液比的增加而增大;倾斜状态下流体受到惯性力和重力的双重影响,物流分配均匀程度显著低于水平状态,倾斜角越大物流分配越不均匀,气液比越大物流分配受倾斜影响程度越大;固定封头或安装换热器时应严格保证其水平/竖直状态,或者通过液化工艺及换热器设计的改进消除倾斜的影响。     

Investigation of two-phase heat transfer coefficients of argon–freon cryogenic mixed refrigerants

Mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators are widely used in various kinds of cryogenic systems these days. Although heat transfer coefficient estimation for a multi-phase and multi-component fluid in the cryogenic temperature range is necessarily required in the heat exchanger design of mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators, it has been rarely discussed so far. In this paper, condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of argon–freon mixed refrigerant are measured in a microchannel heat exchanger. A Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) with 340 μm hydraulic diameter has been developed as a compact microchannel heat exchanger and utilized in the experiment. Several two-phase heat transfer coefficient correlations are examined to discuss the experimental measurement results. The result of this paper shows that cryogenic two-phase mixed refrigerant heat transfer coefficients can be estimated by conventional two-phase heat transfer coefficient correlations.     

Effect of the header pressure drop induced flow maldistribution on the microchannel evaporator performance

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the flow maldistribution caused by the pressure drop in headers and its impact on the performance of a microchannel evaporator with horizontal headers and vertically oriented tubes. Experimental results show that the flash gas bypass method almost eliminates the quality induced maldistribution. However, refrigerant flow maldistribution caused by the header pressure drop still exists. This is mainly because the pressure drop along the headers results in uneven pressure difference and therefore non-uniform liquid refrigerant mass flow rate across each microchannel tube. A microchannel evaporator model validated by experimental results is employed to quantify header pressure drop induced flow maldistribution. Parametric analysis reveals that such maldistribution impact is significantly reduced by enlarging the outlet header size, increasing heat exchanger aspect ratio, or reducing the microchannel size while other parameters are kept constant. When ratio of outlet header to the total evaporator pressure drop is less than 30%, the cooling capacity reduction is limited below 3%.     

空调用微通道换热器的可靠性研究进展

本文通过对微通道换热器应用于空调时的系统可靠性、长期可靠性和工艺可靠性的研究成果进行分析,总结了冷凝水排除、结霜化霜、防腐与积灰、加工工艺等方面存在的主要问题及研究方向,这对提高微通道换热器的可靠性具有重要的指导意义,有助于扩大微通道换热器在空调领域的应用范围并加快其推广进度。     

On the temperature distribution in the counter flow heat exchanger with multicomponent non-azeotropic mixtures

The influence of mixture composition on the temperature distribution in the counter flow heat exchanger used in mixture Joule–Thomson refrigerators is investigated in this paper. A perfect heat capacity matching between the supply and the return streams can be achieved by optimizing the mixture composition. The deeper reason is that in two-phase state the latent heat makes a very important contribution in the overall heat capacity for multicomponent non-azeotropic mixtures. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data; both theoretical and experimental results agree well with each other. The results show that the temperature profile as well as the locations of the pinch points is determined by the mixture compositions. Therefore, it is possible to get a perfect temperature distribution using optimal mixture. This becomes another criterion of the optimization of mixture composition.     

换热器流量分配不均匀性评价方法的比较

介绍换热器的流量分配不均匀性的评价方法,对微通道平行流换热器进行流量分配试验,用不同评价方法对试验数据进行处理,对比6种流量分配不均匀性评价方法的优劣。结果表明,采用相对标准方差衡量流量分配的不均匀性最为合理。     

Enhancing flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels for thermal management with monolithically-integrated silicon nanowires

Thermal management has become a critical issue for high heat flux electronics and energy systems. Integrated two-phase microchannel liquid-cooling technology has been envisioned as a promising solution, but with great challenges in flow instability. In this work, silicon nanowires were synthesized in situ in parallel silicon microchannel arrays for the first time to suppress the flow instability and to augment flow boiling heat transfer. Significant enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer performance was demonstrated for the nanowire-coated microchannel heat sink, such as an early onset of nucleate boiling, a delayed onset of flow oscillation, suppressed oscillating amplitudes of temperature and pressure drop, and an increased heat transfer coefficient.