Digital technique for the simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature

A computer-oriented, hot-wire anemometer technique for the simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature in heated turbulent flows is described. This technique involves conversion of analogue anemometer voltage signals into digital forms and processing of these latter on a digital computer, in accordance with the anemometer response equations, to obtain instantaneous temperature and velocity. The technique was tested with a heated plane jet and found to be satisfactory.     

A high-linearity DC planar Ionic anemometer

A high-linearity DC planar ionic anemometer which can measure the airflow velocity of boundary-layers near a surface was constructed and tested. The differential anemometer described in this paper includes two symmetrical cathodes and one anode with a sharp tip. High voltage is applied to the anode to generate a symmetrical ionic discharge, and then the airflow deflects the symmetrical ion distribution and produces a differential current between the two cathodes. It can detect bidirectional airflow velocity and is more crash-resistant than traditional hot-wire anemometers. It has minimum impact on the airflow profile because of its thin-shape design and achieves high measurement accuracy. A series of tests have been done for the static characteristics and dynamic performance by changing structural parameters such as cavity depth, gap width, anode tip angle, cathode width and length. The results show that the cavity depth is the most important structural parameter since it has the greatest effect on the stability of the gas discharge, which is affected by ion mobility and friction between ions and the bottom of cavity. The gap width plays a decisive role in the current and sensitivity values. Besides, the uncertainties of the tests have been analyzed by introducing the error bars and the testing errors are in reasonable ranges. The anemometer is cost-effective and offers the possibility of building a MEMS version in the future.     

声腔-弹性板结构在不同激励下声辐射特性研究

以声腔-弹性板声振耦合模型为研究对象,对比分析该模型在点力激励和点声源激励下,激励位置、声腔厚度以及弹性边界等对弹性板声辐射功率、表面振速和腔内声压的影响及两种情况下的区别。弹性板的振动位移函数通过谱几何方法得到,并采用Hamliton原理,充分考虑了板的振动与板两侧声场之间的耦合。利用Rayleigh积分,可计算出弹性板的声辐射特性参数。结果表明,在简支约束情况时,点力和点声源两种激励下,激励位置、声腔厚度和弹性边界对板的声辐射功率、表面振速和腔内声压有不同的变化。在薄声腔时,点力激励下,声腔个别模态对板有明显影响。点声源激励下,模型耦合作用明显,弹性板的声辐射功率、表面振速和腔内声压主要受到耦合模态的影响,且点声源的耦合作用明显强于点力作用。相较于扭转刚度,直线刚度对声辐射的影响更大。     

空调用贯流风扇出口处紊流及流体噪声的实验研究

通过热线流速计等实验手段,对空调用贯流风扇出口处紊流强度和速度脉动进行了实验研究,得出了贯流风扇出口处相对紊流强度的分布规律和速度脉动与贯流风扇扰动频率及流体的噪声的关系。     

自适应调频声衬及其控制系统设计

为克服现有声衬结构固定、敏感频率无法调节的弊端,提出了一种逆压电效应的调频式声衬结构。该声衬由颈部、共振腔以及压电膜片组成亥姆霍兹共振器。采用有限元法对声衬结构的固有频率、声场分布进行了计算,研究了压电膜片变形与共振频率偏移的关系。在阻抗管内对压电声衬致动前后系统的传递损失进行了对比,系统传递损失峰值频率与驱动电压呈线性关系,灵敏度为0.1Hz/V。在建立控制电压-驱动电压-噪声频率的对应关系的基础上,提出了一种基于光敏电阻的直流升压电路,采用LabVIEW软件编制了压电声衬的自适应控制程序,当噪声频率从746变化至788Hz时,驱动电压由110V自动升高至420V,声衬始终工作于共振状态,实现了宽频噪声的自适应控制。     

机械结构液体层厚度超声谐振的测量方法

针对机械结构安全运行的需要,进行机械结构液体层厚度超声谐振测量方法研究。基于垂直入射纵波在三层介质中传播的连续模型,通过对不同厚度液体层超声反射系数分析,提出一种基于超声反射系数谐振频率的液体层厚度测量方法。在对超声谐振测量系统进行标定的基础上,进行机械结构液体层厚度超声谐振测量试验研究,同时研究了3层介质的声学特性对液体层超声反射系数及厚度测量的影响。结果表明,液体层反射系数的谐振频率能够表征其厚度。在对测量系统进行标定的基础上,测量误差基本保持在5%以内。液体层两侧介质材料的变化对液体层的测量基本没有影响,但液体层介质材料的变化将对测量系统产生影响,需要重新对测量系统进行标定。     

近场声全息试验用于医用制氧机噪声控制

为了降低家用制氧机的运行噪声,采用了近场声全息技术进行制氧机噪声场数据采集和声场重建.根据声压频谱图、声压辐射云纹图、声速频谱图、空间声速分布图以及时间/频率/声压图谱等可视化信息,选择了针对声源、传播途径的隔声罩、涂敷阻尼胶、石膏板吸声和加装部件减振胶垫等简单有效的噪声控制措施.试验表明,近场声全息技术是一种有效地进行噪声源控制和声辐射特性研究的重要工具.     

声场的直接测量

为准确测量声场分布,研究了基于激光测振仪的声场直接测量技术。基于声音在空气中传播时会引起空气折射率周期性变化的原理,利用激光测振仪测量了激光通过声场时激光光程受空气折射率的调制发生周期性变化产生的振动速度。由于声场在激光方向上的投影即为激光测振仪测得的振动速度,测量了声场在不同投影方向上的振动速度,再由Radon逆变换重构声场复振幅分布,从而实现了对声场的直接测量。文中实验测量了2kHz声场引起的振动速度振幅分布和相位分布,进而重构得到声压振幅分布和瞬时声压分布。测量得到空间分辨率为2cm,声压振幅最大为0.026Pa,对应的声压级为62.3dB。实验结果表明,基于激光测振仪的声场分布直接测量方法是可行的,该方法解决了现有麦克风阵列接触式测量声场存在的问题。     

Experimental study on acoustic vector tomography of 2-D flow field in an experiment-scale furnace

An experiment study is performed on acoustic measurement of 2-D dynamic fields in a cold experimental scale furnace. By the acoustic method, the velocity field is restored with the vector tomography from the reciprocal acoustic travel time data measured. Regarding the measuring system, piezoelectric speakers and pickups are used as transmitters and receivers, which can stimulate powerful acoustic signal resource and receive the acoustic signal stimulated from long distance respectively. A high-pass digital FIR filter is designed for the signal filtering, and the signal correlation analysis by correlation coefficient is performed to obtain accurate acoustic transit time data from the filtered simulated and received acoustic signals. In the experiments, two different cases are tested, respectively symmetric and asymmetric flow fields. To validate the flow field recovered by the acoustic method, under the same conditions, the symmetric velocity field is measured by a hot-wire anemometer at some points and simulated with CFD software, and the asymmetrical velocity field is simulated. It is proved that the flow fields recovered by the acoustic method are reasonable and reliable. As a whole, from the experiment results, the acoustic measuring system and method developed in this paper is applicable in measuring the 2-D flow field in a cold experimental set-up and similarly in cold large-scale industrial furnaces. Additionally, the extension of the method to hot furnaces is discussed too.     

Measurement of developing turbulent flows in a 90-degree square bend with spanwise rotation

Mean flow and turbulence properties of developing turbulent flows in a 90 degree square bend with span-wise rotation are measured by a hot-wire anemometer. A slanted wire is rotated into 6 orientations and the voltage outputs from them are combined to obtain the mean velocity and the Reynolds stress components. Combined effects of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces due to the curvature and the rotation of the bend on the mean motion and turbulence structures are investigated experimentally. Results show that the two body forces can either enhance or counteract each other depending on the flow direction in the bend.     

Reaffirmation of measurement uncertainty in pressure sensitivity determination of LS2P microphones by reciprocity method

The paper presents the accuracy and precision associated with realization of primary standard of sound using the reciprocity method. An experimental determination of the front cavity volume on Universal Measuring Machine has lead to reaffirmation of measurement uncertainty in pressure sensitivity determination to 0.04–0.15 dB in frequency range 31.5 Hz to 25 kHz. The reduced measurement uncertainty has also been validated from the results of the recent APMP Key comparison and also by comparison to the manufacturer’s value for LS2P microphones. The use of optical method for measuring the front cavity volume has refined the measurement methodology followed with adaptation of a self reliant, traceable and systematic measurement procedure in comparison to the earlier use of nominal values for sensitivity fitting exercise conducted on MP.EXE program. Consequently, the measurement uncertainty associated with the calibration of working standard microphones, multifunction acoustic calibrator and A-weighted sound pressure level measurements is also reduced.     

A novel flowrate measurement method for small-diameter pipeline based on bidirectional acoustic resonance

Traditional acoustic flowmeters are difficult to use in small-caliber, low-velocity piping systems. In this study, a novel method for fluid velocity measurement in small-diameter pipelines is developed based on the characteristic of acoustic resonance and standing wave tube. This method solves the problem of mutual interference between bidirectional acoustic loops, and realizes the simultaneous measurement of bidirectional resonant frequency. The tiny variation of flow velocity in a small-diameter pipeline can be sensitive by measuring the difference in bidirectional high-order resonance frequency. Experimental results show that the measurement system with a 15 mm diameter pipe has good linearity and high sensitivity to low velocity. Hence, this new method widens the application scope of acoustic flowmeters, especially in small-diameter, low-velocity piping systems.     

A method of measuring acoustic absorption coefficient of a material specimen using a dynamic microphone

This paper reports the development of a method for measuring the absorption coefficient of a material specimen mounted at one end of a planar wave tube using a dynamic microphone at the other end. In the proposed method, the dynamic microphone mounted is used as an actuator (loudspeaker) to generate sound waves and simultaneously performs as a probe to sense acoustic impedance at the same point. For the electro-mechanical acoustical system formed by the dynamic microphone and the tube, a “transduction matrix” is introduced to relate the input electrical variables (voltage and current) and the output acoustical variables (pressure and particle velocity). Once the matrix is calibrated, probing the input voltage and current to the dynamic microphone alone allows quantitative evaluation of the acoustic impedance of material specimen, from which absorption coefficient of the material is calculated. Measurements of fully-reflected end, anechoic end and a porous material specimen are carried out and compared to the results obtained by the conventional transfer function method. It is found that the results match well with each other in a frequency range depending on the length of the tube.     

Measurement range expansion of continuous wave ultrasonic anemometer

This study was conducted to expand the measurement range of a continuous wave ultrasonic anemometer (CWUA) that uses phase difference measurement. A CWUA has a narrower measurement range than conventional ultrasonic anemometers because it can measure the phase difference up to the half-cycle of the used ultrasonic signals. In this study, a method of expanding the measurable range of the phase difference using a phase delay circuit and a frequency divider was developed. Through experiments, it was found that this method doubled or quadrupled the measurement range when the method was used. Furthermore, an algorithm for determining the validity of the measurement data by comparing them with the previous data was implemented with a wind velocity measurement error of less than ±1 μs to solve the problem caused by the use of the frequency divider and to produce a stable measurement system.     

汽车门密封处的气动噪声研究

使用数值模拟方法对汽车门密封处的气动噪声进行了模拟,在得到流场的基础上,应用FW-H声学类比方程分析了由流动诱发的气动噪声.通过数值模拟观察到了涡结构的脱体及门密封处腔体内部的自激振荡过程,并针对其中一个自激振荡循环做了说明与分析.得出了由流动诱发噪声的声压-频率曲线,发现采用流速30m/s时,汽车门密封处流动噪声声压级在70db以下;频率在2000Hz以内的峰值为349Hz及其高次谐波噪声,2000Hz以上出现了非349.65Hz倍频的峰值,体现了伴流模式诱发声场的复杂性.     

On the yaw-angle characteristics of hot-wire anemometers

The directional sensitivity of hot-wire probes depends basically on the velocity and degree of turbulence of the flow as well as on the type of probe used. A velocity/yaw-angle calibration for different types of hot-wire probes is presented. The yaw-angle calibration was performed for a wide range of calibration velocities. It is demonstrated that the yaw parameters in the available yaw-angle techniques vary with the yaw angle and flow velocity, and therefore a constant value is not suitable with a varying velocity flow. It is further shown that the cosine-cooling approach, the simplest approach to the yaw dependence among available techniques, is as good as other techniques for yaw angles 70° and high velocities.     

Widening the sound absorption bandwidths of flexible micro-perforated curved absorbers using structural and acoustic resonances

In this paper, the sound absorptions of flexible curved micro-perforated panels that are backed by an air cavity are studied in detail. A theoretical model that is based on the classical plate equation coupled with an acoustic wave equation is developed for the prediction of sound absorption. This model considers both symmetrical and antisymmetrical structural acoustic responses. Using the electro-acoustic analogy approach, another model is developed that only considers single structural and acoustic modes. It is proposed to make use of panel and cavity resonances to widen the absorption bandwidth of a single/double perforated absorber. The absorption of a flexible micro-perforated panel can be further enhanced by adjusting its curvature to bring the resonant frequencies closer together. The effects of various parameters such as boundary condition, incidence angle, and curvature on the absorption are studied. Predicted results for the single and double layer absorbers show good agreement with measurements.     

基于MATLAB传感器动态误差频域修正方法

由于传感器动态误差的存在会使得测量不够精确,所以近几年来出现了许多方法来解决这一问题。研究主要是用频域修正方法解决传感器存在的动态误差问题。从频域修正法的修正原理入手,逐渐解决问题。该方法首先通过动态标定试验获得相关数据,然后利用傅里叶变换计算得到相应的幅值和相位,计算出输入信号的幅值和相位并利用傅里叶逆变换得到输入信号,最后对输入信号进行基线修正,从而得到相对准确测量信号。此过程的实现应用MATLAB进行编程并仿真。     

Potential accuracy of methods of laser Doppler anemometry in the single-particle scattering mode

Potential accuracy of methods of laser Doppler anemometry is determined for the singleparticle scattering mode where the only disturbing factor is shot noise generated by the optical signal itself. The problem is solved by means of computer simulations with the maximum likelihood method. The initial parameters of simulations are chosen to be the number of real or virtual interference fringes in the measurement volume of the anemometer, the signal discretization frequency, and some typical values of the signal/shot noise ratio. The parameters to be estimated are the Doppler frequency as the basic parameter carrying information about the process velocity, the signal amplitude containing information about the size and concentration of scattering particles, and the instant when the particles arrive at the center of the measurement volume of the anemometer, which is needed for reconstruction of the examined flow velocity as a function of time. The estimates obtained in this study show that shot noise produces a minor effect (0.004–0.04%) on the frequency determination accuracy in the entire range of chosen values of the initial parameters. For the signal amplitude and the instant when the particles arrive at the center of the measurement volume of the anemometer, the errors induced by shot noise are in the interval of 0.2–3.5%; if the number of interference fringes is sufficiently large (more than 20), the errors do not exceed 0.2% regardless of the shot noise level.     

Measurement of transient acoustic fields using a single-shot pressure-sensitive paint system

A pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) system capable of measuring high-frequency acoustic fields with non-periodic, acoustic-level pressure changes is described. As an optical measurement technique, PSP provides the experimenter with a global distribution of pressure on a painted surface. To demonstrate frequency response and enhanced sensitivity to pressure changes, a PSP system consisting of a polymer∕ceramic matrix binder with platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP) as the oxygen probe was applied to a wall inside an acoustic resonance cavity excited at 1.3 kHz. A data acquisition technique based on the luminescent decay lifetime of the oxygen sensors excited by a single pulse of light afforded the ability to capture instantaneous pressure fields with no phase-averaging. Superimposed wave-like structures were observed with a wavelength corresponding to a 4.7% difference from the theoretical value for a sound wave emanating from the speaker. High sound pressure cases upwards of 145 dB (re 20 μPa) exhibited skewed nodal lines attributed to a nonlinear acoustic field. The lowest sound pressure level of 125.4 dB--corresponding to an amplitude of 52.7 Pa, or approximately 0.05% of standard sea-level atmospheric pressure--showed that the paint could resolve the spatial details of the mode shape at the given resonance condition.