工艺条件对夹芯注射制品残余应力的影响

采用Moldflow公司MPI软件中的Co-injection分析模块，对ABS／PS夹芯注射成型过程进行动态模拟分析，以揭示工艺参数对夹芯注射成型过程中残余应力影响的规律。结果发现：在各种成型工艺参数中，保压条件对残余应力影响较为突出，模温条件对残余应力影响次之；最大残余应力主要分布在浇口位置和芯层最厚处，芯层前缘处残余应力次之，壳层最厚处残余应力最小。     

微孔塑料注射成型制品体积收缩与翘曲变形数值分析

采用Moldflow软件，通过微孔注射成型过程的数值模拟，系统研究了熔体注射温度、模具温度对其体积收缩、翘曲变形和残余应力的影响规律，并基于流变学理论，揭示了其影响机理。研究结果表明，随着熔体注射温度和模具温度增加，微孔注射制品翘曲变形和残余应力均增加，成型制品的体积收缩随着熔体注射温度升高而增加，而随着模具温度升高而减小。本研究为微孔注射成型工艺和模具的设计提供理论指导。     

注射压缩成型聚碳酸酯制品的低温拉伸力学性能

以聚碳酸酯为材料,利用自行设计带有压缩功能的模具,采用常规注塑成型(IM)和注射压缩成型方法(ICM)对比研究制品在常温和低温环境下的拉伸力学性能;基于单因素实验方法,研究熔体温度、模具温度、模板压缩距离、延迟时间和压缩力对ICM制品残余应力和低温拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明:在相同的环境温度下,ICM制品较IM制品有较大的屈服应力和弹性模量;低温环境下样品的拉伸性能有所提升,并在-40℃附近出现了聚碳酸酯分子的次级玻璃化转变;残余应力是影响ICM制品低温拉伸性能的主要因素,较高的熔体温度、模具温度、模板压缩距离,以及较短的延迟时间,较小的压缩力会减小ICM制品的残余应力,提高制品的低温拉伸性能。     

退火对注射成型PC制品力学性能的影响

注射成型的塑料光学制品应用日益广泛,但注射成型加工的聚碳酸酯制品通常有较大的残余应力,会对制品的光学性能、力学性能有负面的影响,而退火可减少/消除制品的残余应力。本文考察了退火对不同工艺条件下注射制品残余应力和力学性能的影响。研究的工艺条件包括三水平的变化的模具温度、熔体温度、保压压力、冷却时间等;残余应力的变化通过光弹实验的应力干涉条纹表示,力学性能的变化以拉伸强度、延伸率的变化表示。实验发现,退火前后,不同工艺条件下注塑PC制品拉伸强度平均提高4.5%,最大达9.0%;同时,断裂延伸率平均降低3%,最多减少14%。     

Residual stresses in polymers III: The influence of injection-molding process conditions

Following the evaluation of Residual Stresses (R.S.) in quenched specimens (Part I) and the resulting mechanical-physical properties (Part II), the, present study deals with the effect of injection-molding process conditions on R.S. and the respective properties of amorphous polymers. Melt temperature, mold temperature, injection rate, and injection pressure were the parameters studied. Experimental results indicated that the melt temperature caused two maxima in R.S. The second one reverses from compressive to tensile. In general, most changes occur in the surface regions, while R.S. decreases with increasing melt temperature, as is the case in zones far away from the gate. Furthermore, tensile modulus increased, in general, with rising melt temperature. In the case where the effect of mold temperature was studied, it was found that R.S. are compressive in the surface layers and tend to decrease upon increase in mold temperature and distance from the entrance region. Significant changes in R.S. were also detected in the interior layers. As the mold temperature approached Tg, low values of R.S. were measured, as was the case in quenched specimens. Injection rate affects surface R.S. to a large extent. With low flow rates, tensile stresses were developed in the exterior, reversing to compressive stresses at higher speeds. The reversal in sign depends on the location relative to the gate. Once compressive stresses were formed, further increase in rate caused a reduction in R.S. In addition, variations in tensile modulus, as high as 30 percent, were measured at high injection rates. As far as injection and holding pressures are concerned, experimental results showed that a maximum in R.S. was obtained, with increasing pressure, at the surface. Close to the gate entrance, a reverse from compressive to tensile R.S. was detected at high injection pressures. As in the other cases, injection pressure influenced mostly the exterior layers. Only in zones close to the entrance and at high pressures were high levels of R.S. measured in the core regions.     

工艺参数对水辅注塑弯管壁厚的影响

利用华南理工大学自主研发的注水系统和水辅注塑弯管模具,研究了熔体温度、模具温度、注水延迟时间、熔体注射量、注水压力、注水温度、熔体注射速率和熔体注射压力等8个水辅成型主要工艺参数对聚丙烯制品壁厚偏差率的影响,并分析了影响机理。结果表明,部分工艺参数对于制品弯曲段的壁厚偏差率有影响;增加注水延迟时间,降低注水压力和模具温度,短射填充区的制品壁厚的偏差率有所减小;提高熔体温度,壁厚偏差率的波动幅度增大。     

压缩工艺参数对注射压缩成型聚碳酸酯透明件残余应力的影响

基于注射压缩成型技术,以聚碳酸酯为原材料,采用不同的压缩工艺参数制备出聚碳酸酯透明件。结合成型过程中的模具型腔压力测试,采用定性（应力偏光法）和定量（小孔法）两种方法,对成型透明件的残余应力进行了测试,分析了压缩启动位置、压缩距离、熔体温度及模具温度等压缩过程的核心工艺参数对聚碳酸酯透明件残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,随着压缩启动位置的推迟或压缩距离的增大,型腔压力上升,使得制品的残余应力降低,当压缩启动位置从10 %延迟至70 %时,或者压缩距离从0.5 mm增大至2.0 mm,透明件测试点的Von Mises等效残余应力平均下降幅度达到82.0 %和64.7 %;随着熔体温度的升高或模具温度的升高,型腔压力变化并不明显,但制品的残余应力降低,当熔体温度从290 ℃升至320 ℃,或者模具温度从80 ℃升至120 ℃,透明件测试点的Von Mises等效残余应力平均下降幅度达到56.2 %和77.0 %。     

薄壁塑件注射压缩成型工艺的模拟分析

基于正交分析法和单因素分析法,用Moldflow软件数值模拟注射压缩成型中不同工艺条件对薄壁制品残余应力的影响.计算的残余应力沿厚度方向的分布表明:薄壁制品残余应力主要为流动诱导残余应力.模具温度与压缩距离对制品残余应力影响显著,模具温度越高,压缩距离越大,制品残余应力越小;其他工艺参数对残余应力均有不同程度的影响.     

Critical J-Integral Value of Injection-Molded Polycarbonate Using a Low Thermal Inertia Mold

A low thermal inertia mold (LTIM) is evaluated based on its ability to reduce residual stress and molecular orientation in thin polycarbonate parts. The mold employs a special cavity design which incorporates the use of high-temperature (above 350 °C) thermoelectric devices. Residual stresses are compared in LTIM and conventionally molded parts via an estimation of critical J-integral values (Jc)-the essential energy needed for crack initiation per unit area. The estimated values of Jc for LTIM and conventional parts are 6.3 and 7.3 kJ/m², respectively. This difference may be due to the elevated LTIM cavity temperature which alleviates residual stresses and in turn reduces the estimated value of Jc. Observations of birefringence distributions were used to compare molecular orientation. The amount of birefringence is greatly reduced in a large central region of the LTIM parts, indicating low levels of orientation. Conventional parts show distinct color fringes along the melt flow path, indicative of flow-induced orientation.     

Optimization and numerical simulation analysis for molded thin‐walled parts fabricated using wood‐filled polypropylene composites via plastic injection molding

Plastic injection molding is discontinuous and a complicated process involving the interaction of several variables for control the quality of the molded parts. The goal of this research was to investigate the optimal parameter selection, the significant parameters, and the effect of the injection‐molding parameters during the post‐filling stage (packing pressure, packing time, mold temperature, and cooling time) with respect to in‐cavity residual stresses, volumetric shrinkage and warpage properties. The PP + 60 wt% wood material is not suitable for molded thin‐walled parts. In contrast, the PP + 50 wt% material was found to be the preferred type of lignocellulosic polymer composite for molded thin‐walled parts. The results showed the lower residual stresses approximately at 20.10 MPa and have minimum overpacking in the ranges of ?0.709% to ?0.174% with the volumetric shrinkage spread better over the part surface. The research found that the packing pressure and mold temperature are important parameters for the reduction of residual stresses and volumetric shrinkage, while for the reduction of warpage, the important processing parameters are the packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time for molded thin‐walled parts that are fabricated using lignocellulosic polymer composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1082–1095, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

汽车A柱下饰板注射成型工艺仿真分析

采用正交试验和Moldflow数值模拟相结合的方法,对汽车A柱下饰板的注射成型过程进行了分析,研究了模具温度、熔体温度、注射时间和保压压力等工艺参数对残余应力和翘曲变形的影响。通过极差分析得到,熔体温度对翘曲变形影响最大,保压压力对残余应力影响最大,最佳工艺参数组合为模具温度40 ℃,熔体温度205 ℃,注射时间5 s,保压压力45 MPa;通过仿真分析与实际成型方案进行比较,汽车A柱下饰板的翘曲变形由3.847 mm降为3.121 mm,残余应力由66.95 MPa降为65.21 MPa。     

汽车CD面板热流道模具设计

分析了汽车CD面板塑件的成型工艺,应用Moldflow软件对熔体填充时间、注塑压力、熔体前沿温度、模具温度等进行了分析,根据模拟分析结果,确定了塑件的最佳浇口位置及合理的成型工艺参数,设计了汽车CD面板的热流道注塑模具,确定了合理的选材和热处理。结果表明,该模具设计合理,成型的塑件尺寸精度高,表面无飞边、熔接痕、气穴等质量缺陷,达到了预期目标。     

Residual stresses and density gradient in injection molded starch/synthetic polymer blends

Residual stress distribution in injection molded starch/synthetic polymer blends was evaluated using the layer removal technique. The synthetic polymers in the blend were either polybutylene succinate (PBS) or polycaprolactone (PCL). The starch content ranged from 0 to 70% by weight in the PBS blend and was held constant at 70% in the PCL blend. The effects of various molding conditions, aging and starch content were investigated. The residual stress profiles were found to be parabolic in nature with surface compressive stresses and interior tensile stresses. Increasing the injection pressure and mold temperature decreased the tensile stresses but had no significant effect on the surface compressive stresses. Decreasing the packing pressure produced a significant decrease in the magnitude of residual stresses. Varying melt temperature and packing time did not significantly affect the residual stress distribution for the range of values investigated. The residual stresses relaxed with time, decreasing over a period of 57 days. The magnitude of residual stresses increased as the starch content in the PBS blends was varied from 0 to 70%. Density gradient measurements were made in a 70% starch/PBS blend. The density was found to be higher in the interior than at the surface with a steep gradient close to the surface. Varying the molding conditions had a complex effect on the average density and the density distribution.     

Numerical Simulation for Effects of Injection Mold Cooling on Warpage and Residual Stresses

Abstract

The dimensions quality of the injection‐molded parts is the result of a complex combination of material, part, and mold designs and process conditions. In this article, warpage prediction relies on the calculation of residual stresses developed during the molding process. The solidification of a molten thermoplastic between cooled parallel plates is used to model the mechanics of part warp in the injection‐molding process. Flow effects are neglected, and a thermorheologically simple thermoviscoelastic material model is assumed. The warp and residual stresses numerical simulation with finite element method (FEM) is time dependent. At each time step, the material properties can be temperature and pressure dependent. Mold temperature or mold‐cooling rate effects on part warp have been numerically predicted and compared with experimental results. By showing the mold‐cooling effects, it was concluded that mold cooling has a significant effect on part warpage, and mold‐cooling parameters, such as mold temperature, resin temperature, cooling channels, etc., should be set carefully.     

气辅注射成型圆管制品中空率

气体辅助注射成型的工艺参数与最后制件的中空程度有直接的关系。采用计算机模拟技术;分析了熔体温度、模具温度、气体延迟时间、预注射量和进气压力对中空率的影响。得到预注射量和进气压力对中空率的变化最为敏感;熔体温度升到一定范围后对中空率没有影响;对于圆管制件;气体延迟时间对中空率影响不明显的结论。     

工艺参数对聚丙烯/聚酰胺6共混材料WAIM管件性能及微观形态的影响

基于自行搭建的水辅助注射成型(WAIM)实验平台对聚丙烯/聚酰胺6（PP/PA6）共混材料进行WAIM实验,探究工艺参数对PP/PA6共混材料的WAIM管件的残余壁厚、表观质量及力学性能的影响,并进行了微观形态观测。结果表明,随着熔体温度、模具温度和注水压力的增加,塑件残余壁厚逐渐减小;随着注水延迟时间的增加,塑件残余壁厚逐渐增大;随着模具温度、注水延迟时间的增加,管件拉伸强度逐步增大;随着熔体温度、注水压力的增大,管件拉伸强度逐步减小;工艺参数通过温度场的变化影响熔体的成核和晶体长大从而影响结晶度,结晶度越高,管件的拉伸强度越高。     

复杂厚壁汽车塑件精密成型工艺优化研究

以塑件最小体积收缩量为优化目标,以模具温度、保压时间、保压压力和熔体温度为优化变量,采用BOX(Box Behnken Design)二阶响应曲面法,结合方差分析技术,建立了高适配性体积收缩响应面优化模型,进而优化得出了最优工艺参数组合,通过计算机辅助工程(CAE)分析与成型实验验证,验证表明塑件的体积收缩量减少约8 %左右,满足塑件高精确装配要求,证明了研究工艺优化技术方法的可行性和可靠性。     

Reducing residual stresses in molded parts

Means of reducing the flow-induced residual stresses in injection molded parts through optimization of the thermal history of the process are presented. An approach through the use of a passive insulation layer with low thermal inertia on the cavity surface was investigated. The passive insulation layer prevents the polymer melt from freezing during mold filling and allows the flow-induced stresses to relax after the filling. The criteria for the optimal thermal properties and the required thickness of the layer are presented. A numerical simulation model of non-isothermal filling and cooling of viscoelastic materials was also used to understand the molding process and to evaluate this approach. This model predicts the stress development and relaxation in the molding cycle. Both simulation and experimental results show that the final stresses in the molded parts can be reduced significantly with the use of an insulation layer. This technique can also be applied to other molding or forming processes in order to decouple the material flow and cooling process for minimum residual stresses in the molded parts.     

Prediction of process-induced warpage in injection molded thermoplastics

The main cause of warpage in injection moldings is the imbalance of the thermal residual stresses that are caused by a non-uniform temperature distribution through the thickness of the moldings resulting from variation in cross sections, part geometries, and temperature difference between the mold surfaces. As the hot plastic melt is injected into the relatively cooler mold, a temperature gradient develops between the core of the molding and its surfaces, determining the magnitude of the residual stresses and warpage deflection. The relationship between the temperature difference of the two halves of the mold and warpage for a flat plate was measured and predicted by use of a finite element software package. The development of warpage in a 3D component (L-shaped bracket) was also measured, and the results were compared with computer predictions.     

注塑工艺参数对制品残余应力和收缩的影响

注塑成型工艺参数对制品的最终残余应力和收缩有着直接的影响。基于线性黏弹性模型模拟计算了注塑成型过程中由温度和压力引起的残余应力和收缩。以无定型材料PS和ABS为例，系统地研究了不同成型工艺条件下平板制件的最终残余应力和收缩，并和实验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：在流动方向上无定型材料的收缩基本保持不变，残余应力沿壁厚分布的形状也基本相同，但流动末端处的应力值稍大于流动入口处；保压压力是影响制品收缩的关键因素，提高保压压力和注射温度可以降低制品的最终收缩，而模具温度对收缩的影响较小。