室内火灾危险性分析

利用FDS软件模拟火源在室内不同位置处火灾的危险性,分析火源在不同位置时室内烟气层的温度、氧气体积分数及烟气层高度的变化规律。模拟结果表明:火源在门开口径向方向时,室内1.5 m高度以下空间的烟气层温度较高,氧气体积分数较低,而1.5 m以上情况相反;火源位置距离开口越近,烟气层高度越低,危险性越大。     

火源尺寸对地铁隧道火灾临界风速的影响

以地铁区间隧道为研究对象,考虑有无列车两种情况,采用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS 5.5.3对不同火源尺寸条件下控制地铁隧道火灾烟气不向上游蔓延的临界风速进行数值模拟。结果表明:火源功率一定时,有无列车情况下火源高度、长度及宽度均对临界风速产生影响。无列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、长度、宽度的增加逐渐减小;有列车时,临界风速随着火源高度、宽度的增加先增大后减小,随着火源长度的增大而递减。     

水电站不同火源强度烟气运动模拟

应用FDS模拟水电站地下主厂房火灾烟气填充与流动动态过程,分析不同火源强度下烟气分层规律.重点分析火源强度为10 MW时的烟气填充过程、顶棚射流温度和横向烟气温度的变化特点.结果表明,烟气到达某一高度的时间随火源强度的变化服从一阶指数衰减;顶棚射流温度和烟气层横向温度变化具有很强的规律性;下层空气温度不高但浓度相对较高;同一水平面的烟气浓度分布很不均匀,距火源30 m以外处的浓度是距火源中心10 m以内处浓度的2～3倍.     

非规则大空间内烟气填充的研究

采用场模型和贴体坐标技术对某机场候机大厅的烟气填充情况进行了研究。研究结果表明,烟气下降到对人逃生有害的高度需要相当长的时间,随着火源强度的增加,顶棚射流速度和烟气温度增加,烟气层底面高度下降。     

中庭烟气填充高度模拟研究

利用FDS模拟中庭内的烟气填充过程,分析环境温度、顶棚温度、火源功率、中庭体量对烟气填充高度的影响。通过分析温度数据和烟气层高度数据,得到烟气层高度与各因素之间相互影响的定性关系,并通过曲线拟合得到烟气层高度与各因素之间的定量关系。结果表明,烟气层填充高度基本不受起始环境温度的影响,烟气层高度峰值与顶棚温度、火源功率、中庭体量之间存在线性关系。     

烟囱效应作用下竖井型隧道火灾时的烟气扩散

运用FDS对不同烟囱高度的竖井型隧道着火时烟气扩散情况进行模拟,得到隧道内温度和CO体积分数的变化特征及烟气纵向蔓延规律和沉降规律.结果表明,竖井型隧道采用自然通风能起到很好的排烟效果.火源正上方产生的高温对隧道顶棚结构具有较大的威胁,但火源附近安全高度处烟气温度迅速降到环境温度,不会对人员安全疏散构成威胁.安全高度处CO体积分数随时间的增加呈上升趋势,且随着与火源距离的增加先增加再降低至0.在300 s内各处烟气均没有降到安全高度1.75m以下,对人员疏散影响较小,人员有足够时间疏散至敞开段.     

顶部开口自然通风隧道火灾竖井排烟效率研究

通过数值计算方法,研究了顶部开口自然通风隧道竖井的排烟效率。考虑了火源热释放速率、竖井高度、长度和宽度及竖井位置的影响,并与竖井排烟效率计算模型进行对比。研究结果发现：竖井的排烟效率随竖井高度的增加而略微增大;竖井的排烟效率基本不随火源热释放速率的变化而变化;随着竖井长度和宽度地增加,排烟效率大幅增加;此外,当竖井位于顶棚中央时,排烟效率较位于顶棚一侧的排烟效率高,且烟气控制效果好。此外,竖井排烟效率模型可以较好地预测不同竖井尺寸和位置的排烟效率。     

酒店中庭自然排烟方式的数值模拟

分析青海某庭院式酒店中庭区域的烟气蔓延,通过模拟得到排烟口高度处烟气层内热流、质量流、体积流随时间变化的情况,分析建筑自然排烟系统的有效性,并对比排烟口布置位置对排烟效果的影响。通过计算得出排烟窗面积为内庭院面积的10%时能够保障建筑的消防安全。在4.0 MW的火源功率下,火源稳定之后150s左右烟气层稳定在30～32m高度处;自然排烟口位于庭院中心处的排烟效果优于排烟口位于四周。     

火源高度对隧道烟气温度及质量流量影响研究

由于隧道发生火灾后实际的燃烧面要高于隧道地面,距离隧道拱顶也越近,因此对隧道的危害也越大。通过CFD数值模拟软件进行了一系列不同火源功率的全尺寸数值计算,研究了火源高度对隧道内温度分布及烟气质量流量的影响。研究发现:火源高度对拱顶温度分布有着明显的影响,火源高度越高,火源附近温度衰减越慢;在远离火源的地方,不同火源高度的拱顶温度衰减相差不大,考虑火源高度后拱顶温度衰减略慢于没有考虑火源高度。火源高度及火源功率对一维蔓延阶段的烟气质量流量有影响,考虑火源高度后烟气质量流量要明显小于火源位于隧道地面的情形,但随着火源功率增大,它们之间的区别越来越小。考虑火源高度后相同火源功率下烟气分层高度显著提高,而人体耐受温度位置变化不大。     

火源—竖井间距对自然通风隧道火灾烟气流动特征的影响

通过数值计算,研究顶部开口自然通风隧道火灾火源–竖井间距对烟气流动特征与竖井排烟效率的影响。考虑因素有火源–竖井间距、竖井断面尺寸。结果表明：随着火源–竖井间距的增大,竖井前方来流烟气的质量流量增大,且竖井的排烟效率逐渐降低,竖井内空气卷吸量减少;当火源–竖井间距较小时,竖井更有利于排出更多的热量,竖井后方的温度降低幅度更大,烟气可以被控制在更小的范围内。此外,随着竖井截面尺寸的增大,竖井的排烟效率增加,且增大竖井的宽度更有利于增加竖井的排烟量。因此建议当相邻竖井的间距较大时,可适当增加竖井的截面尺寸和竖井高度。     

防火分隔及排烟措施对综合管廊电缆火灾烟气蔓延的影响

以某综合管廊为研究背景,利用PyroSim 模拟软件建立的仿真计算模型,研究了设立挡烟垂壁、改变防火门开启程度、增设排烟设施等情况下的烟气蔓延规律。研究发现：在烟气未充满管廊时,挡烟垂壁会使烟气蔓延速度降低,烟气蔓延速度与挡烟垂壁高度成反比;防火门打开会使火灾烟气蔓延至相邻防火分区,烟气蔓延速率与防火门开启程度成正相关;机械排烟设施会使烟气蔓延速度显著降低,最高降低约50%,当烟气完全充满整个管廊时,会显著降低综合管廊内烟气浓度,烟气层温度最高降幅32 ℃,能见度最高增加了66%。通过对综合管廊内烟气蔓延的研究,探寻防治综合管廊烟气蔓延的最佳措施,为综合管廊烟气防治的实际工程应用提供参考。     

基于一种结构钢质防火门的防烟性能研究

开发了一种全尺寸防火门防烟性能测试装置,并建立了一套测试程序,来研究不同压力差和温度下防火门的烟气泄漏速率。选取目前市面上典型结构的单扇与双扇钢质防火门,测试其防烟性能,发现典型钢质防火门在不同温度及压差下均有较大泄漏率,其防烟性能较差,无法有效阻挡火灾烟气。选取同尺寸防火门,对其加装三角形空心防烟密封条并进行防烟性能测试,结果表明,防烟密封条能有效减小门扇与门框间隙,从而减小防火门烟气泄漏率,提升其防烟性能;门扇数量对不同试验温度下防烟密封条的密封效果有一定影响,单扇门在加装三角形空心防烟密封条后防烟性能提升更多,且单扇防火门加装密封条后中等温度下的防烟性能提升幅度更大,而双扇防火门加装密封条后环境温度下的防烟性能提升幅度更大。     

The influence of gaps of fire-resisting doors on the smoke spread in a building fire

Many building codes stipulate the need for fire-rated doors to be closely fitted around their edges to impede the passage of smoke and flame. To ensure the smooth opening of the doors, gaps between the door panels and the walls and floor cannot be totally eliminated. Depending on the country where the building code is enforced, the maximum permissible door gap requirement varies substantially. To better understand the influence of gap sizes on the smoke spread, a numerical study is performed on the different door gap configurations affecting the smoke egress in an enclosure fire. The results show that the height of the door gaps has a significant effect on the pressure and temperature distribution in controlling the smoke spreading. Larger door gaps have shown to allow more hot smoke transgressing through the door gaps as well as cold air re-entraining back into the burn room. Fire-rated door with a 3 mm door gap have demonstrated to be the best measure for impeding smoke spread while maintaining reasonable smoothness for the door movement.     

着火列车制动进站过程烟气扩散特性模拟

为探究火灾列车制动驶向地下车站进行救援时的烟气扩散特性，采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法研究在不同控制烟气措施下，火灾列车减速至停止过程中烟气在车站轨行区及站台层的扩散规律，以及车站防灾通风系统受到的影响。结果表明：火灾列车制动进站时受移动火源与活塞风两大特性影响，烟气在上下游表现出明显的不均匀、不对称分布规律；屏蔽门虽能有效阻止烟气蔓延至站台层，但同时会增大轨行区活塞风速，增加烟气蔓延速度，不利于安全疏散；受活塞风影响，轨行区排烟效率下降了14%，轨行区各排烟阀火灾中下游排烟效率更高。     

Experimental study of natural roof ventilation in full-scale enclosure fire tests in a small compartment

An analysis of full-scale fire test experimental data is presented for a small compartment (3×3.6×2.3 m). A square steady fire source is placed in the center of the compartment. There is an open door and a horizontal opening in the roof, so that natural ventilation is established for the well-ventilated fire. A parameter study is performed, covering a range of total fire heat release rates (330, 440 and 550 kW), fire source areas (0.3×0.3 m and 0.6×0.6 m) and roof ventilation opening areas (1.45×1 m, 0.75×1 m and 0.5×1 m). The impact of the different parameters is examined on the smoke layer depth and the temperature variations in vertical direction in the compartment. Both mean temperatures and temperature fluctuations are reported. The total fire heat release rate value has the strongest influence on the hot smoke layer average temperature rise, while the influence of the fire source area and the roof opening is smaller. The hot smoke layer depth, determined from the measured temperature profiles, is primarily influenced by the fire source area, while the total fire heat release rate and the roof opening only have a small impact. Correlations are given for the hot smoke layer average temperature rise, the buoyancy reference velocity and the total smoke mass flow rate out of the compartment, as a function of the different parameters mentioned. Based on the experimental findings, it is discussed that different manual calculation methods, widely used for natural ventilation design of compartments in the case of fire, under-predict the hot layer thickness and total smoke mass flow rate, while the hot layer average temperature is over-estimated.     

住宅建筑内火灾高温烟气流动规律试验研究

以住宅建筑火灾安全为研究背景,利用多室多层住宅建筑缩比模型,进行了空间构造形式对室内火灾升温及高温烟气流动影响的试验研究.重点考察了不同火源点情况下,各房间内部的升温模式和温度分布,间接分析了高温烟气流动的规律.试验结果表明,住宅建筑的枢纽空间构造形式、房间门上方垂壁及各房间的相对位置对室内高温烟气的流动具有较大的影响.室门上方垂壁能够有效阻止高温烟气的扩散,室内外温差要高于无垂壁房间;非起火房间的室门开启方向与起火房间相对时,高温烟气的进入量要高于两者开口同向或平行情况.     

Influence of fire ignition locations on the actuation of smoke detectors and wet-type sprinklers in a furnished office

Experiments were conducted in a full-scale model office equipped with movable and fixed fire loads to explore the influence of ignition source (movable fire load(s)) conditions on smoke detector and sprinkler actuation. The interior plan dimension is 5.7 m × 4.7 m and the net ceiling height is 3.3 m. Both northeast and southeast wings have a 2.1 m × 0.9 m single door to be opened. Seven fire scenarios (seven different ignited fire load configurations) under natural ventilation were investigated experimentally. The results show that the amount of fire load at the initial stage in a room fire does not markedly affect smoke generation and does not significantly impact the actuation time of the smoke detectors. When the fire source is located near a corner, the plume corner effect greatly increases; smoke detectors and sprinklers can activate quickly and effectively actuate the fire suppression. When the fire source is located in the room's center, given the uncertainty regarding smoke detector and sprinkler actuation, it may not be possible to control the fire spread.     

Determinations of the fire smoke layer height in a naturally ventilated room

According to the case-based reasoning of natural ventilation designs in recommended Green Buildings, an investigated model space was proposed in this study. FDS simulations and full-scale experiments were carried out to measure the impact of natural ventilation conditions and the installation of a natural ventilation shaft on smoke layer descent during different fire scenarios. The feasibility of using the N-percentage rule to determine the fire smoke layer height in a naturally ventilated space was also investigated.In a non-fire room, the smoke descent curve determined from the FDS simulated temperatures is consistent with the experimentally measured temperatures and visual observation of the smoke layer. However, the thermocouples in the fire room are affected by direct burning and fire radiation, and the experimentally measured temperatures cannot be used to determine the smoke height. Under these conditions, FDS simulations can be used to compensate for the lack of experimental measurements. In fire scenarios without outdoor winds blowing into the building's interior, FDS simulations can reliably model the fire smoke layer height. When outdoor air blows into the interior, it causes the smoke layer temperature to become unstable. Thus, the temperature will not be thermally stratified, and the use of the N-percentage rule is not recommended.