我国循环经济的发展模式

循环经济发展模式主要是指循环经济的产业发展模式和区域发展模式。根据我国循环经济的内涵、国际做法和国内相关实践探索经验,我国循环经济的产业发展模式涉及生产和消费两个重点领域和四个重点产业。四个重点产业是生态工业、生态农业、绿色服务业和废弃物再利用、资源化及无害化处置产业。循环经济区域发展模式是在区域基础设施体系和生态系统支撑下的两个重点领域和四个重点产业的有机组合和共生。是区域可持续发展的核心组成部分。区域基础设施体系也是应用循环经济原理的重要领域。以资源能源离效和环境影响最小为特征。在目前的实践中。我国出现了三种将发展循环经济作为推动区域可持续发展的助推器而引发的区域社会经济发展战略转型模式：东部发达地区的自发转型模式、辽宁资源型地区的转型模式和西部地区典型的跨越发展转型模式。     

发展循环经济是实现区域可持续发展的战略选择

发展循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的重要举措，本文分析了循环经济的理论进展和实践意义；认为发展循环经济是实现可持续发展的重要途径；指出发展生态工业，推行清洁生产环境管理，培育垃圾产业是循环经济的重点；提出了发展循环经济的主要对策。     

煤炭行业循环经济发展模式与指标体系研究

结合我国煤炭行业的实际发展情况，以煤炭行业可持续发展的需求为出发点，分析了煤炭行业循环经济的内涵和特点；在总结循环经济发展模式与实践的基础上，针对我国煤炭工业构建煤炭行业的循环经济发展模式（包括煤炭企业模式、工业园区模式和区域发展模式）。在此基础上，通过定性和定量的方法，理论分析与案例分析相结合的研究原则，对煤炭行业循环经济具体模式和循环经济发展阶段进行划分，建立起煤炭行业发展循环经济的模糊综合评价模型与指标体系，并通过对煤炭大省——山西省煤炭行业循环经济的案例研究阐述煤炭行业循环经济模式及指标体系评价的应用，为区域煤炭工业发展循环经济提供有益的参考。并对煤炭行业发展循环经济和指标体系的完善提出建议。     

循环经济学:学科特征与趋势展望

在比较分析有关循环经济学研究内容相关论述的基础上．从“自然-人类社会-空间”三维系统的角度，提出循环经济学的内涵．认为循环经济学是以缓解资源、环境、生态问题为目标，运用经济学方法研究物质流、能源流的运行机理、方式、技术、效率、机制的一门应用经济学科．并且从人地关系系统分解角度．分别界定了生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学与循环经济学的研究范畴．认为循环经济学是以人类系统与自然系统的相互关系及其所引起的人与人之间的相互关系为研究对象的．而生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学所涉及的只是人地关系中的子系统。据此，还进一步分析了当前我国循环经济学研究的主要方向、发展趋势。研究视角主要包括技术流程分析、深层生态分析和模式分析；今后的研究趋势则主要在于寻求理论创新、加强对循环经济模式的经济学分析，加强对于区域循环经济发展的长期分析、加强对于循环经济运行的多角度分析和加强循环经济学与相关学科的对比与借鉴研究。在此基础上构建包括理论体系、内容体系和方法体系在内的循环经济学研究的内容体系：     

电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式的实证分析——以乌兰水泥集团公司为例

煤炭发电产业每年有大量废渣量，占用大量耕地并需支付大量环保费用，对环境的污染和危害越来越严重，如何解决煤炭发电产业废渣问题成为全国各地发展中的重要问题。本文以乌兰水泥集团公司作为实例，分析了电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式，主要启示和建议为：①电力-水泥产业共生模式值得推广；②因地制宜，建立循环经济基地；③产业循环链的设计是关键；④不断进行循环利用技术研究；⑤拓展融资渠道；⑥引进人才，加大培训力度；⑦建设循环经济信息系统。     

中国资源型产业及制造业碳排放与工业经济发展的关系

工业在国民经济发展中占据主导地位,决定着国民经济现代化的速度、规模和水平,中国工业生产以消耗化石能源为主,从而产生大量的CO2,因此,如何平衡工业经济发展与碳排放的关系,力求在发展经济的同时减缓碳排放,以实现工业低碳化发展的目标成为本研究的重点。本文将工业进一步划分为资源型产业与制造业,采用1994-2011年的能源消费数据计算得出资源型产业与制造业碳排放量,运用计量经济方法,通过协整检验、格兰杰因果关系检验、广义脉冲响应函数分析及方差分解,分析了资源型产业及制造业碳排放量与工业经济发展的影响关系及程度。研究结果表明:1长期各变量间存在均衡负相关关系,资源型产业及制造业碳排放的增加阻碍了工业经济发展,且资源型产业碳排放对工业经济增长的阻碍作用大于制造业碳排放;2资源型产业碳排放量与工业经济发展互为格兰杰原因,资源型产业碳排放量的变化可引起工业经济发展的格兰杰变化,而工业经济发展也会对资源型产业碳排放量的变化产生影响;3资源型产业碳排放对工业经济增长的正向冲击呈先升后降趋势;制造业碳排放对工业经济增长的正向冲击短期内呈下降趋势,长期经小幅波动后趋于稳定;4资源型产业碳排放对工业经济增长的方差贡献度较大,呈先增后减趋势。表明短期内工业经济增长方式仍为粗放型,工业经济发展对资源型产业碳排放的依赖程度仍较大,长期对资源型产业碳排放的依赖程度逐渐减弱。提出走"资源型产业转型升级—制造业产业能源结构调整优化—低能耗低污染高效率的高端制造业"的产业发展路径及"改造提升资源型产业—促进工业经济增长—反哺制造业发展"的工业发展模式。     

欠发达资源富集山区的生态文明发展模式与对策建议

结合国内外区域经济发展经验和黔东南实地调研情况，分析了欠发达资源富集区和山区资源开发的一些基本特征，指出了黔东南山区的生态价值和经济价值，认为开展生态文明建设是黔东南这样欠发地区实现经济与生态双赢的理想选择。黔东南州是我国经济欠发达、资源富集、生态优质、少数民族文化独特的典型山区，具有原形的自然生态、原始的民族文化、原貌的历史遗存，其生态价值具有十分明显的比较优势。生态文明是指人与自然和谐共荣的文化价值取向、生态系统良性发展下的可持续生产、满足人类自身需要又不损害自然系统的可持续消费的一种社会形态。提出了黔东南发展生态农业、生态工业循环经济、生态旅游、生态城镇和政府绿色管理等具体发展模式，最后从宣传教育、科技创新、特色经济、生态产业链和低碳经济等提出了若干对策建议。     

新疆工业循环经济建设研究

新疆地处中亚,属于典型的干旱半干旱区,生态系统脆弱,传统的工业发展模式对其生态环境和绿洲稳定已构成一定的威胁.循环经济抓住了新疆当前资源相对稀缺而又大量消耗的症结,对突破其深层次矛盾和自然资源约束的瓶颈具有迫切的现实意义.该文根据循环经济的内涵和原则,结合地区特点,提出新疆工业循环经济建设应运用多学科进行综合研究,实现产业循环组合与资源循环利用,建立配套的循环经济管理实施体系和综合评价体系.以新疆国家级循环经济试点城市石河子市为典型案例,对新疆工业循环经济建设思路的分析表明:"一个综合"是科学构建新疆工业循环经济的前提,"两类循环"可促进新疆产业生态化与污染治理产业化、动脉产业与静脉产业的有机统一,"两个体系"将为疆内工业循环经济的持续推进和优化完善提供有力的保障机制.     

发展循环经济的低碳综合集成模式

根据循环经济内涵特征,透析循环经济指标体系,判明循环经济低碳品质,阐述循环经济理论困境;针对循环经济发展现状,从节能减排、能源结构、产业模式三个维度诊断循环经济实践困境;在此基础上,提出循环经济低碳模式;以综合集成视角,从整体特性、模式结构和运行模式三个角度分析循环经济低碳综合集成模式的系统特征;从理论基础、理论体系和理论创新三个角度构建低碳模式的综合集成理论框架。低碳模式是针对化石能源利用高碳排放问题,以提高碳生产率实现可持续发展为发展目标,以能源消费和废弃物减量化排放为发展原则,以"低能耗、低排放、低污染"和"高效能、高效率、高效益"为基本特征,以能源结构调整、产业模式优化和技术体系创新为主要手段,以节能减排为发展方式,以低碳政策体系为重要保障的特殊循环经济模式。实施低碳模式是一项复杂的系统工程,其通过构筑低碳均衡达到"社会-经济-生态"的可持续发展。     

山东省农业循环经济发展评价

为了加快农业循环经济发展，首先要对发展状态进行评估。该文以循环经济理论为依据，探索建立表征农业循环经济发展程度的指标体系，并以山东省17市为例，进行主成分分析，评价山东省各市农业循环经济发展程度，找出各地农业循环经济发展过程中存在的差距，为推动区域农业循环经济发展提供理论支持。研究发现各地区农业循环经济发展程度与区域总体发展水平并不一致，一些经济发达地区忽视农业资源的节约利用导致农业循环经济发展水平不高。为加快出东省农业循环经济发展，建议通过推进农业产业化，节约资源投入；大力推广农业清洁生产；合理规划和确立农业循环经济发展模式。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.