东秦岭南洛河中游地区发现的旧石器和黄土堆积

对2006～2007年在东秦岭南洛河中游地区河南省卢氏和洛宁两县发现的8处旷野类型旧石器地点的160余件石制品进行了初步研究,并对产出石制品的黄土堆积剖面进行了地层学分析和光释光测年。初步结果表明,南洛河中游地区的旧石器工业很丰富,石制品的加工技术与上游洛南盆地一致,同样采取硬锤直接打击法;加工石制品的原料来自于河流堆积物中的石英岩和石英砾石等;石制品中有相当数量的小型石片和由小型石片二次加工修理而成的工具,还有直接由砾石加工而成的重型工具,如手镐等;除此之外,大型石片以及以大型石片加工而成的重型工具,如重型刮削器也多有所见。由于工作范围和力度的局限,南洛河中游地区目前尚未发现上游洛南盆地旧石器遗址中广泛存在的手斧、三棱手镐、薄刃斧和大型石刀等Acheulian类型两面加工技术生产的工具。新发现的南洛河中游旧石器地点分布在不同时期形成的河流阶地和黄土地层中。地层分析和光释光年代测试表明,南洛河中游地区的黄土堆积至少从中更新世便已经开始,并一直持续到全新世,至少在黄土剖面中S₁,S₃和S₄的3个层位有石器分布;其黄土-古土壤旋回不仅可以用于石制品产出层位的准确定年,还指示了早期人类石器工业演化和人类生存环境变化的过程。     

黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土地层划分、显微结构及力学性质特征

黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土地层包括三层黄土（L₁¹、L₁²、L₁³）和三层古土壤(S₀₁、S₀₂、S₁),共六个层次。Q₄/Q₃界线划在S₀/L₁¹界面上,年龄约为10000aB.P.;Q₃/Q₂界线划在S₁/L₂界面上,年龄约为120000aB.P.。在区域上自北向南,晚更新世黄土的显微结构由微胶结结构组合逐渐过渡为半胶结结构组合,直到胶结结构组合,黄土的力学性质相应地由差变好。在剖面中自上而下,黄土的显微结构类型与其力学性质指标之间亦存在着上述变化规律。研究结果表明,黄土的显微结构类型作为评价黄土工程性质的一种简便方法大有在工程实践中推广使用的前景。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫时不同形态硫的影响

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)常常被应用于矿石、蛋白质和化石燃料等材料中硫含量的测定。文章综合研究比较了四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱(Q-ICP-MS)和扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)测定硫的灵敏度、检出限及空白干扰。重点考察了两种不同的样品介质(水和2% HNO₃)中不同形态的硫对SF-ICP-MS测定硫信号的影响,并且深入研究了影响的原因。结果表明,硫含量相同但形态不同的含硫阴离子(S^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)在2%的HNO₃介质中的信号比在水介质中的信号稳定,2%的HNO₃更适合于作为ICP-MS测定硫的介质。在2%的HNO₃介质中,S^2-、SO₃^2-中S的ICP-MS测量灵敏度(即标准曲线的斜率)分别为7828 cps/(μg·L^-1)、5528 cps/(μg·L^-1),SO₄^2-和S₂O₃^2-的测量灵敏度分别是为1321 cps/(μg·L^-1)、1299 cps/(μg·L^-1)。S^2-和SO₃^2-的灵敏度分别约为SO₄^2-的6倍和4倍;而S₂O₃^2-的灵敏度与SO₄^2-基本一致。主要原因在于S^2-、SO₃^2-形态的硫在HNO₃介质中形成了气态的H₂S和SO₂,相当于提高了雾化效率,从而使这两种形态硫的灵敏度大幅度提高。     

特征时期黄土高原风化成壤强度的 空间特征与气候梯度*

文章基于15个剖面,采用土壤学使用的风化成壤强度指数(游离铁FeD/全铁FeT),对黄土高原S₀,L₁,S₁,S₄,S_5-1层位的风化成壤强度的空间变化进行研究,并与磁化率反映的特征进行对比。结果表明,冰期(黄土层)和间冰期(古土壤层)的风化成壤强度均呈现由东南向西北减弱的特征,与现代季风气候的基本格局一致。然而,冰期时(以L₁为代表)整个黄土高原南北气候梯度很弱,间冰期南北气候梯度远大于冰期,反映了冰期时夏季风环流对黄土高原影响很小,南北气候梯度更多体现了气候带的纬度效应。结果同时表明,间冰期时黄土高原地区风化成壤强度和南北气候梯度不具严格的对应关系。S₁和S_5-1指示了当时较强的夏季风环流,冬季风的影响相对亦较强,而S₀和S₄发育时期高原南北风化成壤强度的梯度明显减小,反映了当时黄土高原在夏季风影响的背景下,冬季风的影响亦减弱,导致南北梯度的减小。因此,黄土高原风化成壤强度的空间变化指示了冬、夏季风环流不同的消长关系,对研究高低纬度气候驱动力的相互作用具有重要意义。     

洛川黄土地层的再划分及其L9、L15古环境意义的新解释

洛川剖面的午城黄土是可以在野外进行细分的,洛川的午城黄土含有18层古土壤和18层黄土。其中,S₁₅～S₂₃的土壤组合与前人划分的WS1相当,L₂₄与WL₁相当,S_{24～S28与WS2相当,L29与WL2相当,S29～S32与WS3相当,L33与WL3相当。黄土高原的两个粉砂层L9和L15,虽然形成于第四纪的冷期,但并非代表了第四纪时期最为干冷的气候条件。笔者的解释是:其形成与这两个时期青藏高原及其周边山体的快速隆升导致的沙漠和黄土物源的快速增加有关。特别是1.1MaB.P.前后(L15)的隆起,使中国黄土记录对全球变化的响应显著增强,也正是在这次运动之后,中国黄土古气候记录可以与深海氧同位素很好对比,而此前的午城黄土与深海对比困难}     

胶东乳山英格庄金矿碲化物的发现及其意义

本文通过电子探针微束分析,在胶东牟平-乳山成矿带内的英格庄金矿发现碲银矿、辉碲铋矿,并在胶东地区首次发现楚碲铋矿,该矿物系列以复杂的连生关系呈细小片状产出于白云石及石英矿物颗粒间。碲化物电子探针化学成分结果显示本区碲化物普遍贫碲。依据碲化物及其共生矿物的产出关系和矿物化学成分,推测其形成顺序为黄铁矿→镍黄铁矿→辉碲铋矿→楚碲铋矿→碲银矿。依据碲化物矿物共生组合对体系中碲化物形成时的f_Te2和f_S2进行了限定,log f_Te2范围为-19.5~-11.2,log f_S2上限为-16.8;并试图对碲的来源及其地质意义进行探讨,认为英格庄金矿中碲化物的发现揭示了深成幔源的信息,鉴于碲与金相近的地球化学特征和密切关系,认为金矿赋矿围岩荆山群和昆嵛山杂岩体提供成矿物质来源的可能性不大,而早白垩世的构造-岩浆活动特别是壳幔物质的交换过程与金成矿关系更为密切。     

藏东昌都觉学红层滑坡的地质成因分析

觉学红层滑坡发育于向斜北东翼形成的反向坡，是近年来依托川藏交通廊道沿线灾害地质调查在新厘定的“藏东昌都红层区”发现的典型红层滑坡。为厘定其成因，以基础地质为切入点，进行了详实的地质调查与分析。结果表明，滑坡区地层岩性主要为中侏罗统东大桥组(J₂d)紫红色、灰色薄层泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹中-厚层砂岩。地层内发育与区域构造活动配套的轴面劈理(S₁)、“X”型共轭剪节理(S₂、S₃)和层间剪切劈理(S₄)。文章从沉积环境控制地层岩性及物理力学性质、区域构造演化制约斜坡结构与岩体结构面组合特征和地下水及重力作用加剧斜坡失稳等角度，提出觉学红层滑坡形成于内外地质营力耦合的失稳机理，对区域红层滑坡防治和川藏交通建设具有一定参考价值。     

陕西长武黄土剖面L3～S6土层渗透性研究

根据渗水实验、孔隙度、粒度、磁化率测定,研究了长武黄土剖面L₃～S₆土层的渗透性及其成因。研究结果表明,L₃,L₄,L₅和L₆黄土层渗透性较强,稳定入渗速率较高,它们的渗透系数变化在0.57～1.06mm/分之间,4层平均为0.75mm/分;S₃,S₄,S₅和 S₆古土壤渗透性较弱,稳定入渗率较低,它们的渗透系数变化在0.18～0.71mm/分之间,4层平均为0.44mm/分。红色古土壤达到稳定入渗率的时间一般比黄土层要长;   黄土层的平均空隙度比红褐色古土壤高,渗透性强,粒度成分较粗,黄土层比红褐色古土壤层更利于构成含水层;   红褐色古土壤层粒度成分细,空隙度低,渗透性弱,比黄土层利于形成隔水层。长武第4层古土壤厚度小,纵向裂隙发育强,入渗速率较大,不易形成隔水层。磁化率、粘粒含量资料表明红褐色古土壤层与黄土层渗透性、含水空间和隔水性的差异主要是当时气候冷干和温湿交替变化的结果。     

山西平陆黄河阶地与古三门湖消亡、黄河贯通三门峡时代问题的探讨

山西平陆黄底沟入三门峡水库北侧发育了一级湖滨阶地(T₃)和两级河流阶地(T₂和T₁)。阶地上覆黄土地层野外划分和室内磁化率测试结果与蓝田段家坡黄土地层的对比结果表明,T₃上覆黄土地层最底部为古土壤层S₂;T₂最底部为黄土层L₂中弱发育古土壤层L_2-2;T₁最底部为马兰黄土L₁中弱发育古土壤层L_1-4。根据黄土-古土壤年代序列及光释光(OSL)年龄测试结果,T₃,T₂和T₁阶地分别于245kaB.P. ,149kaB.P.和50kaB.P. 前形成。其中,T₃和T₂阶地的形成时间,分别代表了山西平陆古三门湖开始消亡和最老黄河阶地形成的年代。古三门湖消亡与黄河贯通三门峡的时代是否一致,有待进一步研究。     

青海别勒滩干盐湖石盐流体包裹体均一温度分析及地质环境意义

别勒滩位于察尔汗盐湖的最西端,最主要的沉积物为石盐,钾盐矿物主要为杂卤石、光卤石和钾石盐。文章研究了别勒滩区段盐类矿物形成的温度,为确定钾盐的形成条件提供了参考依据。别勒滩地区石盐流体包裹体均一温度呈现出3个或2个温度区段,即低温区段、中温区段和高温区段。低温区段均一温度变化范围为19.5～49.3℃,反映了大多数石盐结晶析出的卤水温度。中温区段均一温度变化范围为50.1～99.3℃,与盐湖底部卤水所达到的最高温度相对应。高温区段均一温度变化范围为100.3～195.6℃,可能为太阳池事件的响应。由太阳池下部对流层中沉积的盐类矿物组合或相关参数计算的古温度只能为其形成时的卤水温度,不能代表当时的气温。在同一样品中,既出现高温流体包裹体,又出现中温或低温流体包裹体,是矿物生长经历太阳池下部对流层环境与中部非对流层环境所致。别勒滩地区在18 m以上部位可能出现6次太阳池事件,它们的位置 （编号）分别为0.40～1.00 m（S₆）、1.70～2.90 m（S₅）、7.90～8.10 m（S₄）、9.90～10.10 m（S₃）、10.80～11.00 m（S₂）、16.39～16.63 m（S₁）。其中第6次太阳池事件（S₆）可能是1989年发生的大水灾在盐湖沉积中的体现。     

Multiphase timing of hominin occupations and the paleoenvironment in Luonan Basin, Central China

Thousands of Paleolithic artifacts have been recovered from Paleolithic sites in the Luonan Basin, in the upper South Luohe River of central China. Their discovery suggests that the basin was an important area for hominin settlement during the Pleistocene. However, the initial timing of this occupation and the environmental conditions for this period are still largely unknown. In addition, the sediments are not well dated and most of the artifacts lie on the surface. In an attempt to resolve these issues, a new systemic paleomagnetic analysis was carried out on the loess deposits that contain in situ stone tools. Our detailed loess-paleosol analyses of the stratigraphy of different sites in the basin and Chinese Loess Plateau shows the accumulation of the loess since at least 1.1 million years (Ma) ago. Moreover, recently discovered in situ cores, flakes and retouched stone tools in these deposits show that hominins used this region repeatedly from 0.8-0.7 Ma to 0.4-0.3 and 0.2-0.1 Ma. Pedostratigraphic analyses, magnetic susceptibility and carbon isotope analyses also indicate that these hominins lived in a subtropical to warm-temperate climate with broad-needle-leaf forest vegetation mixed with grasses.     

吉林东部含细石器遗存的初步研究

文章对近年来发现于吉林东部即长白山山地地区的12处旧石器遗址中9处含有细石器的遗存予以关注,并将它们界定为"含细石器遗存"。由于延边大洞遗址的材料整理工作尚未结束,只对其中的8处进行了实际分析和研究。主要从细石核型式和细石器工艺技术两个方面对这些遗存中发现的细石器进行了分析,同时把与细石器伴生的非细石器制品作为石制品组合从原料、技术、器物大小和类型等方面给予探讨。基于上述几方面的分析研究,提出该地区含细石器遗存包括了以细石器为主体、以小石器为主体和以大石器为主体的3种类型,并初步认为该地区细石器制作技术来源于华北地区。遗存年代为旧石器时代晚期或偏晚。     

近20年来中国旧石器考古学的进展与思考

本文记述近20年来中国旧石器考古学研究的主要成果,着重论述早期人类扩散的速度和中国旧石器工业的基本框架:北、南方各存在一个主工业,并存若干区域工业;同时对试验考古研究以及东西文化比较研究等的现状和问题提出孔见。     

欧亚大陆的黄土带与旧石器早期人类活动

文章对欧洲和亚洲黄土分布资料进行了整理,结合欧亚的旧石器考古资料,发现在旧石器早期,欧亚大陆的考古遗址主要分布在黄土带上,这反映了在旧石器早期,东西文化的交流与传播可能存在着一条"黄土之路"。这条"黄土之路"东至中国华北,在天山、阿尔泰山地区分为两条线,在高加索地区汇合,通过欧洲,一直向西至法国和不列颠群岛。通过对欧洲、中亚和东亚黄土旧石器遗址剖面的对比,发现无论是冰期还是间冰期,在黄土分布区,有的地方一直是人类活动的场所,比如欧洲和东亚,周围的自然环境能使人类生存和生活;而有的地方只有在间冰期才适合人类生活,比如中亚。这需要进一步的工作证明。在S₅（MIS 13～15）阶段,无论在欧洲还是亚洲,考古遗址发现的几率都比较大,这也许说明在这个时期人类的活动更为活跃。而且在这条横贯欧亚大陆的古土壤带上,相似的自然环境也许存在着更多的交流。这需要进一步对旧石器文化特征上进行比较方能得出更确切的结论。     

Origin and patterns of the Upper Paleolithic industries in the Korean Peninsula and movement of modern humans in East Asia

Assemblages classified as ‘Upper Paleolithic’ in the Korean peninsula are diverse in their composition, including not only some blade industries but also conventional ones continued from earlier Paleolithic periods. This has often been explained as the result of an indigenous development. However, the ‘heterogenic’ character of Upper Paleolithic industries is the result of the continuing influx of modern human populations via two different routes: (1) from Siberia and (2) from southern China. Blade technology from Siberia appeared in the Korean peninsula around 35 000 BP and coexisted with core and flake stone industries carried by modern humans from southern China and Southeast Asia throughout the Upper Paleolithic. This explanation is based on the current observation of patterns of Upper Paleolithic industries in East Asia. Blade industries have been found only in the northern part of East Asia while none have been reported in southern China, although modern Homo evidently dispersed via two different routes from the Near East. The ‘North-South Model’ of Modern Homo migrations into the Korean peninsula is supported by a genetic analysis of the Y-chromosome of the modern population in this region. Continuing influx of modern human population from both origins to the peninsula can explain the consistent presence of Upper Paleolithic industries that appear heterogenic.     

龙骨坡遗址第7水平层石制品新材料

文章记述并分析了20世纪90年代后期重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址出土于第7水平层的16件石制品,包括若干各具特色的工具类型,如原型手镐、原型薄刃斧、大型尖刃器、直刃砍砸器、凸刃砍砸器、长刃石刀、短刃石刀、刮削器、凿刃器等,反映出石器制作者明确的工作目标和为了达到目标所经历的一个又一个中间过程;说明了当时的人类对工具制作的具体需求和适当利用自然环境的事实。研究证据还体现了大约200万年前华南早期人类工具类型的多样性与特殊性,标志着中国早期人类在当时阶段所达到的技术发展水平。龙骨坡遗址很可能是东亚早期人类文化的一个发祥地。     

Geoarchaeological investigations at Studenoe,an Upper Paleolithic site in the Transbaikal Region,Russia

In 1998, geoarchaeological research was carried out at the Upper Paleolithic site of Studenoe in the Transbaikal Region of Russia. The site is divided into three loci situated on two terraces overlooking the Chikoi River. Alluvial sediments beneath the oldest terrace (T₂) consist of two depositional units. Radiocarbon ages indicate that aggradation of the T₂ fill began before 18,000 yr B.P. Alluvial sediments beneath the lower terrace (T₁) range in age from 13,000 to 10,000 yr B.P. and are divided into three depositional units. Both terraces are overlain by Holocene colluvium. Archaeological materials at Studenoe 1/1, 1/2, and 2 include dwellings, hearths, and thousands of bone and stone artifacts assigned to the late Upper Paleolithic through the Bronze Age. Evidence of microblade technology is present in all components of the site. Material from recent excavations of Paleolithic levels in the T₂ fill at Studenoe includes mobiliary art, bone needles, and a large dwelling with four hearth features. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lithic assemblage from the Jingshuiwan Paleolithic site of the early Late Pleistocene in the Three Gorges,China

The Jingshuiwan Paleolithic site lies in the second terrace of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and has a complete geomorphological section. Archaeological materials from early Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits of silt and sand are dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to ca. 70 ka. The stone assemblage from layer 7 includes retouched tools (118), cores (304), flakes (281), flake fragments (101), stone hammers (four) and chunks (102). Artifacts were made from lithic sources locally available from the former riverbed. The main type used was silicarenite; quartzite, hypabyssal intrusive rock, extrusive rock and volcanic breccia were also used. The principal flaking technique was direct hammer percussion without prepared striking platforms. Major blanks for tool fabrication were complete flakes (67.0%), followed by cores and incomplete flakes. Most tools were large. Chopper-chopping tools and scrapers were the dominant tool types, followed by points and notches. Modified tools were mostly retouched unifacially on the surface of blanks by direct hammer percussion. Jingshuiwan provides evidence that South China was occupied during MIS 4. Because of the similarity of the stone tool assemblage with earlier ones associated with Homo erectus, it may also provide indirect evidence that H. erectus persisted into the early Late Pleistocene.     

Analysis of the Xiaonanhai lithic assemblage,excavated in 1978

An analysis of the lithic artifacts excavated by the late Mr. Zhimin An in 1978 from the Xiaonanhai (Hsiao-nan-hai) Cave site in Anyang County, Henan Province, is presented, in addition to the materials reported in 1965 from the first excavation. Analysis suggests the poor quality of the raw material (e.g. chert) was a major constraint on lithic production at Xiaonanhai. Highly developed fissures within the locally available chert resulted in lithic artifacts that are small in size. Hard hammer direct percussion was the primary mode of stone knapping. The bipolar technique was commonly used as well, which might have been employed to cope with the small, poor quality raw materials. Secondary retouch is simple and not sophisticated. Limited tool types could be classified; most are probably debitage or discarded blanks. Use-wear analysis indicates that most of the flakes were used to process soft materials. Based on the associated faunal diversity, the environment is characterized as a tropical/subtropical forest. This could be the reason for the expedient nature of lithic production at Xiaonanhai. The Xiaonanhai industry might not be related to the Zhoukoudian Locality 1 stone tool industry as traditionally thought, but instead may represent a specific adaptation to the local environment. In terms of what is currently known about the nature of Paleolithic stone tool technology in China, the unilinear model is no longer relevant to explain the Paleolithic development in North China. In order to better understand the complexity and diversity of human behavior, study of the adaptation and idiosyncrasy of specific lithic industries in terms of cultural ecology and how they reflect variability in time stress and risks is required.