和田河流域水量沿程变化分析研究

为缓解和田地区水资源供需矛盾,满足和田河向塔河下泄任务,本文根据和田河流域水文站实测资料,分别计算3种工况下的自上游控制站至下游肖塔站的河道水量损失率;由此分析和田河两大支流水量沿程损失的原因.并在此基础上,进一步通过相关分析得到下游肖塔站接收上游来水的临界水量、喀拉喀什河及玉龙喀什河渠首合成最小下泄流量及艾格利亚站和吐直鲁克站的最小下泄流量.其成果对和田河流域水资源开发、管理及向塔河下泄水量具有一定的参考价值.     

长江流域泥沙输移与概算

泥沙概算是一种通过研究泥沙在流域不同位置和一定时期内的时空分布，从而揭示河流水沙平衡状态的方法。本文通过分析提出了长江泥沙概算方法，探讨长江流域产沙、输沙和泥沙沉积三者的关系。在此基础上，通过流域侵蚀、沉积物和悬移质泥沙粒径级配的对比分析，计算得出每年从长江上游侵蚀下来的泥沙中，粒径大于0．5mm的近12亿t泥沙几乎都沉积在长江流域上游的沟谷和支流中，粒径在0．05-0．5mm范围内的4．92亿t泥沙有3．13亿t沉积在上游沟谷和支流中，而粒径小于0．05mm的5．36亿t泥沙也有2．02亿t沉积在这些区域。当长江上游（宜昌站）和汉江总输沙量超过2．86亿t时，长江中下游将发生淤积，总输沙量超过5亿t时的淤积量超过1亿t；当宜昌输沙量超过1亿t时，洞庭湖区将发生淤积。文章还根据长江干流、部分支流和通江湖泊的水沙关系，建立水沙动态图，研究分析了长江水沙在时空上的分布特点。     

辽河干流铁岭以上段橡胶坝与滩地生态蓄水工程设计

近年来辽河流域遭遇持续干旱,加之支流污染物不达标排放、滩地耕作农药、化肥污染,造成辽河上游水质污染严重,也危害到流域十分脆弱的生态环境。为改善辽河上游水质,枯水期通过橡胶坝拦蓄,在辽河干流通江口至清河口间形成较稳定的生态水面,将水流引至滩地上,结合工程措施营造滩地生态蓄水湿地,在湿地中栽植净化水质效果明显的水生植物,利用湿地生态系统进一步净化辽河水质。     

抚河流域综合治理监测布局优化

为科学合理布设抚河流域综合治理监测点,采用聚类分析方法开展监测点布局优化研究,结合相对偏差分析和方差分析开展布局优化合理性分析,提出抚河流域综合治理监测布局优化方案,在布设流域综合治理监测点时,在河流干流上中下游分别布设2个监测点,较大的支流在上游和下游分别布设1个监测点,较小的河流则在入干流处布设1个监测点。结果表明：抚河流域综合治理监测布局优化后,监测点由初始的40个减少为16个,减少幅度达60%;优化后监测点仍然覆盖了抚河流域上中下游、干支流和重要节点;优化后各类别、各指标之间相对偏差较小,优化前后各类别、各指标无显著差异。     

湖南省入河废污水对江河水质的影响分析

废污水的直接排放是河流水质污染的主要原因。就湖南省入河废污水的特征与主要河流水质进行分析 ,采取 1 998年监测资料 ,对湘江、资水、沅江、澧水的干支流水质分别进行评价。指出 ,湘江中下游长沙、株洲、湘潭 3市的废污水排放量占全省总排放量的 45 .6% ,其污径比最大 ,中下游干支流受到不同程度的污染。资水干流中游污染较为严重 ,沅江上游支流水质较差 ,澧水水质较好。近年来水质污染有逐年加剧趋势     

Development and Application of an Integrated Water Balance Model to Study the Sensitivity of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Water Availability Scenario to Climatic Changes

This study investigates the water availability scenario along Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA) under future climatic changes. TMA, which depends largely on the adjacent Tone river for its water supply, suffers from water shortage almost once in 2–3 yr. A methodology was developed considering integrated approach to ascertain probable impact of climatic changes on the overall water availability along the Tone river and its impact on TMA. Historical trend in hydro-climatic characteristics of the Tone River basin was investigated at the first place to assess the changes and interrelationships. A deterministic water balance model was later developed, integrating natural hydrological balance as well as several water uses and river regulation effects. The natural water balance part of the model was tested for some hypothetical climate change scenarios to observe the sensitivity of the Tone river flow to climatic perturbations. For the worst scenario of precipitation and temperature changes, the unregulated Tone river flow was observed to be reduced by around 20–50%, varying over different months. After considering river regulation effects from reservoirs and diversion, the regulated flow was further analyzed based on some risk indices. Drought risk was observed to be increased significantly for the periods between April–July.     

河流上下游控制断面非点源污染特征的分析

为了深入研究河流上下游断面非点源污染的特征及其变化,以及同一断面不同年份的非点源污染特征,以渭河的支流沣河上游大峪口断面和中游秦渡镇断面为研究对象,根据两控制断面2009-2011三年的非点源污染水质水量同步实测资料,运用平均浓度法估算非点源污染负荷,并结合河流断面控制流域的土地情况、人类活动等情况,分析了河流上下游控制断面的非点源污染特征。结果表明:非点源污染是沣河的主要污染源,河流上游区域非点源污染负荷所占比重大于下游区域;河流上下游断面非点源浓度基本相当,下游点源浓度大于上游;下游COD、TP和NO2—N的非点源负荷量是上游的10~20倍;人类活动所产生的点源排放对中下游河流水质影响更大。     

松花江流域冷水鱼潜在分布预测模型研究

人类过度捕捞和水利工程建设等行为导致水环境污染问题日益严重,对松花江流域冷水鱼资源造成严重破坏。通过2013~2015年间松花江流域冷水鱼野外调查数据,对冷水鱼的资源现状和生存环境特征进行了分析。采用统计学分析方法分析冷水鱼与环境因子的关系,并用逻辑回归分析构建冷水鱼潜在分布模型。结果表明:经度、纬度、海拔、气温对冷水鱼的分布有显著影响;冷水鱼主要分布在各级河流的源头区和上游区域、支流水域、溪流和山区河流中;用所构建模型对松花江流域冷水鱼的潜在分布河段做出预测,预测河段与文献记载相符,说明此模型可以有效预测物种分布。     

水闸防污调度对减轻淮河水污染的影响分析

2005年7月淮河干支流再次发生较大洪水,为减轻沙颍河、涡河污染水体随洪水集中下泄对淮河干流的污染威胁,水利部淮河水利委员会和流域各级水利部门按照污染联防预案,在保证防汛安全和工程供水的前提下,科学调度水闸,发挥出水闸等水利工程的调蓄和控制作用,有效减轻了水污染影响,避免了淮河中下游重大水污染事故的发生.提前应对,在保证防汛安全的前提下科学调度水闸,通过延长污染水体下泄时间,减缓对淮河干流的污染冲击,对减轻污染危害,防止淮河水污染事故的发生起到了一定的作用.但根本的措施仍然是加强污染源治理,减少污染负荷,控制排污总量.     

Spatial organization of fish diversity in a species‐rich basin

Many abiotic and biotic environmental characteristics in river basins show spatial gradients from river source to main stem. We examined the spatial organization of fish within the Duck River Basin to document patterns in diversity that could help guide conservation strategies relevant to controlling the detrimental effects of basin development. In all, over 0.33 million fishes representing 145 species and 18 families, including 9 non‐native species, were collected in 207 samples distributed throughout the basin. Main stem sites with large catchment areas supported more fish diversity than smaller sites in tributaries. Moreover, rare species were most common in the main stem and ubiquitous species in tributaries. The spatial organization of species assemblages was mostly nested, as assemblages appeared to disassemble in an upstream direction from main stem sites and confluences. These findings suggest that fish conservation efforts might emphasize main stem segments and confluences that support higher biodiversity including the rare species often most in need of protection. The main stem can support the populations needed to recolonize tributaries and rescue populations that might periodically go extinct after droughts or other major disturbances. In tributaries, conservation of species assemblages may focus on managing between‐patch connectivity via corridor maintenance or creation.     

Impacts on water quality in the upper Elbow River.

Recent work has found evidence of deterioration in water quality in the Elbow River upstream from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. We sampled this basin to describe spatial and temporal trends and factors that could be contributing to this deterioration. Sources near Calgary generally contributed most of the total phosphorus (TP) entering the river, and most total suspended solids (TSS) during low to average flows. During high flows, a large influx of TSS occurred further upstream. Sources of TP could include runoff from residential developments and agriculture, and groundwater, while re-suspension of bed material, erosion, and storm sewers may contribute TSS. Increasing trends in dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and ammonia suggest that sources in this reach are also contributing dissolved nutrients. Appreciable loading of nitrate + nitrite also occurred near Calgary, with a significant increasing trend in nitrate + nitrite occurring at every Elbow River site and several tributaries. Fecal coliforms have increased significantly over time at a downstream site. Runoff from residential developments, agriculture, or contributions from groundwater could account for this trend. In the 2003 bacterial source tracking study, DNA markers from ruminant animals were found in samples from most locations sampled in this basin, even at some headwaters sites, but no human markers were found.     

松花江流域主要干支流纵向连通性与鱼类生境

基于松花江流域拦河建筑物现状,采用阻隔系数法,评价主要干支流的纵向连通性。结果表明:松花江干流和嫩江纵向连通性指数分别为0.21和0.27,连通性评价等级为良,第二松花江连通性指数为0.62,连通性评价等级为中等。嫩江支流中连通性最好的是嫩江,成为冷水性鱼与嫩江尼尔基以下河段交流的唯一通道;而甘河、雅鲁河、绰尔河和讷谟儿河连通性评价等级为良,洮儿河、霍林河和乌裕尔河连通性评价等级为劣。第二松花江支流中伊通河和饮马河拦河坝众多,鱼类洄游受阻,连通性等级为劣。松花江干流支流牡丹江、拉林河受梯级水电站开发影响,其评价指数为劣;倭肯河、汤旺河受河流沿岸灌区渠首闸坝、水库及水电站建设影响,评价等级为差,这些支流目前濒危珍稀鱼类已绝迹,也极少见到冷水性鱼类。整个流域内未建设过鱼设施,对鱼类洄游和种群交流产生阻隔,提出了补建和新建过鱼设施,必要时开展增殖放流的措施。建议对没有预留生态流量的拦河建筑物进行改造或者利用现有设施泄放生态流量,对预留生态流量的调整水库调度方案保证其下泄流量满足不同时间、空间鱼类生存需求。     

Influences of land use/cover on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of River Njoro, Kenya

Data from 10 sampling sites along the River Njoro are used to examine the contribution of nutrients from upstream land uses draining each of the sampling sites. The data also are used to assess whether both the proportion of land uses and the size of the subwatersheds account for the variability in water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Geographical Information System analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of land‐cover types and subwatersheds contributing run‐off to the sampling sites in the River Njoro. Standard Digital Elevation Model‐based routines were used to establish the watershed area contributing run‐off to each sampling site. Water and sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis, and the nutrient levels were related to the upstream land‐use types and the size of the subwatersheds. The mid‐stream portion of the River Njoro (near Egerton University) accounts for the highest nutrient contributions. The percentage contribution is magnified by additions from industrial, human settlements and agricultural land uses around the University. There is a significant decrease in nutrient levels downstream, however, indicating natural purification as the river flows through an area of large‐scale farming with intense, well‐preserved riparian and in‐stream vegetation. Steep slopes of the land upstream of Egerton University enhance erosion and nutrient losses from those subwatersheds. Mixed small‐scale agricultural and bare lands contribute over 55% of the phosphorus load to the upper and mid‐reaches of the River Njoro. The size of the subwatershed accounts for about 53% of the variability in the soluble phosphorus in the river. The land‐use subwatershed proportions are important for characterizing and modelling water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Upland land uses are as important as near‐stream land uses. We suggest that conservation of intact riparian corridor along the river and its tributaries contributes significantly to natural purification processes and recovery of the ecological integrity of the River Njoro ecosystem.     

基于多元线性回归模型的滦河流域径流量变化驱动因子分析

基于滦河流域中上游以山区地形为主,地势变化剧烈,地貌及土地利用类型多样,生态环境复杂的背景,为研究不同土地利用类型对流域径流量变化的影响,基于多元线性回归模型,分析了流域内不同子流域土地利用类型和降水量变化对各子流域径流量变化的影响。结果显示,处于下游的瀑河和柳河流域径流量受到耕地的影响较为显著,而滦河流域中上游各子流域径流量变化则主要受到草地、水域和林地面积变化的影响。因此,不同子流域降水量与各土地利用类型对流域内径流量变化的驱动性存在较大差异,在进行水利工程规划设计时需进行单独的讨论与分析。     

长江水沙变化发展趋势

本报告是根据长江五十年的水沙资料，宏观分析长江干支流各主要水文站水沙发展趋势，发现干流汉口站、大通站、宜昌站平均年输沙量都有明显减小趋势。各主要支流水文站减沙趋势明显，汉江皇庄站平均年输沙量减少得最为显著。但金沙江的屏山站近期平均年沙量有增加的趋势。长江向洞庭湖分洪分沙的减少，使长江干流增沙。根据各站水沙资料分析了长江干流各河段发生的冲淤。文章还分析了大通站的水位流量关系和流量输沙率的关系，发现近年来大通站同流量水位有所下降和同流量输沙率也有减小的趋势。     

淮河流域“97达标”一年来的回顾

为检验1997年底淮河流域工业污染源达标治理成效及水污染防治规划目标，水利部淮河水利委员会于1998年1月和12月分别对全流域188个县级以上城镇和流域内46个重点城镇的人河排污口进行了全面监测，并开展了流域内重点河道控制断面的水质监测工作，从实测结果分析了淮河流域水污染防治所取得的成果和存在的问题，并提出切实可行的措施与建议。     

金沙江下游主要支流对干流水温的影响

为研究金沙江下游主要支流入汇后对其下游干流水温的影响，选取金沙江下游16个测站的流量及水温实测资料，统计分析了金沙江下游各支流的流量占比，探讨了岷江、嘉陵江和乌江等较大流量支流入汇后下游干流水温变化规律。结果表明：宜昌站水体组成中岷江来流占18.8%,嘉陵江占14.2%,乌江占10.79%;金沙江下游干流水温变化规律与支流基本一致，且随着距离的增大，滞后效应逐渐明显，其中岷江对干流水温影响最大，其次为嘉陵江和乌江；通过线性函数拟合法得到岷江、嘉陵江和乌江干支流温差与汇口上下游沿程温差的相关系数分别为0.950 2、0.884 5和0.786 3。     

长江上游水库群兴建对水沙情势的影响分析

长江上游一批大中型水库的相继建成,对上游流域的水文、泥沙特性将产生一定的影响。系统分析了上游流域水库群建成后各支流主要控制性水文站及干流寸滩、宜昌站的水沙变化规律。结果表明:除屏山站以外,各站点在时段分割点后的年均径流量均较之前呈明显的下降趋势,下降幅度达4%～24%;各站点年均输沙量下降趋势更为明显,下降幅度达30%～90%。在此基础上,分析了长江上游水库群兴建后面临的新形势,并对当前需重点研究解决的问题提出了建议。     

Occurrence of Lawn Care and Agricultural Pesticides in the Don River and Humber River Watersheds (1998–2002)

Between 1998 and 2002, surface water samples were collected from several sites in the Don River and Humber River watersheds, both tributaries to Lake Ontario, and analyzed for a variety of pesticides, including those used for urban lawn care. Analyses included 152 pesticide active ingredients and eight metabolites. Samples were collected during base flow periods (i.e., dry events) and rainfall events (i.e., wet events). The objectives of the study were to determine which pesticides were detectable, whether there was a difference in the detection frequency between the two watersheds and between upstream and downstream in each river, and whether precipitation influenced the frequency of detection. Eleven pesticides and one metabolite were detected in surface waters of the Don and Humber rivers or their tributaries, with approximately 72% of samples containing at least one pesticide attributable to lawn care use. The pesticides and pesticide metabolite detected in this study included 2,4-D, atrazine, bromacil, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, dicamba, MECOPROP, metolachlor, metribuzin, and an atrazine metabolite (des-ethyl atrazine). Four pesticides exceeded federal or provincial water quality guidelines/objectives. Diazinon exceeded the provincial water quality objective in 28% of the samples taken. For the three other pesticides (atrazine, carbofuran and chlorpyrifos) exceedance of a water quality criteria occurred in less than 1% of the samples.     

基于HI值的河流裂点与谷坡稳定性关系

为定量分析河流裂点对流域地质灾害分布的影响,基于面积-高程积分(HI)方法,利用ArcGIS和MatLab软件,首先计算了喜马拉雅山中部以及青衣江流域的HI值与崩塌滑坡密度之间的相关关系;然后以喜马拉雅山地区的雅鲁藏布江、印度河、波曲(Bhote Koshi河)、马甲藏布、朋曲(Arun河)和Kali Gandaki共6条河流为对象,分析不同河流裂点的成因;最后计算了所有河流裂点上、下游流域的HI值。所得结论如下:①流域HI值与崩塌滑坡密度存在良好的正相关关系,相关系数均＞0.5;②河流裂点上游流域的HI值均小于下游,说明上游流域的整体稳定性强于下游;③构造成因的河流裂点上、下游流域HI值差别较大(最小为0.06),而堵河成因的河流裂点上、下游流域HI值差别较小(最大为0.02)。研究成果为宏观定量判定山区谷坡稳定性提供了参考。