乳化法萃取湿法磷酸的破乳研究

采用乳化法萃取湿法磷酸,并对乳状液破乳。研究了超声破乳和离心破乳对乳状液破乳效果的影响。研究表明：乳状液自然沉降破乳时,乳状液中液滴的聚并缓慢,所需破乳时间很长;采取超声破乳方法,当超声时间为15 min、超声功率为40 W时,破乳率可以达到80%;采取离心破乳方法,当离心转速为2 000 r/min、离心时间为3 min时,破乳率可达97%。此外,实验还对超声与离心联合作用于乳状液破乳的方法做了进一步研究。     

油田沉降罐中间层复杂乳状液微波破乳-离心分离

对长庆油田沉降罐的乳化层复杂乳状液进行了微波破乳-离心分离实验研究. 详细考察了微波辐射强度、辐射时间、温升速率、离心时间、离心转速等对脱水效果的影响,得出了最佳条件：微波辐射强度2 W/g,微波辐射时间3 min,温升速率8.3℃/min,离心时间4 min,离心转速2500 r/min. 在优化条件下,含水45.1%的乳状液经微波辐射-离心分离后得到的离心油样含水率为2.10%. 通过对Zeta电位的检测,探讨了微波破乳的机理,认为微波辐射减小了油水界面的Zeta电位,失去Zeta电位作用的水珠容易碰撞聚并,导致油水分离.     

磁性纳米颗粒-微波辐射对稠油O/W乳状液的协同破乳

首先分析了微波辐射功率和辐射时间对磁性纳米粒子协同破乳的影响规律,在此基础上,利用生物显微镜、接触角测量仪、zeta电位分析仪等分别测量了微波作用前后油滴的分布以及磁性纳米粒子的润湿性和带电性,从而揭示了微波和磁性纳米粒子的协同破乳机理。实验结果表明：磁性纳米粒子作用下,微波辐射参数过高或者过低都会对磁性纳米粒子破乳产生抑制作用,只有在最优辐射参数范围内,微波才会促进磁性纳米粒子的破乳,且当纳米Ni浓度为150mg/L,微波辐射参数为400W、30s时,乳状液的分水率达到最高值102.56%,而在相同微波辐射参数下,Co₃O₄浓度为125mg/L,乳状液的分水率达到最大值106.06%。该工作为磁性纳米颗粒-微波辐射协同破乳技术的发展提供试验和理论依据。     

超声与离心联用对乳状液破乳的研究

本文提出超声、离心联合作用于乳状液破乳的方法,采用正交实验研究离心时间、离心转速、超声破乳功率和超声破乳时间等因素对破乳效果的影响。研究表明,超声与离心联合作用可以使乳状液在较小的离心转速下,快速破乳。最佳工艺条件为：离心时间4min、离心转速1000r~min～、超声破乳功率40W、超声破乳时间2min,该条件下破乳率能达到97％。     

微波化学法原油破乳脱水工艺的优化

对原油乳状液分别采用热化学法及微波热化学法进行了破乳脱水实验。对于本实验所用含水量为78%的1#原油乳状液,采用热化学方法时,破乳剂的用量为100 mg/L,加热温度为65℃,加热9 min后,可脱水约为96.2%;而采用微波化学法时,破乳剂的用量为50 mg/L,辐射时间为10 s,沉降时间为2 min,可脱水约为94.9%。提出了原油乳状液脱水的工艺为对原油乳状液采用二次脱水处理,首先采用微波化学法,再对一次脱水后的上层原油乳状液采用加热法。对1#原油乳状液,一次微波辐射脱水后,上层油的含水量在18%左右;对上层油进行加热二次脱水后,原油的含水率小于0.3%,可得到合格原油。     

正交表法测定微波脱水最佳功率和加热时间值

原油乳状液是十分复杂的分散体系,原油由于产地、开采方式、温度、压力的不同,性质也差别很大。原油含水对石油储运、加工以及产品质量造成了不利的影响,对设备造成较大的危害,因此原油破乳脱水成为石油开采及加工生产中最重要的环节之一。本实验就是在已有的试验条件下,运用正交表设计试验方案,分析了微波作用功率和加热时间对微波脱水率的影响规律,研究表明,乳状液脱水率受微波功率和加热时间的影响很大,微波加热功率和加热时间存在一个最佳值,在功率为400W,加热时间为7m in时脱水效果最好。     

微波破乳器的实验研究

对自制的800 W隧道式箱型微波破乳器进行了微波破乳实验研究. 详细考察了影响微波破乳器破乳效果的工艺参数,得出了最佳条件：流量70 L/h,温升速率16℃/min. 最佳实验条件下,含水50.0%的乳状液经微波破乳-离心分离后得到的离心油样含水率为2.2%. 循环连续破乳实验表明,含水率随有效停留时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定,采用多级串联的方法可以提高处理量,且可达到较好的破乳效果. 通过对微波破乳器的场强分布数值模拟,对比了有物料和无物料两种情况下微波破乳器的场强分布差异,为微波破乳器的进一步放大提供了依据.     

无机盐存在下微波辐射超稠原油脱水研究

由于超稠油粘度高、密度大，胶质、沥青质含量高，油水界面膜强度大，常规化学沉降脱水法以及电化学脱水法难以达到理想的脱水效果。采用添加无机盐的微波辐射法脱水，脱水效果大大提高。微波辐射3min，系统压强0．1MPa，辐射功率225W，静置沉降1min，研究了氯化钠、碘化钠、醋酸钠、硝酸钠、碳酸钠、硫酸钠6种钠盐以及氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、氯化钡、氯化镁、氯化铝6种氯化物对微波辐射超稠原油脱水率以及对脱出水的透光率的影响，简要分析了无机盐作用下W／O型乳状液吸收微波的机理。结果表明，极少量的无机盐能大大提高原油的微波破乳效果，尤其是在醋酸钠的存在下，脱水率达到了99．43％。阳离子对微波破乳的影响与阳离子的极化力有关，阴离子对微波破乳的影响与阴离子半径大小有关。     

微波用于高粘原油脱水的研究

文章分析了微波破乳的机理,并以脱水率为考查依据,采用正交设计的方法对影响稠油微波脱水的主要因素,即原油含水量、微波辐射时间、微波功率进行了系统研究。结果表明,原油含水量为影响稠油微波脱水的主要因素,含水量越高,脱水率越大。另外,微波辐射时间与辐射功率对脱水率也存在着一定的影响。对于实验所用的稠油,当微波辐射功率为420 W,辐射时间为120 s,原油含水量为80%时,稠油脱水率最高,达到93.88%。     

高含水原油的热化学破乳方法

针对高含水原油破乳中广泛采用的热化学法,试验研究了加热温度、加入破乳剂量对破乳效果和破乳速率的影响.试验结果表明,对一定量的原油乳状液,破乳剂用量均在一个最佳值;温度会影响破乳剂的最佳值,随温度升高,原油乳状液破乳时所使用的破乳剂用量的最佳值降低;同时,加入的破乳剂量对乳状液脱水速率也有一定的影响.     

Rapid Salt‐Assisted Microwave Demulsification of Oil‐Rich Emulsion Obtained by Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peanut Seeds

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process that can also provide edible protein. However, the AEE process may form a stable emulsion in most cases, which seriously limits the large‐scale industry applications for producing vegetable oils. In this study, the salt‐assisted microwave radiation demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE from peanuts is investigated. The microwave demulsification method is compared with other conventional demulsification methods, including heating, and freezing–thawing. The salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the emulsions shows a greater free oil yield than conventional heating demulsification. Moreover, the microwave demulsification shows a similar free oil yield in less time than freezing–thawing method. Under the optimal operating conditions of demulsification, the free oil yield can reach 92.3% with CaCl₂‐assisted microwave demulsification for only 2 min. In addition, the oxidative properties and the fatty acid compositions of the demulsified peanut oil are investigated. No significant difference in the fatty acid composition is observed among salt‐assisted microwave, freezing–thawing, and heating demulsified oil. The oxidative properties of the salt‐assisted microwave demulsified peanut oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil. Thus, salt‐assisted microwave demulsification provides a quick and effective demulsification method to obtain vegetable oils with high quality. Practical Applications: Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process. To solve the problem of stable emulsion formed during AEE process, the salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE is developed with high efficiency (demulsification for 2 min). In addition, the oxidative properties of the microwave demulsified oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil.     

Study on Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions by Microwave Chemical Method

Abstract

The demulsifying and separating experiments of crude oil emulsion were performed by using the heating method, the thermal chemical method, the microwave radiating method, and the microwave chemical method separately. The water content of this emulsion was 78 v/v%, and the type was water‐in‐oil (w/o). The influence tendencies of the key factors on demulsification effect were explored by changing the heating temperature, the demulsifier amount used and the microwave radiating time in this paper. With the microwave chemical experiments on the self‐made emulsions of different water content, the demulsification rate and separation efficiency were explored. The type of these emulsions were oil‐in‐water (o/w), water‐in‐oil (w/o) and the multiple type, related to the water content scopes which were less than 30 v/v%, more than 70 v/v% and between them, respectively. The separation effect by the microwave chemical method for the high water content crude oil emulsion was better than that of emulsion with lower water content. For the crude oil used in this experiment, the result could be obtained that the separation efficiency was about 95 v/v% under the conditions of 50 ppm of demulsifier, 10 seconds radiation time, and 1 minute settling time for the microwave chemical method.     

W／O型乳状液破乳技术进展

介绍了近年来W／O型乳状液的破乳技术,包括重力法、离心法、加热法、化学法、电学法、微波辐射法、超声波法、膜法、微生物法、磁处理法、冷冻解冻法、研磨法、润湿聚结法以及针对于沥青质薄膜决定稳定性的W／O型稠油乳化液的新型CO2破乳法,归纳了各种方法的破乳机理和研究现状,并概述了各种技术的应用特点,为其工业应用提供参考。     

物理法原油破乳研究进展

介绍了超声波破乳法、微波破乳法、电破乳法、研磨破乳法、膜破乳法等近几年较热门的油水乳状液物理破乳方法,综述了各方法的破乳机理和国内外研究进展,着重分析了超声波破乳法和微波破乳法的研究现状和发展方向,表明两者是最具前景的物理破乳法,指出未来原油破乳的发展趋势是高效、节能、环保。     

微波技术及其在乳液聚合中的应用

摘 要 报导了微波技术自90年代中后期以来在乳液聚合中的应用情况，微波技术应用于乳液聚合的理论基础在于其热效应，微波辐照的电磁场使得极性分子发生单向极化和转向运动，使材料内部产生热效应而实现乳液聚合反应。本文同时介绍了微波乳液聚合所用的设备。