煤矿井下掘进工作面超前物探技术分析

煤矿井下掘进的过程中会存在一些潜在的安全隐患。为了保证开采的顺利进行,需要合理科学地采用超前物探技术,了解掘进前方的地质分布情况。具体介绍了三种超前物探技术,分别是地震波探测技术、瞬变电磁探测技术和直流电法探测技术。这三种超前物探技术可以互相补充,互相结合,准确地判断矿井前方岩石的具体分布情况以及含水量。同时,施工中也需要结合超前钻探技术,根据具体的施工面制定施工方案。     

矿井瞬变电磁法在福建煤矿水害探测中的应用

介绍矿井瞬变电磁法井下巷道超前探测的工作原理和特点,通过对福建省属某煤矿积水区探测结果的介绍和分析,认为该法作为快速、高效、方便的水害探测方法,可以较好地满足福建煤矿巷道超前预测、预报的要求。     

“钻楔”超前支护技术在破碎带及松软厚煤层掘进中的应用

阐述山贵崎矿山在巷道掘进中遇风化带、破碎带及松软厚煤层的超前支护方法,通过加工1寸焊接管和利用旧的1寸风水管"钻楔"超前支护控制顶板,有效防范顶板事故的发生,为复杂地质条件下掘进施工提供经验借鉴。     

引汉济渭隧洞施工若干技术问题探讨

隧洞施工,需要建设各方密切配合,根据围岩变化及时确定安全可靠、经济合理的支护措施和施工方案。就隧洞施工中的动态设计、超前预报、开挖方式、初期支护、二次衬砌与掌子面的距离等常常遇到的若干技术问题结合有关技术文件和规范进行了探讨,希望能引起引汉济渭工程建设者的关注。     

超前灌浆参数设计及其加固防渗效果的数值分析

鉴于地下水丰富且地质条件复杂洞段采用超前灌浆技术是解决涌水突砂和加固围岩效果较好的工程措施。选取滇中引水隧洞高埋深、高水头、Ⅳ类围岩段为例,采用数值分析的方法探讨了超前灌浆深度的合理化选取,并对比分析了有无超前灌浆下洞周围岩的加固和防渗效果。结果表明,与无超前灌浆相比,在合理的灌浆深度下洞周围岩的变形量和破坏深度及隧洞的渗水量均明显减小,超前灌浆达到了加固围岩和防渗的双重效果,为实际施工中遇到类似问题提供了切实可行的建议。     

刍议采矿工程中超前支护的合理运用

通过对采矿工程中超前支护的分析,深入研究了超前支护的施工顺序和施工参数及合理运用这一方式对于采矿工程的意义。     

浅谈综采工作面回风超前点柱支护的应用

叙述了阳煤集团贵石沟矿8137工作面地质条件及其原支护方式,提出并分析了回风超前工艺调整以及回风超前支护设计,经过现场观测和效果分析,指出工作面回风超前变更支护后,生产效率得到了提高。     

基于定向钻进技术的随钻测量系统在煤矿中的应用

针对中国大部分矿区高瓦斯突出或矿井涌水量大等问题,在探放水、瓦斯抽放、地质勘探和超前探等钻孔施工时必须钻进到精确的位置以保证瓦斯抽采效果、寻找到含水区域和地质构造区域。但在煤矿井下定向钻孔施工过程中,由于煤岩层赋存状况变化、施工工艺落后、设备精度不高等原因,会容易导致钻孔轨迹偏离原设计方向,甚至误差巨大,误导地质分析,产生安全隐患。因此,煤矿井下基于定向钻进技术的随钻测量系统得到广泛应用,其钻进工艺、测量精度和测量结果能够满足实际使用需要,并在老空水疏放定向钻进工程中取得了较好的应用效果,对钻孔施工质量、效率和安全生产等方面发挥着重要作用。     

猴子岩水电站地下洞室群围岩松弛损伤控制技术

猴子岩水电站地下洞室群跨度大、地应力高、中主应力和最小主应力非常高,且与厂房轴向大角度相交,易导致大型地下厂房边墙发生劈裂破坏或损伤。根据地下洞室群施工期围岩损伤声波监测等资料分析,地下厂房损伤区主要分布在边墙浅层岩体4～5m范围内,高边墙局部部位损伤区分布在7～10 m范围,最大达11.8m。从开挖施工程序、围岩支护加固参数和时机两方面着手,采取了深层预裂、薄层开挖、随层支护的施工程序,由表及里、由浅入深、柔强结合的支护策略和快速支护加固机制,研究采取了下层超前和自进式锚杆预固灌,预应力锚杆一次注浆快速施工等工艺措施,从而控制了高地应力地下洞室开挖施工过程中的围岩损伤深度和发展程度。     

降雨因子与地质因子相结合的滑坡预报方法

针对通过降雨预报滑坡的准确性和可靠性较低的问题,基于降雨因子和地质因子对滑坡影响程度的分级标准,提出将降雨因子与地质因子相结合对滑坡进行预报,采用多因子相互作用关系矩阵进行了边坡易滑度等级标准的划分,并以秭归县境内的千将坪滑坡为例,对该滑坡的稳定性进行了判定,从而验证了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。