长江中游平原湖区中小型谷物干燥机的CVM研究

采用了条件价值评估法（CVM）,采取入户调查方式,随机抽样调查了湖北、湖南两省5地区的350户农户,对中小型小麦油菜干燥机这一设施的现状、支付意愿、需求进行了统计分析。结果表明：2012年小麦和油菜收获时降雨以中到大雨为主,持续5 d及以上时间所占比例分别为715%和583%;小麦和油菜损失10%~50%所占比例分别为376%和518%;03%的农户对干燥机有所了解,821%的农户没有购买意愿,837%的农户可以承受的价格在每台800元以下;支付意愿与受访农户年龄呈显著负相关（p=-0013）,与其所处调查区域（p=0000）、文化程度（p=0010）、收入来源（p=0009）呈极显著正相关,说明谷物干燥机在长江中游平原湖区推广仍面临诸多困难。文章建议政府应通过提高农户对干燥机的认识度,降低其购买及运行成本,提高农户文化素质、农机购买补贴等多方面的措施来改善农户对干燥机的需求     

耕地资源变化的空间计量及其驱动力分析——以江苏省为例

采用1998~2008年江苏省13个地级市的耕地数据,分析了近10 a来耕地数量变化的基本过程及空间差异。然后运用Moran I指数验证了耕地资源分布空间相关性的存在,并利用空间计量模型研究了江苏省耕地数量变化的驱动机制。结果表明：（1）1998~2008年,江苏省耕地面积净减少2969×104 hm2,平均每年减少270×104 hm2。耕地数量变化存在明显的空间差异,无锡、苏州、常州、南京和镇江5个地区耕地资源减少最为严重;（2）全省耕地资源空间分布存在明显的空间相关性,1998~2008年,耕地面积Moran I值由0400 3增加至0452 4,呈逐步增强的趋势;（3）人口、经济增长和粮经作物比是江苏省耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子,其弹性系数分别为-0803、-0070、0069;（4）相邻地区各因素的空间扩散效应对耕地数量变化存在显著的影响,其弹性系数为0779,因此,未来在制定耕地保护政策,应考虑区域耕地资源分布的空间相关性,推进跨区域耕地保护机制的形成,建立一体化的区域耕地保护政策。     

太湖流域上游外源氮、磷入湖通量模拟初步研究

湖泊-流域构成的复杂系统是湖泊富营养化研究的热点。应用SWAT模型对长江下游太湖流域上游外源氮、磷入湖通量进行模拟,以反映陆源入湖氮、磷营养盐的通量、空间分布和时间变化情况。以水文模拟为基础,引入相关系数（R）和Nash Sutcliffe效益系数（Ens）评价模拟结果。水文模拟率定期月均值R多在85%以上,Ens在024~090,模拟年平均径流量相对误差为32%。验证期各站月均值R均在80%以上,模拟年总量误差为81%。模拟结果显示,流域多年平均径流量为10415×108m3,营养盐输出浓度浙西区TN、TP分别为238 mg/L、018 mg/L;湖西区分别为568 mg/L、043 mg/L;武虞锡澄区分别为614 mg/L、040 mg/L。流域营养盐多年平均入湖通量TN为42 730 t/a,TP为3 075 t/a,2000年开始,流域TN、TP的入湖通量均有下降趋势。流域营养盐具显著空间差异,陈东港-大浦口、小梅口-长兜港、武进港-直湖港是最主要的入湖通道,贡献率分别达到27%、24%和20%,应作为流域外源营养物质管理和控制的重要区域     

江苏省耕地资源动态变化及驱动力研究

根据江苏省不同来源耕地数据差异,适当修正得到1949~2006年耕地数据序列,引入耕地变化率、耕地分布重心等指标,研究江苏省近60年来耕地资源动态变化的基本过程及其空间差异,然后运用相关分析和因子分析初步探讨了耕地数量变化的主要驱动力,并建立耕地数量变化的多元回归模型。研究表明,江苏省耕地面积经历了由增加→急剧减少→缓慢减少→快速减少的变化过程;苏北滨海平原区、中部里下河浅洼平原区及宁镇扬低山丘岗区耕地有所增加,而苏南长江三角洲平原区耕地则急剧减少,耕地重心呈现向后备资源丰富、人地矛盾较为缓和的地区移动的趋势;人口增长与农业科技进步、经济发展和农业结构调整是耕地面积变化的主要驱动因子;预测2020年江苏省耕地总量45449×104 hm2,人均耕地0053 hm2;要保护有限的耕地资源,江苏省必须转变土地利用方式,并实行严格的耕地保护政策。     

用水总量控制下江苏省工业废水排放绩效及减排潜力研究

工业生产总值增长对国民经济发展起主导性作用。伴随着经济发展,工业化和城镇化水平的不断提高,工业用水总量多、用水效率低下、废水排放带来的环境污染严重等问题已成为制约工业发展的瓶颈。江苏省工业生产总值位居全国各省份前列,为了保障江苏省工业可持续发展,本文在全要素和环境生产技术框架下,利用规模方向距离函数建立工业废水排放绩效测度模型与工业废水减排潜力测度模型,对江苏省13个地级市2006—2015年工业废水排放绩效进行测算,将工业灰水足迹作为非期望产出,分别得出用水总量控制下期望产出和非期望产出的改进方向、改进目标值及其变化率,从而测度江苏省工业废水排放绩效及其减排潜力,并从苏南、苏北和苏中三大区域差异化视角进行综合分析。然后借助Kernel密度估计方法,分析江苏省各地级市全要素框架下工业废水排放绩效的空间分布规律和动态演变趋势。结果表明:江苏省年均工业废水排放绩效为0.772,工业废水减排值为263.5亿m3,占年均工业灰水排放量的24%。就三大区域而言,年均工业废水排放绩效从高到低依次是苏南、苏中和苏北,其值分别为0.911、0.789和0.624。其中,苏北地区工业废水排放绩效增长速度最快,在2006—2015年期间由0.529增长至0.79,增长率为49.5%。在工业灰水减排潜力方面,苏北减排潜力最大,其次是苏中,苏南最小。从空间分布和动态演变上看,江苏省各地区的工业废水排放绩效存在空间分布上的差异,但差异正在逐步减小,并且绩效值向高水平聚拢。     

丰乐河流域表层土壤有机碳空间变异特征研究

土壤有机碳含量空间变异特征的研究对于区域土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。在ArcGIS技术的支持下对丰乐河流域表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳（SOC）含量的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：丰乐河流域SOC含量为1431±4.50 g·kg-1,不同土地利用类型下SOC含量差异显著（p<001）。其中,林地SOC含量的均值最大,为1558±593 g·kg-1;水田和旱地次之（分别为1539±309 g·kg-1、1146±304 g·kg-1）;园地最小(1109±348 g·kg-1)。流域SOC含量变异系数（CV）为3144%,属中等变异程度。其中,林地的CV为3806%,在4种土地利用类型中为最大;园地、旱地的CV分别为3138%、2652%;水田的CV最小,为2007%,表明人类活动影响表层土壤有机碳含量的变异程度。研究区表层SOC半方差模型为球状模型,块金效应小于25%,存在强烈的空间自相关性,且空间变异主要由结构性因素引起。SOC含量空间分布的各向异性显著,在南北方向上变异程度最为剧烈。SOC含量空间分布表现为东北部、西南部较高,西北部偏低,总体呈斑块状分布     

云南腾冲地区大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素特征

为了揭示腾冲地区降水中氢氧稳定同位素特征,利用2009年1月～2011年12月腾冲地区339个降水样品资料,对降水中的氢、氧同位素组成及其影响因素进行了分析和研究。结果表明：腾冲地区大气降水中δ18O值变化范围为-2678‰～405‰,δD值变化范围为-20095‰～3689‰,均处于全球降水δ18O与δD值变化范围内。天气尺度下,腾冲地区降水中δ18O的变化具有显著的降水量效应以及反温度效应。但是,在季风降水期间,如果相邻两天都有降水发生时,腾冲地区降水中δ18O值变化并不一定遵循“降水量效应”。利用ECMWF（European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts）提供的TCWV（Total Column Water Vapour）再分析资料,发现TCWV与δ18O的日变化存在明显的反位相对应关系。腾冲地区的大气降水线为：δD=818δ18O+1172,斜率与截距均比全球和全国的大气降水线偏大,说明该地区气候湿润多雨。d值分布具有季节差异,在雨季（4～9月）,腾冲地区降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋,空气湿度大,降水中d值较小;在干季（10～3月）,由于受大陆性气团控制,腾冲地区降水的水汽主要来源于西风带的输送以及局地再蒸发水汽的补充,空气湿度小,降水中d值较大     

安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响

为进一步了解安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响,以安徽省沿江地区12个棉花主产市、县气象观测站1961～2010年逐日平均气温、降水量和日照时数气象数据为基础,采用线性趋势法和Mann Kendall非参数检验法,分析了平均气温、≥10℃积温、降水量、日照时数等气象要素的变化特征,并讨论其变化对棉花气象产量的影响。结果表明：近50 a,安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季平均气温和≥10℃积温均呈明显增加趋势(P<001),平均每10 a分别增加016℃和3713℃·d;降水量无明显变化趋势(P>005);日照时数显著减少(P<001),平均每10 a减少4692 h。棉花气象产量与生长季降水量、日照时数呈极显著相关关系,与平均气温、≥10℃积温相关不明显;平均气温、≥10℃积温和日照时数的增加均有利于棉花产量的提高,而降水过多不利于棉花产量的形成     

三峡库区水体有机氯农药污染特征

在长江三峡库区采集了111件水体样品,并用气相色谱(GC ECD)内标法分析其有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,探讨了研究区水体中OCPs的残留水平、分布及来源。结果表明：水体中OCPs指标,检出率为100%。HCH四种同分异构体含量范围分别为α HCH 010~608 ng/L,β HCH 048~1020 ng/L,γ HCH 009~843 ng/L,δ HCH 007~1053 ng/L;DDT类化合物检出率普遍较低,含量范围是：p,p' DDE 001~1914 ng/L,p,p' DDD 0.04~213 ng/L,p,p' DDT 007~164 ng/L。两类农药中HCHs在多数采样点上都能被检测到,在总体含量上干流断面HCHs普遍高于DDTs。长江干流重点位置与库区断面含量相比,HCHs高于断面,DDTs低于断面。HCHs在水库水体干流中的分布呈跳跃式波动,且每次含量波动幅度都要比前一次高。库区干流重点位置水体以β HCH为主,但δ HCH普遍存在。库区重点位置水体未能检测到DDT,表明其对库区水体DDTs的贡献较小。通过比值分析得出大气输入是库区水体DDT类物质的主要来源     

长江上游地区土壤可蚀性空间分异特征

研究土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析长江上游地区土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征。利用第二次土壤普查资料建立了长江上游土壤的理化性质数据库,通过三次样条插值对土壤质地进行转换,采用EPIC模型计算出各土种的可蚀性K值,采用面积加权的方法,求得各亚类的可蚀性K值,将其链接至长江上游土壤图的属性表,得到土壤可蚀性空间分布图,进而探讨土壤可蚀性的分布特征。结果表明：长江上游土壤可蚀性以较低可蚀性、中等可蚀性和较高可蚀性为主,横断山区、云贵高原和三峡库区区域土壤可蚀性明显高于四川盆地地区;高可蚀性土壤主要分布在嘉陵江上游和横断山区的低海拔谷地;平均K值为0239 0,最大值041,最小值007土壤可蚀性高低与土壤侵蚀强度、海拔高度和坡度在空间分布上具有一定的规律性     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.