钻井废弃泥浆重金属消解酸液配比体系研究

为了研究微波消解配以不同的酸液配比对钻井废泥浆样品重金属测定的影响,采用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、双氧水4种酸以不同加量对废泥浆和标准土壤(GBW07426)进行消解,用原子吸收光谱仪测定了不同消解方法的Cd、Cr、Pb含量,进而建立一种合理的消解方法配合原子吸收光谱仪用于测定废泥浆中的重金属含量。结果表明:消解方法精密度较好,最大相对标准偏差为1.66%,所测标准土壤含量均符合给定值,方法准确可靠,加标回收率在90%¹10%之间,质量控制过关。     

大庆油田废钻井液对土壤环境的影响

通过钻井液成分分析及废钻井液在四种土壤中淋渗模拟试验，阐述了废钻井液对土壤理化性质的影响，钻井液中有毒性的重金属和石油类有机物在黑钙土、草甸土、盐碱土、沙壤土中运移、积累及降解情况。     

水基钻井固废生物处理资源化土壤利用效果分析

为分析水基固废经长时间生物处理后做土壤利用的效果,对6口示范应用井的土壤样品浸出液、 土壤重金属、植物中重金属和土壤养分进行监测分析。结果表明：6口井水基钻井固废经生物处理所形成的土 壤中有害重金属指标均不超过GB 15618—2018（其他,pH＞7.5,风险筛选值）和HJ/T 332—2006限值要求。 土壤浸出液中的无机及重金属离子等指标均低于GB 5084—2005（旱作）要求,除铁和个别点的总氮和总磷超标外,其他指标均不超过GB 3838—2002的Ⅴ类标准。土壤栽种植物中重金属含量较土壤中无明显增加,无重金属生物富集发生,除汞元素有轻微超标外,其他指标都符合GB 2762—2012中蔬菜及制品标准。土壤的养分相对较差,可以补充土壤营养物质以满足特定植物栽种的需求。水基钻井固废通过微生物处理资源化土壤利用不会对周边环境产生不利影响,是一种可行的资源化处置利用途径。     

酸改性活性炭在重金属与氨氮废水处理中的应用

重金属以及氨氮是造成水体污染的重要物质,在对水体重金属以及氨氮的去除方法中,活性炭吸附法有一定的进展.本文参照常见的酸类物质如硝酸、盐酸、硫酸、磷酸、柠檬酸和其他酸性物质对活性炭改性去除重金属和氨氮的研究,综述了各种酸改性的机理和对活性炭的影响,定性地比较了活性炭在各种酸改性后的去除能力.总结了对酸性改性活性炭在去除重金属和氨氮应用中的发展方向和前景,对于日后用酸性废水改性活性炭以达到以废治废的功效有着指导、借鉴作用.     

以混凝─—过滤法处理丝厂废水后的粉煤灰滤料肥效试验研究

本文对粉煤灰的肥效和以过滤法提高粉煤灰肥效的途径进行了研究，并对粉煤灰过滤经混凝后的丝厂废水制成的粉煤灰友合肥的肥效进行了田间试验，证明其具有与优质在家肥同等的肥效，且不会导致重金属的污染。该肥的含氮量可通过稍加处理而进一步提高。     

以混凝—过滤法处理丝厂废水后的粉煤灰滤料肥效试验研究

本文对粉煤灰的肥效和以过滤法提高粉煤灰肥效的途径了研究，并对粉煤灰过滤经混凝后的丝厂废水制成的粉煤灰合肥的肥效了田间试验，证明其具有与优质农家肥同等的肥效，且不会导致重金属的污染，该肥的含氮量可通过稍加处理而进一步提高。     

灰渣制砖节约资源

文章作者通过株州市利用灰渣制砖这一事件从盛到衰的过程,分析了灰渣砖滞销的原因,指出人们对废物资源化还缺乏深刻的认识。文章指出:粉煤灰、炉渣等工业废物弃之为废,用之为宝。任意排放,既污染水体、大气、又占用大量的土地。然而,粉煤灰、炉渣都具有建筑材料所需的优良成分和性质,而且建筑材料需要量极大,使用周期长,这种利用是粉煤灰、炉渣等工业废物的最佳方向。     

某地区钻井固废中重金属含量分析

通过分析某地区钻井作业所产生的固体废物来源岩屑、废弃钻井液中的重金属含量,以及该地区部分区域的土壤中重金属含量,结果表明:聚磺钻井液重金属含量相对较高,与GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》比较,镉、锌、总铬超过二级标准;钻井固废中锌超过标准背景值,镉、总铬超过二级标准(旱土);地层中重金属含量分布不均,锌超过了标准背景值,镉和总铬超过二级标准;部分区域土壤中总铬超过了标准背景值,镉远高于二级标准。钻井固废中的重金属污染主要来源为钻井液。     

吃废吐宝的化工厂

平顶山市九八七化工厂靠科学技术,利用化学工业废催化剂为原料生产钼、铋、镍、钴等12种稀重金属和无机盐,在此基础上又利用生产稀重金属留下的废弃物(硅藻土)做载体,生产钒 S101催化剂和尿素增效剂,尿素增效剂能使尿素增效,粮食增产,农民增收,又间接地减少了化肥生产所造成的资金、资源的浪费和对环境的污染.这样就把污染环境的废弃物全部吃掉并转化成资源和财富了.九八七化工厂利用回收废催化剂生产稀重金属得到化工部和物资部的关怀和支持.物资部物资回收公司帮助该厂筹措资金,     

粉煤灰综合利用商业模式探究

我国煤炭燃烧产生的粉煤灰年均产量高达6亿t,而其资源化利用率不足80%,将其堆弃填埋处理占用土地资源且极易引发生态隐患。在“无废城市”建设背景下,破解传统的粉煤灰综合利用困局,推进其综合利用商业模式由传统的线性模式向绿色循环可持续性商业模式转型至关重要。基于文献分析、重点区域和行业调研,提出了产业链延伸模式、区域内产业共生模式、跨区域产业共生模式3种粉煤灰综合利用的商业模式。应用商业模式画布方法,从价值创造、价值主张、价值传递、价值获取4个维度,分析3种粉煤灰综合利用商业模式的特征、应用场景、局限性。在此基础上,从促进技术创新、建立生态补偿机制、改革铁路运输、搭建信息化平台等方面提出了相应建议。     

Utilization of washed MSWI fly ash as partial cement substitute with the addition of dithiocarbamic chelate

The management of the big amount of fly ash as hazardous waste from the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) has encountered many problems in China. In this study, a feasibility research on MSWI fly ash utilization as partial cement substitute in cement mortars was therefore carried out. MSWI fly ash was subjected to washing process to reduce its chlorine content (from 10.16% to 1.28%). Consequently, it was used in cement mortars. Ten percent and 20% replacement of cement by washed ash showed acceptable strength properties. In TCLP and 180-day monolithic tests, the mortars with washed ash presented a little stronger heavy metal leachability, but this fell to the blank level (mortar without washed ash) with the addition of 0.25% chelate. Therefore, this method is proposed as an environment-friendly technology to achieve a satisfactory solution for MSWI fly ash management.     

湿法预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及风险影响研究

以某典型城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为研究对象,采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪（ICP）测定了焚烧飞灰的主要成分、矿物学组成和重金属含量,探讨了湿法预处理工艺对飞灰的化学组成、矿物学形态、化学形态及风险水平的影响.结果表明,飞灰的主要化学组成为O、Ca、Cl、Na、K等,占飞灰总质量的93.54％,其次含有0.04％ ～0.68％的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr等微量重金属元素;经过湿法预处理,飞灰中可溶性氯盐具有较好的去除效果,且几乎所有重金属元素的不稳定形态（弱酸提取态和可还原态）比例都有一定程度的减少,有效降低了重金属的毒性、生物有效性及环境风险水平.本研究有助于降低焚烧飞灰的环境风险和探寻其资源化的有效途径.     

生活垃圾焚烧中重金属行为的研究进展

垃圾中的金属以氧化物、氮化物、碳化物及其它形态转移到焚烧产物如烟气、飞灰和底灰中，需严格控制焚烧过程中重金属的排放，故清楚了解金属在焚烧中的行为是很必要的。经研究发现，飞灰中重金属含量远远大于底灰中的含量，因此以垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理为目标，分析了目前国内外处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的方法和重金属在各种影响因素下的行为，并进行了比较，为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广,焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性,论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料,飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类,水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度,飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。     

Study on assessment of slope stability and mixed disposal of overburden in voids of Singrauli Coalfield

The mining industry can be considered the backbone of the Indian economy as well as facilitating the power that drives most of the other industries in the company. The overburden and waste rocks produced during coal mining are major concerns in regard to the amount of land that is required for their disposal, as well as the stability of dumps for these materials, which are of increasing height. Land reclamation issues are also a concern. In this work the adverse impacts caused by the dumping of overburden on land and acidic mine water on water bodies is discussed. Remote sensing tools were used along with the laboratory experimentation to assess the various impacts. This study also shows that silt released from waste dumps, can affected the angle of repose of the overburden dump slope. The angle of repose of the overburden materials varies with particle size composition. Thus, use of in‐pit crushers in large opencast mining operations can effectively reduce the area locked under the waste dumps. The acid neutralization potential of fly ash and overburden for the treatment of acid water was tested in the laboratory by using fly ash and waste rock materials on acidic coalfield water. The results are encouraging, and fly ash may prove to be a good acid neutralizer when used in conjunction of coal overburden material.     

The reuse of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash slag as a cement substitute

The results of the treatment of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) by melting are described, and the safety and the effectiveness of using the slag produced by this melting treatment are studied. The properties of the MSWI fly ash slag were analyzed, to evaluate the feasibility of its reuse as a substitute for part of the cement required in mortar preparation. This MSWI fly ash slag was found to be comprised mainly of SiO₂ and CaO, which can be substituted for up to 20% of the cement content in mortar, without sacrificing the quality of the resultant concrete. In fact, the concrete thus produced has greater compressive strength, 10% higher than that without the substitution. The setting time of the fresh mortar becomes lengthens as increasing amounts of cement are replaced; while the spread flow value increases with the increasing percentage of cement substitution. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that when the W/C=0.38 and the curing AGE=28 days, the crystal patterns in the mortar samples, prepared with different amounts of cement having been replaced by MSWI fly ash slag are similar. According to the results of the toxic characteristic leaching procedure analysis, MSWI fly ash slag should be classified as general non-hazardous industrial waste, that meets the effluent standard. Therefore, the reuse of MSWI fly ash slag is feasible, and will not result in pollution due to the leaching of heavy metals.     

Long-term evaluation of coal fly ash and mine tailings co-placement: A site-specific study

This study presents the results of a laboratory investigation conducted to evaluate the efficiency of coal fly ash to control the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) from mine waste. Site-specific materials, coal fly ash from Atikokan Thermal Generating Station and mine tailings from Musselwhite mine, were mixed at different proportions for the investigation of the drainage chemistry and the optimal mix using static testing (acid–base accounting) and kinetic (column) testing. The acid–base accounting (ABA) results indicated that the fly ash possessed strong alkaline (neutralization) potential (NP) and could be used in the management of reactive mine tailings, thus ensuring prevention of AMD in the long-term. Column tests conducted in the laboratory to further investigate long-term performance of fly ash in the neutralization and prevention of acid mine drainage from tailings similarly showed that mixing fly ash with mine tailings reduces dissolution of many heavy metals from tailings by providing alkalinity to the system. It was found that a fly ash to tailings mass ratio equal to or greater than 15% can effectively prevent AMD generation from Musselwhite mine tailings in the co-placement approach.     

Characterization of MSWI fly ash through mineralogy and water extraction

This paper investigates the mineralogical characteristics of fresh, aged and hot water extracted MSWI fly ash for providing the baseline information of minerals stability which controls the released heavy metals into the environment. Quantitative determination of bulk phase abundance in the fresh fly ash by the XRD Rietveld refinement method provided composition levels for amorphous and crystalline phases such as potassium tetrachlorozincate (K₂ZnCl₄), gehlenite, halite, quartz, anhydrite, and feldspar. The minerals association in the fly ash is clearly unstable and subject to mineralogical reactions. The phases of K₂ZnCl₄, halite and anhydrite in the fresh fly ash were involved in hydration and dissolution/precipitation processes to form new minerals such as the Zn-bearing mineral gordaite, syngenite, gypsum and hydrocalumite. The solubility-controlling phases and extractability of heavy metals were examined in a Soxhlet hot water-extractor. Here the soluble salts were simply removed from fly ash while Ca-, Al-, Si- and SO₄²⁻-bearing hydrate minerals were precipitated from the extraction solution. Furthermore, a low release of heavy metals Zn, Pb and Cd in hot water was noticed, indicating a strong retention of the trace metals in the mineral phases remaining in the insoluble fly ash residues.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING ACUTE TOXICfrY OF COAL ASH TO RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) AND BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS)1

ABSTRACT: The potentially toxic components in coal ash (ash particles, heavy metals) were evaluated in laboratory static, acute (96 hr) bioassays, both separately and in various combinations with extreme pH (5.0 and 8.5), using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bluegifi sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ash particle morphology and metal distribution anlaysis, using electron microscopy and surface-subsurface analysis by ion microscopy, showed that metals could be either clumped or evenly distributed on the surface of fly ash. Surface enrichment on fly ash particles from electrostatic precipitators, as measured by ion microscopy, was found for cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, mercury, titanium, arsenic, and selenium. Bottom (heavy) ash was not acutely toxic to either fish species at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS) at pH 5.0, 7.5, or 8.5. Fly ash particles were not acutely toxic to blue-gill at levels up to 1360 mg/l TSS. Rainbow trout were highly sensitive to fly ash (25 to 60 percent mortality) at concentrations of 4.3 to 20.5 mg/I TSS when dissolved metal availability was high but were not sensitive at higher particulate concentrations (58 to 638 mg/I TSS) when dissolved metals were low. When metals were acid-leached from fly ash prior to testing, no rainbow trout mortality occurred at TSS concentrations of up to 2,350 mg/l TSS. When the percent of dissolved metal was high (e.g., 50–90 percent of the total), fish mortality was increased. Rainbow trout were nearly two orders of magnitude more sensitive than bluegill when subjected to a blend of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The two species were similar in their acute sensitivity to acidic pH at levels at or below 4.0 and alkaline pH of 9.1. If the pH of coal ash effluent is contained within the range 6.0 to 9.0, acute toxicity to fish can be attributed to trace element availability from fly ash but not heavy ash. Control of holding pond and effluent pH and maximizing pond residence time are important strategies for minimizing effects of ash pond discharges on fish.     

Leaching characteristics of solid wastes from thermal power plants of western Turkey and comparison of toxicity methodologies

Use of lignite in power generation has led to increasing environmental problems associated not only with gaseous emissions, but also with the disposal of ash residues. In particular, use of low quality coals with high ash content results in huge quantities of both fly and bottom ashes to be disposed of. A main problem related to coal ash disposal is the heavy metal content of the residue. In this regard, experimental results of numerous studies indicate that toxic trace metals may leach when fly and bottom ashes are in contact with water. In this study, fly and bottom ash samples obtained from thermal power plants, namely Yenikoy, Kemerkoy and Yatagan, located at the southwestern coast of Turkey, were subjected to toxicity tests such as the extraction (EP) and toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedures of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the so-called 'Method A' extraction procedure of the American Society of Testing and Material (ASTM). The geochemical composition of ash samples showed variations depending on the coal burned in the plants. Furthermore, the EP, TCLP and ASTM toxicity tests showed variations such that the ash samples were classified as 'toxic waste' based on EP and TCLP results whereas they were classified as 'non-toxic' based on ASTM results, indicating test results are pH dependent. When the extraction results were compared with the chemical composition of water samples obtained in the vicinity of the thermal power plants, it was found that the results obtained using the ASTM procedure cannot be used to predict subsurface contamination whereas the EP and TCLP procedures can be used.