18～36个月发育性髋脱位闭合复位的远期疗效评价

[目的]评估内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗18~36个月婴幼儿发育性髋脱位(developmental dislocation of hip,DDH)的远期效果。[方法]随访1993年1月~2001年12月在本院采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗有完整资料的18~36个月DDH患儿156例232髋,其中Ⅰ度77髋,Ⅱ度95髋,Ⅲ度60髋,随访时间为5.5~14.5年,平均9.2年,并对全部病例进行影像学检查和髋关节功能评价。[结果]根据周永德发育性髋脱位疗效评价标准,本文195髋复位满意,优良率为84.05%,9例发生股骨头坏死;术前平均髋臼指数(AI):复位成功髋(35.34°±5.95°),失败髋(44.51°±5.32°),成功髋复位前AI均数明显小于失败髋均数;Ⅰ度优良率为84.41%,Ⅱ度优良率为85.21%,Ⅲ度优良率为81.67%。[结论]内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法对18~36个月DDH患儿是一种有效的治疗方法,复位前AI值的大小对于DDH保守治疗方法的选择和远期疗效评估具有一定的指导意义,而脱位程度不是能否采用手法复位的标准。     

改良蛙式石膏固定治疗发育性髋脱位

目的总结用改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗发育性髋脱位（DDH）的临床经验。方法采用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗DDH患儿193例282髋,对患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果193例均获得随访,时间5年6个月～11年6个月,平均（8±3.2）年。参照周永德等发育性髋脱位疗效评价标准,239髋复位满意,远期优良率为84.8%。根据Salter评价标准,有10例发生股骨头缺血性坏死。结论改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗DDH具有操作简单、住院时间缩短等优点,是一种有效的方法。固定后护理很重要。     

非手术方法治疗婴幼儿发育性髋脱位的疗效分析

[目的]评估应用内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法治疗6～36个月婴幼儿发育性髋脱位的价值与适应证.[方法]随访1995年1月～2001年12月有完整资料的6～36个月DDH患儿193例282髋,根据开始治疗时间分为6～12个月、13～24个月和25～36个月3组,按照复位前髋臼指数和脱位程度进行分类,比较不同髋臼指数、脱位程度与治疗结果的关系.最后随访时间为5.5～11.5年,平均8年.[结果]根据1993年全国小儿髋关节会议通过的周永德发育性髋脱位疗效评价标准,本文239髋复位满意,优良率为84.8%,其中6～12个月组优良率为88.9%,13～24个月组和25～36个月优良率分别为85.3%、80.4%,3个年龄段优良结果相比无统计学差异(P＞0.05);治疗前所有病例AI均大于30°,其中30°～35°组和36°～40°组的优良率分别为90.9%、87.6%,而＞40°组的优良率为74.1%,前两组间优良率比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而与＞40°组比较差异则有统计学意义(P＜0.05);复位前Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度脱位的远期优良率分别为86.5%、84.9%、82.5%,3组统计学检验无显著性差异(P＞0.05),共10髋发生股骨头缺血性坏死,复位前脱位程度均为Ⅲ度.[结论]内收肌切断、手法闭合复位、改良蛙式石膏固定方法对6～36个月DDH患儿是一种有效的治疗方法,3岁以下开始治疗年龄对优良率的影响不大;复位前AI值小于40°优良率高;脱位程度对治疗优良率影响不大,但＞2 cm的高度脱位是并发股骨头缺血性坏死的因素之一.     

内收肌髂腰肌切断手法复位治疗小儿先天性髋脱位

目的　探讨切断内收肌及患侧髂腰肌、手法复位治疗小儿先天性髋脱位的疗效。方法　切断双侧长收肌、短收肌及患侧髂腰肌 ,术中手法复位髋关节 ,术后三期有限石膏固定。结果　 76例 96髋均得到满意复位 ,除 5髋因在外院行牵引闭合复位不成功造成股骨头缺血坏死外 ,其余未发生股骨头坏死。结论　该疗法是治疗 10个月～ 3岁小儿先天性髋脱位的有效方法     

先天性髋脱位治疗中股骨头坏死的预防与补救治疗

自１９８７年９月至１９９３年２月我院收治先天性髋脱位患儿２８例，４５髋。其中闭合复位治疗２１例，３４髋，包括７例１３髋曾经院外闭合复位不成功者，均在直视下进行内收肌、髂腰肌松解，以轻柔的手法复位，使复位获得成功。对高脱位患髋采用加大髋关节屈曲位的蛙式石膏固定，避免了股骨头缺血坏死发生。７例１１髋为来院前闭合复位造成股骨头缺血坏死者，以及伴有髋关节半脱位者，进行补救治疗，取得了髋关节解剖复位，股骨头重建血运的效果     

先天性髋脱位复位前后AI变化的临床分析

本文通过 1 0 0例 (2 0 0髋 )正常儿童 ,1 0 2例 (1 4 8髋 )先天性髋脱位手法复位前后髋臼指数变化的随访观察。认为 5岁为髋臼发育的高峰期 ,髋脱位复位后髋臼发育的速度 1年内最快 ,3年内不要作出再建髋臼的决定。 3岁内通过手法复位、蛙式石膏固定—蛙式支架固定 ,绝大部分髋臼可以正常发育 ;大于此年龄并有明显髋臼发育不良者常需作髋臼重建术。强调股骨头缺血坏死是导致髋脱位复位后髋臼发育不良的重要因素 ,应尽量避免。     

可调节支具在婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位治疗中的应用

[目的]总结可调节支具在闭合复位治疗婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位中的治疗经验.[方法]采用患侧内收长肌及髂腰肌腱切断闭合复位三期可调节支具固定的方法对婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位进行治疗.[结果]本组59例(68髋)随访1年6个月～7年2个月,平均40个月,1例1髋出现半脱位,58例(67髋)复位良好,3例(3髋)出现股骨头缺血性坏死.结果,优:26～30分28例(33髋),良:21～25分21例(25髋),可:16～20分8例(8髋),差:11～15分2例(2髋).[结论]三期可调节支具是闭合复位治疗婴幼儿发育性髋关节脱位的一种理想方法.     

先天性髋脱位闭合复位后股骨头缺血性坏死的长期随访

目的：对１９８５年１月～１９８９年１２月采用闭合复位、蛙式支架治疗的患儿作了平均１０年的长期随访，评价了股骨头缺血性坏死（以下简称头坏死）发生率和各种影响因素，探讨头坏死与Ｘ线结果、临床功能之间的关系，提出预防头坏死的方法和措施。方法：本组６４例共７９髋，复位时的平均年龄为２１个月，１８髋术前行皮牵引，５１髋术前行内收肌切断。闭合复位均在全麻下施行，成功后穿戴蛙式支架６个月，然后改为贝氏架３个月，共穿戴９个月。结果：平均随访时间为１０年４个月，随访时平均年龄１１．７岁。７９髋中３６髋出现头坏死（４６％）。不同性别、不同脱位侧别、复位前是否行皮牵引和内收肌切断的头坏死发生率的差异均无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），头坏死发生率与脱位程度及复位后制动体位关系密切。闭合复位前，股骨头骨骺未出现，发生头坏死率明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），多为股骨头全部受累。复位时年龄小于１８个月者，其头坏死发生率明显低于１８个月之后复位者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随访时临床功能优良率为８３％，而Ｘ线片的优良率则是６０％。结论：临床功能障碍的出现是一个缓慢、渐进的过程，相当时间内并不产生髋关节疼痛和跛行。对远期疗效的估计应以Ｘ线变化为主要依据。     

髋关节造影辅助闭合复位治疗早期儿童发育性髋关节发育不良

目的观察髋关节造影辅助闭合复位人类位石膏外固定治疗早期儿童发育性髋关节发育不良的临床应用价值。方法自2015年1月至2017年7月采用髋关节造影辅助闭合复位人类位石膏外固定早期治疗发育性髋关节发育不良儿童14例,其中男1例,女13例;双侧8例,左侧5例,右侧1例;年龄4个月～1岁1个月。均在全身麻醉下行双侧髋关节造影闭合复位人类位石膏外固定治疗。1例行单侧内收肌松解,1例行双侧内收肌松解。术后常规行双髋磁共振检查股骨头复位情况。人类位石膏固定2个月。行2次人类位石膏治疗后,再行双下肢外展位石膏外固定治疗2个月。石膏治疗后佩戴双下肢外展支具治疗3～9个月。结果术中髋关节造影发现髋臼盂唇内翻2例。随访发现内翻的盂唇在治疗过程中逐渐翻出,股骨头与髋臼的间距逐渐减小。随访1年～2年9个月。随访结束时髋臼指数12例恢复至正常,股骨头位置良好;2例髋臼指数仍大于正常,密切随访中;2例发生股骨头缺血性坏死;没有髋关节功能障碍发生。结论术中髋关节造影可以发现内翻的盂唇,可以很好地判断股骨头是否达到中心性复位。人类位石膏减少了髋关节外展的角度,能有效减少术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生率。对于髋臼盂唇内翻严重的病例,闭合复位应慎重。     

髋关节发育不良保守治疗后股骨头坏死的随访研究

[目的]总结采用保守治疗6 ～36个月龄髋关节发育不良(DDH)的随访结果,回顾分析在该治疗模式下发生股骨头缺血坏死(AVN)的相关因素.[方法]随访2007年12月～2009年12月在本院采用双侧内收肌松解、手法闭合复位、石膏外固定方法治疗有完整资料的6～ 36个月龄DDH患儿,治疗结果的评价采用周永德、吉士俊的方法,根据影像学表现和Bucholz-Ogden分型标准进行AVN评价.[结果]63例101髋获得随访,随访时间为2.25～4.25年,平均3.2年.优良率为80.2％,13髋发生AVN,发生率为12.8％,3髋发生再脱位,发生率为2.9％.[结论]采用内收肌松解、手法闭合复位、屈髋90°～ 120°外展位外固定是治疗6～36个月DDH一种良好方法,AVN的发生与患儿的脱位程度、股骨头骨化中心发育情况有关.     

Avascular necrosis after treatment of DDH: the protective influence of the ossific nucleus

We retrospectively reviewed the results of open or closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in 49 children younger than 12 months old, who had 57 hip dislocations. Group A (18 hips) developed partial or complete avascular necrosis (AVN), and group B (39 hips) did not develop AVN. Thirty-eight hips were treated by closed reduction, and 17 had open reduction. One patient with bilateral hip dislocation initially had closed reductions followed by bilateral open reduction 3 months later. With the numbers available for study, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of AVN with respect to variables such as preliminary traction, closed versus open reduction, Pavlik harness use, and age at the time of operative intervention. However, the presence of the ossific nucleus before reduction, detected either by radiographs (p < 0.001) or ultrasonography (p = 0.033) was statistically significant in predicting AVN. Only one (4%) of 25 hips with an ossific nucleus developed AVN, whereas 17 (53%) of 32 hips without an ossific nucleus before reduction developed AVN. Our results suggest that the presence of the ossific nucleus before closed or open reduction for DDH may decrease the risk of AVN.     

The surgical treatment of established congenital dislocation of the hip: results of surgery after planned delayed intervention following the appearance of the capital femoral ossific nucleus

It has been proposed that the presence of the capital femoral ossific nucleus confers protection against ischemic injury or avascular necrosis (AVN) at the time of reduction of a congenitally dislocated hip. The current literature is contradictory. A prospective study was undertaken of the clinical and radiologic outcomes following closed or open reduction. Fifty hips were included in the study. These cases had presented late or had failed conservative treatment. In 28 hips treatment was intentionally delayed until the appearance of the ossific nucleus (but not beyond 13 months) and in 22 the ossific nucleus was present at clinical presentation. Six hips reached the age of 13 months without an ossific nucleus appearing and progressed to treatment. The significant AVN rate (more than grade 1) was 7% for closed reduction and 14% for open. However, the amended rate if hips were excluded that had failed Pavlik harness treatment was 0.0% and 9%, respectively (4% overall). Further surgical procedures were necessary in 57% of hips undergoing closed reduction and 41% after open, which compares favorably with other series. The authors conclude that the presence of the ossific nucleus is an important factor in the prevention of AVN, particularly after late closed reduction. Intentional delay in the timing of surgery does not condemn a hip to open surgery, but there is a comparable rate of secondary procedures becoming necessary, particularly after closed reduction. A simultaneous pelvic procedure may be appropriate after late closed reduction. The delayed strategy to await the appearance of the ossific nucleus for previously untreated dislocation allows a simple treatment algorithm to be employed that produces good clinical and radiologic outcomes.     

Avascular necrosis after open reduction for congenital dislocation of the hip: analysis of causative factors and natural history

We analysed the causative factors and natural history of avascular necrosis (AVN) after open reduction of 87 dislocated hips. AVN was observed in 37% of the hips, yet open reduction did not appear to contribute to the development of AVN and its prevalence was similar in hips treated by open or closed reduction in our institution. Only 45% of hips with AVN had a good late result. More containment procedures were required if AVN had occurred. Premature physeal closure was one late manifestation of this complication, which occurred following apparent partial AVN changes.     

Avascular necrosis rate in early reduction after failed Pavlik harness treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip

Our hypothesis is that hips with developmental dysplasia (DDH), which fail Pavlik harness treatment and are reduced within 3 months of age, have a low rate of avascular necrosis (AVN). Inclusion criteria are as follows: diagnosis of DDH within 2 months of birth, failure of reduction or stabilization by Pavlik harness treatment, surgical reduction of the hip advised to be performed within 3 months of age, and follow-up for Salter criteria of AVN. Twenty-one consecutive cases (35 hips) met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen cases (31 hips) were initially reduced within 3 months of age, and none of these cases developed AVN. After Pavlik harness failure, initial closed reduction was achieved in 33 (94%) of 35 hips, and open reduction required in 2 (6%) of 35 hips. At latest follow-up, one (3%) of 35 hips had AVN. At the time of reporting, 1 (3%) of the 35 hips has required an additional procedure (Pemberton osteotomy) for residual dysplasia. There were 2 outlier cases (4 hips) in which the parents delayed the reduction and 1 case developed unilateral AVN, which was reduced after the proximal femoral ossification center developed at 7 months of age. The data presented in the current study support our hypothesis.     

Congenital dislocation of the hip: an evaluation of closed reduction

A retrospective study of 59 congenitally dislocated hips was undertaken to assess the relationship between the quality of a closed reduction and the eventual outcome. Good closed reductions were associated with rapid improvement of the acetabular angle and the center edge (CE) angle and a low incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN). Adequate reductions with up to 7 mm of widening of the joint on arthrogram had a good final outcome in 11 of 13 hips with a slower rate of improvement of the acetabular and CE angles and a low rate of AVN. Hips with poor or indeterminate reductions had an acceptable outcome in only five of 23 hips, did not benefit from prolonged closed treatment, and had a 57% incidence of AVN. Patients with marked ligamentous laxity often fared poorly, required prolonged treatment, and had a high incidence of AVN.     

Evaluation of the risk factors of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants younger than 18 months of age

Sixty-seven dysplastic hips of 54 infants with an average age of 11.9 months were treated by the same surgical technique, including iliopsoas and adductor tenotomies via medial approach and arthrography for verification of the concentric reduction. The average follow-up period was 44.5 months. The rate of overall avascular necrosis (AVN) was 27% and that of severe AVN was 7%. With the numbers available in the study, a statistically significant relationship could not be found between the rate and severity of AVN and several preoperative and intraoperative components such as age, sex, side, dislocation grade, development of the ossific nucleus and qualitv of intraoperative reduction. Nevertheless, hips of infants treated between 13 months and 15 months of age, hips of male patients and left hips had slightly higher ratios of ischemic changes that were not statistically significant.     

Hip joint development after treatment the developmental dislocation with overhead traction]

Despite the fact that ultrasound of children's hips is widely used for screening, late diagnosed cases of developmental dislocation of the hip are still a common problem in the orthopaedic practice. The aim of the study is to review final clinical and radiological outcomes of treatment of DDH with overhead traction and closed reduction after skeletal growth. Clinical records and radiograms of 107 hips (81 children) were retrospectively reviewed. All of them were treated according to the same program: overhead traction (about 2 weeks), followed by closed reduction, modified Lorenz cast (2 months) and finally cast in Lange position (3 months). Average age of children was 14.2 months at the beginning of treatment and 20.7 years at last visit. Good and very good results were found in 80% of cases according to final radiological assessment of Severin and in 91% according functional classification of Harris. Avascular necrosis of femoral head according to Bucholz-Ogden classification system was identified in one third of patients. Functional results are better than radiological, but deteriorated with time especially in hips with residual dysplasia and AVN due to development of early, secondary degenerative changes.     

Closed vs open reduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip: The short-term effect on acetabular remodeling

BackgroundThis study aims to assess acetabular remodeling following closed vs, open hip reduction in children younger than 2 years of age.MethodsRecords of children with DDH, who underwent closed or open reduction, were reviewed. Acetabular index (AI) was measured on radiographs taken prior to reduction and on outcome radiographs taken at age 4 years. Radiographic outcomes were analyzed and residual dysplasia (outcome AI ≥ 30) degrees recorded.Results42 hips had closed reduction; and 26 hips had open reduction. A higher percentage of hips treated with successful closed reduction, had outcome AI ≥ 30° (29% vs. 19% p = 0.387). Residual dysplasia was more common in IHDI-IV hips than IHDI-III hips for both groups. A higher incidence of AVN was seen in the open reduction group (13% vs. 7%; p = 0.43).ConclusionIn children with DDH under the age of two, open reduction with capsulorrhaphy may benefit acetabular remodeling more so than closed reduction despite maintenance of reduction. Although AVN remains a risk, higher remodeling might be expected with open reduction.     

年龄因素与发育性髋关节脱位保守治疗并发股骨头缺血性坏死的相关性研究

背景：应用保守方法治疗发育性髋关节脱位（developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH）并发股骨头缺血性坏死（avascularnecrosis of the femoral head,AVN）的风险较高,年龄因素是公认的危险因素。目前国内外均将18个月作为保守治疗与手术切开复位的分界线。目的：研究年龄因素对于应用保守方法治疗DDH并发AVN的影响,讨论DDH保守治疗的年龄选择标准。方法：2005年1月至2010年8月应用保守方法治疗DDH患儿53例（77髋）,分为3个年龄段：（1）12个月龄,25髋;（2）13～15个月龄,20髋;（3）16个月龄,32髋。前3个月每月复诊1次,之后每3个月复诊1次,应用Salter标准评判AVN。总结临床资料及影像学结果,统计分析不同年龄段保守治疗DDH并发AVN率的差异。结果：随访时间为1.1～2.2年,平均1.5年。53例（77髋）中30髋出现AVN（40.0%）,其中12个月以内患儿25髋中3髋发生AVN（12.0%）,13～15个月患儿20髋中12髋发生AVN（60.0%）,16个月以上患儿32髋中15髋发生AVN（46.9%）。结论：脱位程度、股骨头骨化核出现与否等均对保守治疗DDH并发AVN有一定的影响。12个月以上合并Ⅲ度以上脱位的DDH患儿保守治疗并发AVN的风险较高,应根据患儿本身条件制定个性化的治疗方案。