虚拟制造中基于刀具磨损的复杂曲面加工误差补偿

铣削加工过程中刀具的磨损是产生曲面加工误差的重要原始误差,将刀具磨损引起的误差通过建立的误差模型进行定量补偿,是虚拟制造中的一项关键技术。研究了虚拟制造环境下基于球头铣刀磨损的曲面加工误差补偿,建立了与加工参数相关的球头铣刀磨损模型,用以衡量球头铣刀切削刃磨损量,提出球头铣刀铣削加工误差补偿方法,并经实验验证有效。     

球头铣刀刀具磨损建模与误差补偿

针对刀具磨损度量方式和模型建立的问题,以球头刀具为研究对象,提出球头铣刀刀具磨损的度量方式,建立球头刀具磨损模型.以复映磨损在硬度较软加工材料上的方式测量球头刀具磨损,确定刀具磨损模型系数,给出刀具磨损模型系数确定的具体实现方法.加工试验验证球头刀具磨损度量方式的合理性和所建立刀具磨损模型的正确性,同时针对数控铣削加工中球头铣刀刀具磨损引起的误差提出离线仿真误差补偿算法,给出离线仿真误差补偿算法的具体实现步骤,通过建立的刀具磨损引起的加工误差模型仿真获得加工走刀步的误差.对于误差超差的走刀步,预先修改数控加工(Numerical control,NC)程序,保证实际加工零件满足精度要求.误差补偿验证试验表明所提出的离线仿真误差补偿算法的正确性和有效性.     

考虑刀具磨损的数控加工误差的预测研究

将刀具磨损引起的误差通过建立的误差模型进行预测,是虚拟制造中的一项关键技术.通过分析影响刀具磨损的切削参数,针对硬表面的加工材料建立了基于相对切削时间的球头铣刀磨损模型,提出了虚拟制造环境下考虑球头铣刀磨损的复杂曲面加工误差预报方法.实验结果表明:该误差模型预报是有效的,并且为曲面加工误差预测、提高曲面加工精度和效率提供了理论依据.     

数控铣削加工中球头铣刀使用寿命仿真建模研究

本文介绍了仿真建模技术的基本概念,分析了球头铣刀铣削过程中铣刀磨损为非均匀磨损,刀具使用寿命沿铣刀轴线方向,随铣削参数及铣削方式的变化而变化;采用微分化方法,建立了球头铣刀使用寿命仿真数学模型,实现了球头铣刀使用寿命的仿真预测;球头铣刀使用寿命仿真数学模型为建立合理、准确的数控铣削用量,实现数控铣削加工的参数优化提供了可靠的保证。     

虚拟制造系统中球头铣刀的磨损预测

基于球头铣刀铣削方式及铣削参数的特点,应用微分理论基本方法提出了一种虚拟制造系统中球头铣刀磨损预测的数学模型,为提高虚拟制造系统的真实感和实时性奠定了基础;该模型预测的结果与铣削试验的测量结果基本吻合。     

一种S形球头铣刀的轮廓度补偿方案

为了解决S形球头铣刀在磨削过程中,由于机械误差和测量误差等不利因素引起的球头刃线轮廓度超差问题,给出了一种轮廓度补偿方案。该方案根据球头铣刀的轮廓图变化规律,在球头轮廓全段插入若干补偿点,对轮廓度不佳位置处的补偿点附加一个半径修正值,再用简单的连续函数(或分段函数)来逼近补偿点,保证各补偿点处的半径值实现平滑衔接,从而有效地修正球头铣刀的轮廓度,提高球头S型刃线的加工质量。     

球头铣刀加工表面形貌仿真预测

根据表面形貌的定义,将球头铣刀加工表面分离为宏观的形状误差和微观的表面粗糙度两部分,综合运用几何建模和神经网络对表面形貌进行仿真预测。利用图形矩阵变换原理和矢量运算法则,推导出球头铣刀相对于工件的运动轨迹方程,建立了基于MATLAB软件的三维表面形貌仿真模型对形状误差进行预测。借助于MATLAB软件,通过反复训练建立了BP神经网络表面粗糙度预测模型。通过实验验证了仿真预测模型的准确性,表明所建立的模型具有有效的预测作用。     

数控铣削球面时变量的合理选择

对用立铣刀和用球头铣刀精加工球曲面时所产生的误差进行比较,分析合理步距角的计算方法,编制了采用球头刀加工球面的宏程序,确保了加工质量和加工效率的统一。     

砂轮磨损对球头立铣刀磨削加工误差的影响研究

球头立铣刀是加工复杂高精度曲面的重要刀具。在磨削加工球头立铣刀的制造过程中,随着磨削时间地增加,砂轮会出现磨损,球头立铣刀的刃形曲线会随之发生变化。以SolidWorks为开发平台,基于球头立铣刀前刀面的磨削加工运动关系,利用Visual Basic语言进行二次开发,开发出球头立铣刀前刀面的磨削仿真加工系统和刀具参数分析系统,分析了砂轮磨损对球头立铣刀刃形曲线的影响。分析结果可为实际加工过程提供理论指导,有助于制定正确的磨削加工工艺,并为后续制定正确误差补偿策略提供重要指导。     

基于CMOS图像传感器的铣刀侧刃磨损检测误差自补偿方法研究

铣刀广泛用于船舶、医疗等各领域零部件的加工，由于刀具磨损直接影响工件的加工质量和加工效率，因此，针对工件加工过程中立铣刀侧刃的不规则磨损难以精确检测的问题，提出一种自适应拍摄角度的磨损误差补偿方法。通过分析拍摄角度对不同形状磨损域的影响规律，结合刀具结构参数建立刀具磨损量与拍摄角度之间的映射模型，实现因拍摄角度不同而导致的刀具磨损检测误差自动偿算。不同拍摄角度的实验结果表明，磨损检测精度大于95%，验证了磨损检测误差自补偿方法的可行性。该研究方法与思路对后续刀具磨损测量的高精度智能化检测具有借鉴意义。     

曲面铣削过程加工路径对切削力和磨损的影响研究

针对不同走刀路径下的复杂曲面加工过程进行球头铣刀铣削Cr12MoV加工复杂曲面研究,分析不同走刀路径下铣削力和刀具磨损的变化趋势。试验结果表明:通过对比分析直线铣削和曲面铣削过程中的最大未变形切屑厚度,可以得出单周期内曲面铣削的力大于直线铣削过程的力,铣削相同铣削层时环形走刀测得的切削力普遍大于往复走刀测得的切削力;以最小刀具磨损为优化目标,运用方差分析法分析得出不同走刀路径的影响刀具磨损的主次因素,同时利用残差分析方法建立球头铣刀加工复杂曲面刀具磨损预测模型,并通过试验进行验证。     

变密度微织构球头铣刀切削性能多目标优化

为深入研究微织构排列形式对微织构理刀具的抗磨减摩机理的影响,分别从理论、仿真及试验等方面对最优的微织构排布形式进行研究。首先,建立微织构在刀具前刀面的数学模型及仿真模型。其次,通过试验验证仿真结果的准确性。仿真及试验研究均发现,变密度微织构球头铣刀的铣削性能优于均匀分布密度的微织构球头铣刀。最后,运用模糊评价法优选最优的铣削性能的微织构球头铣刀,优化结果表明,两排织构间距先为200 μm,再为150 μm,最后为175 μm的微织构球头铣刀的铣削性能最好。该项研究使刀具具有良好的抗磨减磨性,提高加工效率及被加工工件的表面质量。     

基于复映测量的球头刀具磨损数据处理及其软件开发

在铣削加工中,刀具磨损对产品加工质量有重要的影响,以球头刀具磨损为研究对象,为了建立刀具磨损模型,采用复映测量手段获取刀具磨损,在复映测量获得刀具磨损的过程,针对复印测量的球头铣削刀具磨损数据提出了数据处理的方法,并以Visual C++为开发平台实现了基于复映测量的刀具磨损数据处理模块,为基于复映测量的刀具磨损建模提供了基础,所提出的刀具磨损数据处理方法可有效对刀具磨损数据进行分析建立刀具磨损模型。     

Geometric error compensation for five-axis ball-end milling by considering machined surface textures

Arbitrarily adjusting tool poses during error compensation may affect the quality of surface textures. This paper presents one tool center limitation-based geometric error compensation for five-axis ball-end milling to avoid the unexpected machined textures. Firstly, the mechanism of cutter location generation with cuter contact (CC) trajectory is analyzed. Due to zero bottom radius of ball-end cutter, CC points of the surface are only related to the tool center of the cutter. Realizing that, tool center limitation method of ball-end milling is established based on the generation of movements of all axes in order to ensure the machined textures. Then, geometric error compensation of ball-end milling is expressed as optimizing rotation angles of rotary axes by limiting tool centers of cutter locations. Next, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is intergraded into the geometric error compensation to obtain the compensated numerical control (NC) code. The limited region for particles of rotation angles is established, and moving criterion with a mutation operation is presented. With the help of the tool center limitation method, fitnesses of all particles are calculated with the integrated geometric error model. In this way, surface textures are considered and geometric errors of the machine tool are reduced. At last, cutting experiments on five-axis ball-end milling are carried out to testify the effectiveness of the proposed geometric error compensation.     

五坐标端铣数控加工计算理论分析

本文介绍了五坐标端铣数控加工中的后跟角计算方法及刀位计算方法,分析了加工误差,包括直线逼近误差和刀轴摆动误差,提出了刀轴摆动误差补偿方法——刀具切触点偏置法,给出了走刀步长、走刀步距及刀具半径计算公式。     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

高速铣削半圆弧工件表面形貌的仿真

在高速铣削情况下,利用平面刃球头铣刀沿半圆弧路线进行加工,对加工后的表面形貌进行理论建模与仿真。给出在空间三维切削时刀具切削刃的运动轨迹数学模型,并借助该模型给出球头刀切削半圆弧工件表面形貌的仿真算法。     

Design and fabrication of a new micro ball-end mill with conical flank face

Micro ball-end milling is an efficient method for the fabrication of micro lens array molds. However, it is difficult to meet the machining quality of micro dimple molds due to the wear and breakage of the milling cutter, which presents large challenges for designing geometric structure and edge strength of micro ball-end mills. In this study, a new configuration of a micro ball-end mill for micro dimple milling is designed and named the micro conical surface ball-end mill. The cutting edge is formed by intersecting the conical surface and the inclined plane. A practical grinding method is proposed based on the kinematic principle of the six-axis computer numerical control (CNC) grinding machine for micro conical surface ball-end mills and is validated by grinding simulations and experiments. Micro dimple milling experiments are conducted on the hardened die steel H13 to investigate the cutting performance of the mill. The milling force, the micro dimple roundness error, and the tool wear morphology are observed and analyzed. The results show that the radial milling force is more stable and the wear resistance is improved for the micro conical surface ball-end mill compared to the traditional micro spiral blade ball-end mill. Therefore, a more stable roundness at the entrance hole of the micro dimple can be obtained by using this design after a number of micro dimples have been milled.     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

Abstract

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.