通道形状对活塞冷却油腔内工作流体阻力及流动特性的影响

为揭示通道形状对活塞冷却油腔内工作流体的阻力及流动特性的影响,将冷却油腔的直壁通道改为波壁通道,并采用压力差和可视化的方法对通道内工作流体的阻力及流动特性展开了实验研究。压力差实验结果表明,与水在直壁通道内的流动相比,水在波壁通道内层湍转捩点大大提前,将非牛顿流体替换水作为工作流体后,层湍转捩点再次提前;可视化实验结果表明,波壁通道内工作流体在雷诺数较低时就可呈现不稳定流动形态。为在较低雷诺数下继续强化活塞冷却油腔内的热质传递,进一步开展了脉动流场下非牛顿流体在波壁通道内的流动特性实验和数值模拟研究,结果表明：脉动流场的操作参数对波壁通道内非牛顿流体的流动不稳定率有较大影响,且影响了通道内非牛顿流体的质量传递。     

非极性流体在微通道内的阻力特性分析

研究非极性流体在微通道内的流动特性。采用的微流动实验台通过测量不同极性液体流过矩形截面微通道中流量与压力,分析了不同极性流体的阻力特性。结果表明:对分子量较小的极性液体,微通道内流量-压差关系符合Hagen-Poiseuille定律,连续介质模型仍适用于微米尺度微通道;对分子量较大的非极性液体,常规理论在预测微通道内流量-压差、摩擦阻力系数-雷诺数关系时存在较大误差,须进行修正。     

微尺度流动模型研究

对微尺度气体流动及其适用模型进行综述,并以微通道内气体流动为例,采用基于宏观连续介质假定的无滑移、一阶滑移和修正二阶滑移模型,以及基于分子运动的DSMC方法分别进行数值研究,分析不同努森数下各流动模型的适用性.     

凹槽微通道铜-水纳米流体传热与流动分析

对铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通道中的传热与流动特性进行了分析。比较了不同体积分数的铜-水纳米流体在深宽比分别为0.3和0.5的凹槽微通道中的温度和速度分布,分析了体积分数和凹槽深宽比对凹槽微通道中铜-水纳米流体的传热系数和流体输运动力因子的影响。凹槽强化了微通道对流传热,与平板型微通道相比,铜-水纳米流体在圆弧型凹槽微通通内呈现出不同的传热特性。纳米流体体积分数、流体输运动力因子和凹槽深宽比对凹槽强化微通道传热影响较大。分析结果与已有的实验结果符合较好。     

ZigZag微通道内S-CO_2流动传热性能分析

以超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_2)为工质,对其在Zig Zag半圆形横截面微通道内湍流状态下流动传热性能进行数值计算,分析了Zig Zag角度θ、单位周期流道轴向长度P对传热与流动阻力的影响。结果表明,流体在Zig Zag微通道内流动,在流道拐弯处有旋涡产生,导致流通面积减少,流体主流速度急剧增大并冲刷换热壁面,使边界层减薄或破坏,并且该位置附近湍动能急剧增大,增强了流体的扰动与混合,促进了能量传递,强化了换热;随着Zig Zag角度θ增大,微通道内传热性能提高而流动阻力急剧增大;随着单位周期流道轴向长度P增大,传热性能与流动阻力均下降;在文中所述计算条件下,θ=15°,P=15 mm时Zig Zag微通道内S-CO_2耦合传热综合传热性能最优。     

微通道中液氮的流动沸腾——两相流动压降分析

对液氮在直径为0.531 mm,加热长度为250mm的圆管中的流动沸腾压降和传热特性进行研究.作为第一部分,主要对微通道中液氮的两相流动压降进行试验研究与分析.结果表明:在核态沸腾起始时,质量流量迅速降低,而压降突然增大,并伴随着明显的温度滞后,幅度约为4.0～5.0 K.由于压降很大,在微通道内液氮的两相流动中会出现闪蒸,从而对质量干度产生重要影响.最后,利用均相模型和三个两相流动模型(L-M模型,Chisholm B系数模型和Friedel模型)对微通道沿程压降进行分析和比较.不同于常规通道的是,均相模型可以很好地预测压降试验结果,而三个两相流动模型的预测偏差较大,这是由于在微小通道中的高速流动情况下,汽相和液相混合比较均匀;同时液氮的液汽密度比很小,这也有利于均相模型的预测.     

基于小波有限元对注塑型腔内熔体的三维流动分析

分析了不可压缩、非等温、黏性非牛顿流体在型腔内的流动特点,应用小波有限元法准确地模拟出熔体型腔内充模流动模型,克服了传统有限元在工程奇异性问题求解中的不足。算例表明,数值计算结果与实验结果比较一致,该方法成功地模拟了注塑成形型腔内流体的流动过程的重要特征。     

微通道换热器试验测试系统研究

搭建了一套测试微通道性能参数的循环换热试验系统,介绍了组成该系统的微通道换热器、模拟芯片、微型泵、恒温装置以及控制测量等部件.以水为介质,对三种不同结构型式微通道换热器的传热及流动性能进行了试验研究,测量了进出微通道换热器的冷却液流量、温度和压差以及模拟芯片表面多个测点的温度等参数,获得了微通道换热器内的流动阻力和传热特性.     

机械搅拌槽内非牛顿流体内流特性研究

在工业生产中获得广泛应用的机械搅拌混合,其流体大都是非牛顿流体,具有与牛顿流体不同的流变性质（弹性效应,剪切稀化以及剪切变稠）,所以急需对非牛顿流体情况下搅拌槽内的内流特性开展研究。基于Lin-A315桨型的粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image velocimetry,PIV）试验结果对搅拌槽内非牛顿流体的流场特性进行定常/非定常数值模拟,研究不同质量分数的黄原胶溶液在不同搅拌速度下的轴面流速分布、湍动能分布、径向截线的流速剖面、所需要的搅拌混合时间以及搅拌能耗。结果表明,数值模拟可以很好地模拟分析机械搅拌槽内非牛顿流体的流场特性;提高搅拌速度可以增加槽内主循环流的范围和强度,搅拌槽内涡的分布和湍动能分布范围也相应变大,与100 r/min相比,300 r/min和500 r/min工况下的轴向速度最大值增加3.6倍和5.9倍,所需要的混合时间缩短0.46倍和0.36倍;增加黄原胶溶液的浓度会减小流场的主循环流范围,增加速度梯度,降低槽底区域循环速度,所以与非牛顿流体溶液浓度的变化相比,所需要混合时间对转速变化更为敏感;另外提高搅拌速度会增加搅拌能耗,因此对低浓度非牛顿流体宜选择中等转速、高浓度非牛顿流体宜选择高转速以有利于溶液混合和能源节约。     

树形微通道热沉仿生建模及三维热流特性数值分析

对几种典型树叶进行参数测量,获得了各级叶脉直径、交角值及直径比例关系,在此基础上建立了树形微通道热沉的CAD模型,并对不同分形级数的双层微通道系统内的温度和流动特性分布进行了数值分析。结果表明,树形微通道具有更好的均温性,7级分形的树形微通道与6级和8级分形的树形微通道相比,所冷却芯片的温度更低,压降更小,具有更好的冷却效果。     

Numerical simulation of flows of non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes

Steady flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes are numerically simulated. Four rheologically different fluids such as water, aqueous sugar solution, aqueous Carbopol solution and blood are selected for the namerical simulation and the modified power-law model is used for the numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluids in the stenotic and bifurcated tubes. Apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid in the modified power-law model is expressed as a function of the shear rate. Flows in the circular tube with sudden contraction-sudden expansion and gradual contraction-gradual expansion are studied numerically. Analyses in the stenotic tubes are concentrated on the effects of rheological properties, the stenotic geometry and Reynolds number. Flow characteristics of Carbopol solution in the stenotic tubes are compared with those of blood. Effects of the bifurcation geometry on the flow behaviors of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are numerically investigated. Numerical analyses are focused on the flow patterns in the branch tubes of which angles are 30°, 60° and 90° and on the diameter ratios for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Variations of the axial velocity and pressure drop along the bifurcated tubes for various flow parameters are presented for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.     

A study of the flow characteristics of developing turbulent pulsating flows in a curved duct

Flow characteristics of turbulent pulsating flows in a square-sectional curved duct were experimentally investigated. Experimental studies for air flow were conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, secondary flow and pressure distributions in a square-sectional 180° curved duct by using an LDV system with a data acquisition and processing system which includes a Rotating Machinery Resolve (RMR) and PHASE software. Measurements were made at the seven cross-sections from the inlet (ø=0°) to the outlet (ø=180°) of the duct with 30° intervals. Pressure was measured by using a magnetic differential pressure gage. The experiment was conducted in nineteen sections from the inlet to the outlet of the duct at 10° intervals.Velocity profiles for turbulent pulsating flows were large at the outer wall for a bend angle of ø=30° because of the centrifugal force. The velocity profiles were similar to those of turbulent steady flows. The secondary flow of the turbulent pulsating flow had a positive value at a bend angle of 150° without regarding the phase. The dimensionless value of the secondary flow became gradually weak and approached to zero in the region of a bend angle of 180° regardless of the ratio of velocity amplitude. The pressure difference of turbulent pulsating flows was the largest near the region of a bend of angle of 90° in the case of the middle region and became small beyond 90.     

随机粗糙微通道内部流动与传质特性

为了研究微通道壁面随机粗糙度对流体流动和传质特性的影响,采用随机排布准则构建具有典型粗糙元类型的随机粗糙微通道壁面,利用有限元方法分析壁面随机粗糙度对流速、压降、流动阻力和传质性能的影响,并给出粗糙微通道内部Poiseuille数和分子传质扩散的近似变化规律。结果表明,流体在粗糙微通道近壁面区域和主流区的流速差异较大,近壁面区域流动分离现象明显;与光滑微通道相比,粗糙微通道内部各位置的压降和Poiseuille数沿着流动方向呈近似线性增大趋势;微通道壁面粗糙度的存在可以强化流体分子的传质扩散速率,但受粗糙度类型和相对粗糙度的影响较大。     

考虑制冷剂两相分配不均的微通道蒸发器压降模型

制冷剂两相分配不均是影响微通道蒸发器压降特性的重要因素,为了准确预测制冷剂两相分配不均影响下的微通道蒸发器压降,开发了新的微通道蒸发器压降模型。模型考虑了从微通道蒸发器进口管到出口管的所有局部和沿程压力损失,引入了简化的微通道管进口干度分布函数来计算微通道蒸发器内各微通道单管的进口状态,提出一种考虑制冷剂两相分配不均的流路压降平衡的仿真算法来迭代求解出微通道蒸发器的压降。该模型适用于制冷剂在蒸发器进口为两相状态(进口干度小于0.45),制冷剂在集流管内质流密度小于764 kg/m2s的条件。模型的仿真结果能较好符合制冷剂在微通道蒸发器中的流量和温度分布趋势,并且与微通道蒸发器压降的试验数据误差小于8%。     

“Y”形流管无阀压电泵模拟与试验研究

为了对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵的工作特性有更深入的了解,使其更好地满足输血、输液等工作的需要,对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵内部流场及泵流量特性进行了模拟及试验研究。采用CFX软件对“Y”形流管无阀压电泵泵腔内的流场特性进行了模拟分析。结果表明：“Y”形流管无阀压电泵工作时泵腔内的压强变化很小,涡旋对流体传输活体细胞及长链大分子基本无影响。实际制作了“Y”形流管无阀压电泵,并通过改变“Y”形流管的几何尺寸,研究了压电泵进出口端压差的变化规律。试验结果表明压差随支管夹角增大而减小,并且当两支管宽的和接近主管宽时,压差值达到最小,当支管夹角为5°,宽为1.2mm时,压差达到最大的74mm水柱。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的微通道内气液两相流流型和压力降特性研究

微流体广泛应用于生物医学和化工等领域。采用格子Boltzmann方法对T型微通道内气液两相流的流动特性进行研究,分析壁面特性、气液流速和气液流速比等对两相流运动特性的影响。结果表明：壁面接触角越大越容易形成气泡,随着毛细数的增大,分散相脱离点逐渐远离两相入口,形成更长的分层流,不易形成气泡;当气相流速较大,生成气泡的位置远离T型微通道交叉处,分层流的长度增加;不同条件下沿微通道方向压力逐渐减小,在气液两相交汇区域压力存在波动;微通道轴线流速的峰值出现“滞后”现象,速度波动随气液流速比增大而增大;大密度比气液两相流模拟,可以对宏观实验现象的机制进行更深入的解释。     

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS （CFD） SIMULATIONS OF DRAG REDUCTION WITH PERIODIC MICRO-STRUCTURED WALL

Computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations are adopted to investigate rectangular microchannel flows with various periodic micro-structured wall by introducing velocity slip boundary condition at low Reynolds number. The purpose of the current study is to numerically find out the effects of periodic micro-structured wall on the flow resistance in rectangular microchannel with the different spacings between microridges ranging from 15 to 60 pm. The simulative results indicate that pressure drop with different spacing between microridges increases linearly with flow velocity and decreases monotonically with slip velocity; Pressure drop reduction also increases with the spacing between microridges at the same condition of slip velocity and flow velocity. The results of numerical simulation are compared with theoretical predictions and experimental results in the literatures. It is found that there is qualitative agreement between them.     

粉煤灰管道气力输送特性的研究

对浓相粉煤灰气力输送系统三维流场进行了数值模拟,给出了流场特性,分析了颗粒对气相的影响,描述了颗粒沉降的具体过程。研究表明单位长度压力损失与速度平方、体积浓度成正比,而与管道长度无关;颗粒直径越大,压力损失就越小;颗粒的沉降与运动速度、颗粒直径和管道长度有关。     

非零迎流角半球缺群无阀泵流场及流量特性

理论研究了以半球缺群作为无移动部件阀的无阀压电泵的液体输送和混合搅拌功能,针对半球缺群迎流角的变化对该压电泵的泵送性能及混合搅拌效果的影响进行了仿真分析与试验验证。围绕迎流角θ在0°≤θ≤90°的变化,建立多组有限元模型,模拟了半球缺群迎流角变化引起的速度场、压强差、阻力系数及仿真流量的变化规律,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,0°≤θ≤45°时,仿真流量随θ的增加而增加;45°θ≤90°时,仿真流量随θ的增加而减小;θ≈45°时取得最大流量96.13mL/min。此外,研究显示旋涡的大小及强度具有与仿真流量相同的变化趋势。泵流量试验验证了仿真研究及其结果的正确性:在θ≈45°时,试验流量达到67.90mL/min;0°θ≤360°时,试验流量与仿真流量的变化趋势一致,并且θ在一个周期的变化中泵流量及旋涡强度出现2次正向最大值和2次反向最大值。本研究为优化无阀压电泵的泵送性能和混合功能奠定了基础。     

Effect of convex wall curvature on three-dimensional behavior of film cooling jet

The flow characteristics of film coolant issuing into turbulent boundary layer developing on a convex surface have been investigated by means of flow visualization and three-dimensional velocity measurement. The Schlieren optical system with a spark light source was adopted to visualize the jet trajectory injected at 35° and 90° inclination angles. A five-hole directional pressure probe was used to measure three-dimensional mean velocity components at the injection angle of 35°. Flow visualization shows that at the 90° injection, the jet flow is greatly changed near the jet exit due to strong interaction with the crossflow. On the other hand, the balance between radial pressure gradient and centrifugal force plays an important role to govern the jet flow at the 35° injection. The velocity measurement shows that at a velocity ratio of 0.5, the curvature stabilizes downstream flow, which results in weakening of the bound vortex structure. However, the injectant flow is separated from the convex wall gradually, and the bound vortex maintains its structure far downstream at a velocity ratio of 1.98 with two pairs of counter rotating vortices.