含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面的数值分析

采用耦合水平集-体积分数(CLSVOF)方法对含气泡油滴撞击矩形沟槽壁面现象进行数值模拟研究,考察了油滴撞击壁面后的形态演化过程,分析了中心射流形成机理和气体夹带的分布规律,并探究了沟槽宽度、沟槽深度和撞击位置对油滴铺展特性的影响。研究表明:含气泡油滴在矩形沟槽壁面铺展时会形成中心射流,沟槽内部存在气体夹带现象。气泡底部的速度旋涡是形成中心射流的主要原因,沟槽内的气体夹带受油滴铺展速度影响呈现规律性分布。沟槽宽度对含气泡油滴在垂直沟槽方向和平行沟槽方向的铺展长度影响较大,但对铺展高度影响较小。当无量纲沟槽宽度为0.3时,油滴形成颈部射流并在运动后期使垂直沟槽方向的铺展长度迅速增加。此外,沟槽深度也对含气泡油滴在各方向的铺展有重要影响,沟槽深度越大,中心射流现象越难形成。撞击位置变化不改变油滴在沟槽壁面上的运动演化过程,但对沟槽内部的气体夹带规律有一定影响。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

柴油液滴撞击壁面运动形态及变化历程的实验研究

液滴碰壁是液体射流过程中的重要现象,对喷雾效果有重要影响。采用高速摄影方法对柴油液滴撞击壁面的运动形态及变化历程进行了研究;根据获取的撞击壁面后不同时刻液滴的运动形态和参数,对液滴撞击壁面的运动过程、铺展运动无量纲润湿长度的变化历程、飞溅运动发生的临界撞击速度以及壁面材料对液滴撞击壁面运动的影响等进行了分析。通过研究,获得了柴油液滴撞击壁面时的运动特性及规律。     

液滴碰撞液膜复合level set-VOF法的数值分析

液滴碰撞液膜现象广泛存在于化工领域中。采用CLSVOF法建立了液滴碰撞液膜数值模型,并开展实验验证了模型的准确性。通过分析结果,研究了碰撞速度对液滴运动形态的影响,揭示了液滴内部流动传热和飞溅机理,并探索了液滴撞击液膜动力学和传热特性随碰撞速度的变化规律。研究表明:液滴碰撞液膜后随碰撞速度的增加依次呈现出波动、皇冠射流和射流飞溅等形态;碰撞速度越大,射流飞溅特征越明显。碰撞中心区域较大的压力梯度是液滴铺展的主要原因;铺展边缘较大气液压差是产生射流的主要原因;射流区域内速度间断是皇冠射流发展的关键因素;空气剪切及毛细波的作用是射流颈部收缩和产生飞溅的关键。碰撞速度越大,液滴的铺展系数、无量纲射流高度和壁面最大平均热流密度越大,无量纲液面中心相对高度越小;随着液滴雷诺数的增加,壁面最大平均热流密度的碰撞速度效应逐渐减小。     

表面张力变化对含气泡液体射流破裂的影响

使用高速相机研究了表面张力变化对含气泡液体射流破裂过程的影响。通过改变表面活性剂浓度获得了不同表面张力的液体射流。实验发现当液体射流速度保持不变时,减小液体表面张力会增加射流破裂长度。表面活性剂一方面降低了液体动态表面张力,减小了射流表面不稳定波的增长率,增大了射流破裂长度;另一方面表面活性剂在射流表面的非均匀分布会产生Marangoni应力,促使液体向射流变形区运动,从而推迟了射流破裂的发生,增大了射流破裂长度。通过理论分析得到了液体射流破裂长度表达式。发现射流内部气泡会显著缩短含表面活性剂射流的破裂长度。通过气泡扰动射流速度和吸附表面活性剂的分析,揭示了内部气泡对含表面活性剂射流破裂的影响规律。     

中空液滴撞击液膜的数值研究

采用耦合水平集-体积分数法(CLSVOF)建立了中空液滴撞击液膜的数值模型,进行了模型的准确性验证,对中空液滴撞击液膜的动态特性及传热特性进行了研究。结果表明,中空液滴撞击液膜的动态过程包含液壳破碎、液壳液膜融合、液滴铺展等过程。中空液滴撞击液膜时会出现空气卷吸现象及颈部射流现象,颈部射流现象产生的原因是由于液滴颈部位置存在较大的局部压差。随着时间的推移,近壁面处流体的温度逐步上升,壁面的热流密度逐步降低,撞击过程对于传热特性所产生的影响趋于明显。分析了液壳厚度、液膜厚度及撞击速度对传热特性所产生的影响,壁面的平均热流密度随着液壳厚度及撞击速度的增大而增大,随着液膜厚度的增大而减小。     

沟槽对湍流流动影响研究

设备内部气体可能存在湍流流动状态,设备壁面形成沟槽形式可能会对原流动状态产生影响从而影响设备性能。以前相关研究很少,但设备内部气体是否存在湍流流动状态,流动状态改变是否会对设备性能产生影响还需要进一步研究。为研究壁面形成沟槽形式对原湍流流动产生的影响,对流动状态变化前后沿壁面温度分布进行了计算,采用脉动温度符合一定概率分布的方法计算了脉动温度,对流动状态变化时温度场变化情况进行了分析。     

液滴碰撞倾斜热壁面数值模拟研究

为了研究液滴碰撞复杂热壁面过程中液滴的铺展特性和传热特性,文中基于FTM(Front-Tracking Method)方法对液滴碰撞倾斜固体热壁面过程进行了模拟研究,通过改变壁面倾斜角度、表面张力系数σ,从压力场、流场、惯性力、表面张力等角度对换热现象进行分析和研究。结果表明:液滴撞击倾斜壁面时,在液滴下滑方向一侧三相点处热流密度取得最大值;壁面倾斜角度越大,液滴铺展程度越低,传热减弱;σ影响液滴中后期的铺展特性,σ越大液滴最大铺展系数越小,且回缩越迅速;由于传热大部分发生在液滴碰撞壁面初期铺展阶段,所以σ对液滴与壁面间传热特性影响较小。     

水下四氯化碳单液滴在凹壁面上的动态特性

采用实验观测与图像处理相结合，对CCl4液滴在水下撞击凹壁面后的动态特性进行了系统研究。结果表明，液滴撞击凹壁面的过程经历了下降、扩散、松弛、滚动和润湿五个阶段。液滴与凹壁面间的撞击角θ对液滴拉伸特性的影响大于液滴初始直径和壁面曲率半径。当θ=90°时液滴垂直撞击壁面最低点，液滴迅速弹跳并强烈回缩，铺展时间短且变形率最小。在θ=100°~150°时，随着撞击角增加液滴变形幅度增大，相邻时刻滑动变形率小于滚动变形率。110°<θ<130°时液滴以滑动和铺展为主。θ>130°时液滴沿壁面滚动现象更容易发生。θ=154.2°时液滴接近纯滚动状态。增大撞击角，液滴沿凹壁面滚动下滑有效降低壁面黏附和液滴破碎。     

Prediction of Droplet Velocities and Rain Out in Horizontal Isothermal Free Jet Flows of Air and Viscous Liquid in Stagnant Ambient Air

Two‐dimensional phase Doppler anemometer measurements of droplet size and velocity conducted under several nozzle conditions and a systematic variation of the air mass flow quality and liquid phase viscosity show that the air entrainment process is enhanced when keeping all test conditions constant except for increasing the Newtonian liquid viscosity above of that of water. A two‐zone entrainment model based on a variable two‐phase entrainment coefficient is proposed with the normalized axial distance allowing for a change in the jet angle. Thus, the jet perimeter is lower and the breakup length is longer in the case of air/relatively higher viscosity liquid phase. It provides the most accurate reproduction of the experimental droplet velocity in comparison with that of other models in the literature and, hence, is recommended for the prediction of the droplet velocity in the case of two‐phase air/liquid phase free jet flow in stagnant ambient air. A model for predicting the droplet rain out, considering the droplet trajectories in the free jet flow, allows also for an adequate reproduction of the experimental data.     

Tailoring the grooved texture of electrospun polystyrene nanofibers by controlling the solvent system and relative humidity

In this study, we have successfully fabricated electrospun polystyrene (PS) nanofibers having a diameter of 326 ± 50 nm with a parallel grooved texture using a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). We discovered that solvent system, solution concentration, and relative humidity were the three key factors to the formation of grooved texture and the diameter of nanofibers. We demonstrated that grooved nanofibers with desired properties (e.g., different numbers of grooves, widths between two adjacent grooves, and depths of grooves) could be electrospun under certain conditions. When THF/DMF ratio was higher than 2:1, the formation mechanism of single grooved texture should be attributed to the formation of voids on the jet surface at the early stage of electrospinning and subsequent elongation and solidification of the voids into a line surface structure. When THF/DMF ratio was 1:1, the formation mechanism of grooved texture should be ascribed to the formation of wrinkled surface on the jet surface at the early stage of electrospinning and subsequent elongation into a grooved texture. Such findings can serve as guidelines for the preparation of grooved nanofibers with desired secondary morphology.     

Metal Reference Line Technique for Obtaining Dihedral Angles from Surface Thermal Grooves

A metal reference line (MRL) technique is described for the measurement of surface–grain-boundary dihedral angles, Ψ_s, from thermal grooves at a sample surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Metal lines deposited onto a thermally grooved surface using photolithography conform to the contours of the grain-boundary groove and provide a high-contrast reference line for measuring Ψ_s by SEM. Measurements of Ψ_s from optical interferometry and calculated from groove dimensions using surface diffusion models of thermal grooving are compared with the metal reference line measurements from the same thermally grooved surface of MgO-doped Al₂O₃. Distributions of Ψ_s are found to shift to lower angles and approach the true Ψ_s value as the resolution of the technique increases, with the MRL technique having the highest resolution, a median angle of 113°± 1° and a distribution of angles from 90°± 5° to 139°± 3°.     

Mechanism of Material Removal from Silicon Carbide by Carbon Dioxide Laser Heating

The mechanism of material removal from SiC by CO₂ laser heating was studied using sintered and single-crystal α-SiC. Removal rate and width of the groove showed maxima when plotted as a function of translation speeds. Groove depth decreased as the translation speed of samples increased. Similar results were obtained if argon or air was used as gas assist, which indicated that the material removal mechanism is induced dissociation of SiC. Microstructure of the material deposited in and outside of the groove was studied by SEM. At low scanning speeds, columnar grains 10 to 50 μm long appeared. As the scanning speed increased, columnar grains became smaller and finally only irregular polycrystalline particles were observed. By using Raman spectroscopy, Auger analysis, and X-ray diffraction, phases inside and outside the groove were identified as Si, β-SiC, C, and SiO₂. Columnar grains were identified as β-SiC covered with thin layers of C, Si, and SiO₂. Slow scanning speeds enhanced the growth of β-SiC. At slow scanning speed, free silicon was always found in the grooves of lased single crystals but not in the grooves of lased sintered SiC. It can be concluded that the mechanism of material removal from silicon carbide by CO₂ laser heating is a vaporization process, and material found in the groove and on the surface near the groove is formed by condensation from the vapor.     

The effect of the feed section groove taper angle on the performance of a single‐screw extruder

A new mechanism is described that allows adjustment of the groove geometry in grooved feed extruders. This mechanism enables efficient, continuous and independent change of the groove geometry during the extrusion process. The patented solution of the activated grooved feed section enables one to change the number of grooves, taper angle and, connected with it, groove depth. The paper contains the graphical presentation of the selected results of experimental studies of autothermal extrusion of a medium density polyethylene in an extruder with the grooved feed section in which the groove taper angle, and thus groove depth, was changed during the extrusion process. The influence of changing the groove taper angle in the range from 0 to 5.236 × 10^?2 rad and screw speeds ranging from 177 to 279 rev/min on extruder output was studied. The energy efficiency of the extruder was studied as well.     

Influence of atomiser design and coaxial gas velocity on gas entrainment into sprays

To study the influence of atomiser design and coaxial air velocity on entrainment of coaxial and confined sprays, the sprays issuing from a number of different atomisers are investigated experimentally under various external flow conditions. Air and liquid velocity profiles in the spray are determined by phase-doppler-anemometry (PDA), liquid mass flux profiles are measured using a mechanical droplet collection device (patternator) with a high spatial resolution. Experiments are performed in a 300 mm diameter vertical wind tunnel at superficial air velocities up to 30 m s⁻¹ at liquid flow rates from 0.083 to 0.278 kg s⁻¹. Experimental results are compared with free spray data and a generalised free jet theory. Comparing the sprays from different atomisers displays high induced air flow rates for high velocity narrow sprays and high entrained air flow rates for wide sprays. The influence of coaxial air velocity depends largely on the width of the spray and may be predicted by a simple model that is developed to determine the entrainment of coaxial and confined sprays from free spray data.     

低速横流作用下液体射流初次破碎实验

基于专门搭建的射流破碎雾化实验平台,利用高速摄像可视化研究低速横流作用下不同气液量纲为1参数对液体射流初次破碎模式特征和射流穿透轨迹特征的影响规律。实验结果表明,低速横流作用下液体射流破碎存在柱状破碎和袋式破碎两种模式,其中柱状破碎又可以分为鼓包破碎和拱形破碎。从实验得到的液气动量通量比q和液体韦伯数We_j射流破碎模式图可以看出,液气动量通量比q和液体韦伯数We_j共同决定低速横流条件下射流破碎模式,不同破碎模式之间存在明显的过渡边界。结合液气动量通量比q、液体韦伯数We_j、液体雷诺数Re_j等量纲为1参数,拟合得到了射流穿透轨迹曲线对数形式公式,该公式能够很好地预测低速横流作用下液体射流穿透轨迹,其中液气动量通量比q是影响射流穿透轨迹的主要量纲为1参数。     

横纹管强化吸收器的传热传质实验研究

在吸收式热泵的吸收器中,利用LiBr水溶液为工质,对横纹管强化管外降膜吸收过程进行了研究。实验结果表明:影响横纹管传热强化的主要因素为LiBr水溶液喷淋密度、横纹管结构参数节距和槽深,各个因素对强化效果影响不同;与光管相比,横纹管的传热传质效果明显得到了增强,但是不同结构参数节距与槽深的横纹管,其强化传热传质的效果不同。在实验范围内,横纹管强化LiBr溶液吸收水蒸气的传热系数是光管的2.1—3.25倍,传质系数是光管的1.25—1.93倍。     

Effect of liquid droplet impact velocity on liquid wicking kinetics in surface V-grooves

The liquid droplet inertia effect on liquid wicking in V-groove has direct implications to the liquid sample flow in microfluidic devices using V-groove channels and to the ink wicking along the inter-fibre gaps on uncoated paper surfaces, which is critical to the ink jet print quality. In this study liquid droplet inertia and the V-groove geometry is systematically varied to understand the effect of droplet impact, V-groove apex angle and groove width on the liquid wicking rate in the groove. Our results show that both the apex angle and the groove width influence the rate of liquid wicking in V-grooves forced by liquid droplet inertia. The inertia effect lasts for only a short time and its influence to the sample delivery accuracy in V-groove microfluidic devices can be minimised or eliminated by improving microfluidic channel design. On improving ink jet printing quality of uncoated papers, this work shows that applying surface sizing to uncoated ink jet papers is likely to be an effective way to change the geometry of the inter-fibre gaps and therefore can reduce the feathering effect in ink jet printing.     

The adjustable grooved feed extruder

Grooved feed extruders have been around since about the 1960s. These extruders offer considerable advantages over conventional extruders, such as higher throughput, better stability, and the ability to process very high molecular weight polymers. There are some important disadvantages as well, for instance, higher motor load, wear is more likely, high pressures in the grooved region, and the screw design has to be adapted. The disadvantages of the grooved feed extruder disappear when the grooved feed extruder is made with a mechanism that allows adjustment of the groove depth. Grooved feed extruders have now been developed that incorporate an adjustment mechanism that allows the depth of the grooves to be changed, during actual operation, from zero to full depth. Chris Rauwendaal and Janusz Sikora explain.